{"title":"Mary in Modern Orthodox Theology","authors":"A. Louth","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.43","url":null,"abstract":"Although the Eastern Orthodox approach to Mary is based on the rich devotion to the Mother of God found in the liturgical worship and iconography of the Orthodox Church, there is a deep reticence about embarking on dogmatic definition in Mariology. The thought of four twentieth-century theologians is discussed: Bulgakov, Lossky, the Romanian Stăniloae, and Evdokimov. Bulgakov’s extensive reflection on Mary began with a short book, The Burning Bush, directed against Roman Catholic Mariology, tracing its erroneous doctrine back to the Scholastic notion of pura natura, his positive exposition of Mariology being drawn from liturgical texts. Bulgakov’s reflection on Mariology is intimately bound up with his Sophiology. Lossky’s reflection on Mary sees a close link between Mary and the Holy Spirit, something developed further by Evdokimov. Stăniloae’s Mariology is puzzling, apparently absent from its natural place in his Dogmatics, although compensated for in his discussion of the intercession of the saints.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128813346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mary as Intercessor in Byzantine Theology","authors":"B. Neil","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198792550.013.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198792550.013.23","url":null,"abstract":"Mary’s intercessory role appeared in the early Byzantine church in the sixth century, if not earlier, and popular belief in her power to aid sinners, even after death, only increased in the Middle Byzantine centuries, following broader trends in the literature and art of that period. These texts and images from the Eastern churches of Constantinople, Asia Minor, Egypt, Georgia, and Syria reveal a growth in affective piety, which highlighted Mary’s motherhood and compassion, making her a natural object for personal devotion. Mary, the human mother of God, was an accessible figure whose very accessibility made her uniquely placed to intercede between sinful believers and God and his son, Jesus Christ. The evidence presented here for the development of affective piety in the Byzantine cult of Mary as intercessor reveals that Byzantine beliefs and practices prefigured the same trend in the medieval West by several centuries.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117137244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mary and Modern Catholic Material Culture","authors":"Deirdre de la Cruz","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.12","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses the persistence of material culture in modern Marian devotion, against the backdrop of technological developments in the mass media and in conjunction with a history of modern apparitions. It argues that, despite the ‘virtualization’ of Marian phenomena, iconography, and devotional practice through media such as photography and the internet, the sensuous materiality of objects such as statues, relics, and the rosary still offers an important means through which the faithful experience Mary collectively and phenomenologically. Linking the centrality of material religion in Mary’s cult to theological notions of her corporeal incorruptibility and intercessory power, the chapter presents several cases where both mass and materially mediated images and relics of Mary have been used to propagate devotion to her. The chapter concludes with a discussion of deterritorialized religion in the digital age, arguing that despite the effect of technologies like the internet on Marian devotion and phenomena, Mary’s devotees will still reach for tangible signs of her presence.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114398066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mary, Gender, and the English Reformation","authors":"S. Bates","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.3","url":null,"abstract":"No woman is so closely associated with her body as Mary the mother of Christ, so much so that we know her simply as the Virgin. Yet at the same time she is disembodied: ethereal, unattainable. Conventional wisdom holds that this tension was the cultural product of men and that its consequence was to burden women with a role model who was inimitable (Warner 1976). This chapter reassesses the role of the Virgin as a model for piety during the sixteenth century, arguing that both men and women actively engaged with her (cf. Peters 2003). Subsequently, Mary was regarded as a symbol of Catholic excesses and her place in religious culture was re-evaluated. She remained, however, the archetype of pious humility. Moreover, in spite of Protestantism’s criticism of Mary’s immaculate condition, the Virgin continued to exercise a moderating influence on contemporary misogyny by representing the idealization of humanity.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114421162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mary and Multi-Faith Pilgrimages","authors":"D. Albera","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the role of Mary as a bridge between faiths in the field of devotional practices. The attraction of Mary for non-Christian pilgrims is particularly pronounced in the direction of Muslims. The Marian devotion is indeed particularly well implanted in the Islamic tradition, in which sacred texts sanction it. The web of inter-faith intermingling among Christians and Muslims under the umbrella of Mary is particularly thick and ancient in the Mediterranean region, where many sources show long-standing forms of sharing. Since the Middle Ages, Christians and Muslims have jointly worshipped a huge number of Marian shrines. Some of these sites have experienced an uninterrupted continuity until today; others have decayed, but have given way to new sanctuaries that are still able to attract a miscellaneous mass of worshipers of different religious affiliations.