Gianluca Cubadda , Stefano Grassi , Barbara Guardabascio
{"title":"The time-varying Multivariate Autoregressive Index model","authors":"Gianluca Cubadda , Stefano Grassi , Barbara Guardabascio","doi":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.04.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.04.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many economic variables are characterized by changes in their conditional mean and volatility, and time-varying Vector Autoregressive Models are often used to handle such complexity. Unfortunately, as the number of series grows, they present increasing estimation and interpretation issues. This paper tries to address this problem by proposing a Multivariate Autoregressive Index model that features time-varying mean and volatility. Technically, we develop a new estimation methodology that mixes switching algorithms with the forgetting factors strategy of Koop and Korobilis (2012). This substantially reduces the computational burden and allows one to select or weigh the number of common components, and other data features, in real-time without additional computational costs. Using US macroeconomic data, we provide a forecast exercise that shows the feasibility and usefulness of this model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14061,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forecasting","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 175-190"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B.B.J.P.J. van der Staak, R.J.I. Basten, P.P.F.M. van de Calseyde, E. Demerouti, A.G. de Kok
{"title":"Light-touch forecasting: A novel method to combine human judgment with statistical algorithms","authors":"B.B.J.P.J. van der Staak, R.J.I. Basten, P.P.F.M. van de Calseyde, E. Demerouti, A.G. de Kok","doi":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forecast adjustments are an indispensable component of the forecasting process, but what is the most effective and efficient method to make these adjustments? Understanding how to effectively blend human forecast adjustments with statistical methods is of great importance as, even with the increased possibilities of AI, we can still not include all information available to a human planner. We address this issue by developing a method that builds on literature showing that some adjustments are consistently (in)accurate. More specifically, in two extensive case studies containing more than 3.5 million forecasting decisions, we confirm that planners are accurate in adjusting a statistical forecast in the right direction and determining the magnitude of downward adjustments, and they are inaccurate in determining the magnitude of upward adjustments. Leveraging these results, we introduce a novel method called <em>light-touch forecasting,</em> which attains performance levels similar to those of more traditional forecasting methods while minimizing the involvement of human planners. Furthermore, an online experiment shows an efficiency gain of 38% in terms of time spent on planning compared to traditional judgmental forecasting. We thus optimize the forecasting process by using the strengths of planners while avoiding their weaknesses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14061,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forecasting","volume":"41 2","pages":"Pages 440-451"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141057009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Judgment in macroeconomic output growth predictions: Efficiency, accuracy and persistence","authors":"Michael Pedersen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study applies observations of individual predictions for the first three releases of the US output growth rate to evaluate how applied judgment affects prediction efficiency and accuracy and if judgment is persistent. While the first two issues have been assessed in other studies, there is little evidence of the formation of judgment in macroeconomic projections. Most forecasters produce unbiased predictions, but by employing the median Bloomberg projection as a baseline, it turns out that judgment generally does not improve accuracy. There seems to be persistence in the judgment applied by forecasters in that the sign of the adjustment in the first release prediction carries over to the projections of the two following revisions. One possible explanation is that forecasters use some kind of anchor-and-adjustment heuristic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14061,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forecasting","volume":"41 2","pages":"Pages 475-486"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Forecasting interest rates with shifting endpoints: The role of the functional demographic age distribution","authors":"Jiazi Chen , Zhiwu Hong , Linlin Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.04.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An extended dynamic Nelson–Siegel (DNS) model is developed with an additional functional demographic (FD) factor that considers the overall demographic age distribution as a persistent end-shifting driving force. The FD factor in the extended DNS model improves the accuracy of the yield curve forecast by reducing both bias and variance compared with the random walk model, the DNS model, the DNS model with a simple demographic factor of a middle-to-young age ratio, and a benchmark end-shifting model. The model with an unspanned FD factor performs substantially better than the alternative models for most maturities at forecast horizons between one and five years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14061,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forecasting","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 153-174"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141031213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anton Hasselgren , Ai Jun Hou , Sandy Suardi , Caihong Xu , Xiaoxia Ye
{"title":"Do oil price forecast disagreement of survey of professional forecasters predict crude oil return volatility?","authors":"Anton Hasselgren , Ai Jun Hou , Sandy Suardi , Caihong Xu , Xiaoxia Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.04.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores whether the dispersion in forecasted crude oil prices from the European Central Bank Survey of Professional Forecasters can provide insights for predicting crude oil return volatility. It is well-documented that higher disagreement among forecasters of asset price implies greater uncertainty and higher return volatility. Using several Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity with Mixed Data Sampling (GARCH-MIDAS) models, we find, based on the in-sample estimation results, the oil market experiences greater volatility when the forecasters’ disagreements increase. The model that integrates both historical realized variance and forward-looking forecaster disagreement into the conditional variance, along with the model focusing solely on pure forward-looking forecaster disagreement, exhibits a much superior fit to the data compared to the model relying solely on realized variance and the models considering forward-looking forecasted mean return. The out-of-sample forecasting results unequivocally illustrate that incorporating forecaster disagreement offers valuable insights, markedly enhancing the predictive accuracy of crude oil return volatility within the GARCH-MIDAS model. Moreover, we illustrate the economic benefit of considering forecasters’ disagreement when forecasting volatility, demonstrating its significance for VaR risk management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14061,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forecasting","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 141-152"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adam Goliński , João Madeira , Dooruj Rambaccussing
{"title":"Return predictability, dividend growth, and the persistence of the price–dividend ratio","authors":"Adam Goliński , João Madeira , Dooruj Rambaccussing","doi":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Empirical evidence shows that the order of integration of returns and dividend growth is approximately equal to the order of integration of the first-differenced price–dividend ratio, which is about 0.7. Yet the present-value identity implies that the three series should be integrated of the same order. We reconcile this puzzle by showing that the aggregation of antipersistent expected returns and expected dividends gives rise to a price–dividend ratio with properties that mimic long memory in finite samples. In an empirical implementation, we extend and estimate the state-space present-value model by allowing for fractional integration in expected returns and expected dividend growth. This extension improves the model’s forecasting power in-sample and out-of-sample. In addition, expected returns and expected dividend growth modeled as ARFIMA processes are more closely related to future