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125607501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mary in Medieval Prayer: The Hours of the Virgin","authors":"R. Brown","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"By the later Middle Ages, every man, woman, or child, cleric or lay, who could read would have known the Hours or ‘Little Office’ of the Virgin Mary. Even those who could not read the Office in full would have known to recite its opening antiphon (Ave Maria) at the appropriate hours of the day. This chapter argues that a close reading of the texts of the Hours themselves is necessary to appreciate fully the place that Mary held in the hearts and minds of her medieval devotees. Through the hymns, antiphons, and psalms that make up the core of her Office, Mary is revealed as above all the temple in which God made himself present to the world, the Lord whom the psalmist called upon to make his face shine on his people. It was with this understanding of Mary that her medieval devotees sought to serve her through the recitation of her Hours.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"7 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114046266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Mother of God in Finnish Orthodox Women’s Lived Piety","authors":"E. Vuola","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.48","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter analyses two groups of Eastern Orthodox women in Finland and their relationship to the Mother of God. The analysis is based on sixty-two ethnographic interviews and nineteen written narratives. The focus is on two groups in two marginal contexts within Orthodoxy: women converted from the Lutheran Church and the indigenous Skolt Sámi women in northeastern Lapland (all cradle Orthodox). Both contexts reflect a broader ethno-cultural process of identity formation. The converted women tend to reflect on their image of the Mother of God in relation to their previous Lutheran identity, in which the Virgin Mary plays a marginal role. In Skolt Sámi Orthodoxy, the figure of the Mother of God is less accentuated than St Tryphon, their patron saint. The Orthodox faith and tradition in general have been central for the Skolts in the course of their traumatic history.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"47 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134124733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Virgin Mary Theotokos in Orthodox Piety","authors":"Christine Chaillot","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.9","url":null,"abstract":"From the time of the Council of Ephesus (431), the veneration of the Mother of God (Theotokos) experienced substantial growth, placing the Virgin in the foreground of the piety of all the Oriental Churches. The Virgin is present in the prayer life of the Orthodox Churches as expressed in Orthodox liturgy and spirituality in all countries of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox traditions. There are numerous Marian feasts. Marian feasts, icons, and hymns are often combined, e.g. the ‘wonder-working’ icons are used for veneration on their own feast days. The Virgin Mary is the most perfect member of the redeemed community, but in that same perfection we are all called to share. The function of her apparitions and icons is therefore to introduce us at the same time to the gift of the Spirit, to the taste of prayer, and to the mystery of the permanent presence of Christ in us.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126193337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mary in the Work of Redemption","authors":"R. Fastiggi","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.13","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview of Mary’s role in the work of redemption and her mediation of grace. The focus is on Roman Catholic Mariology, but Eastern Orthodox and Protestant perspectives are also covered. The chapter begins with Scripture and continues with a survey of Patristic understandings of Mary as the New Eve and Mediatrix of grace. It continues with medieval developments and moves into the early modern period when the title ‘Coredemptrix’ begins to be used more frequently. The next section considers various commissions, controversies, and papal supports for Mary as the unique collaborator in the work of redemption and the Mediatrix of all grace. The chapter then moves into discussions over Marian co-redemption and mediation from the early twentieth century through Vatican II. Attention is given to recent petitions to declare Mary as Coredemptrix and Mediatrix of all grace and the current state of the question.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121679778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Medieval Marian Pilgrimage in the Catholic West","authors":"James Bugslag","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198792550.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"The slight evidence for Marian pilgrimage in Western Europe from the sixth century begins to increase by the tenth century. Pilgrimage shrines, often related with an apparition of Mary, mushroomed from the eleventh century, appearing in greater and greater numbers into the early modern period. Marian relics begin to appear, as well, in the eleventh century, but the vast majority of Marian pilgrimages focused on miraculous images, icons in Italy and Eastern Europe, statues elsewhere. As Mary became more embedded in affective devotion from the twelfth century onwards, Marian pilgrimage experienced dramatic escalation. Yet, much local pilgrimage, which rooted Mary’s presence in the landscape, was related to help in this life: cures, protection, security, etc. Despite the presence of some major international pilgrimage shrines, most Marian pilgrimage was very local by the late Middle Ages, creating a dense network of Marian shrines all over Europe.","PeriodicalId":150556,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Mary","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132000127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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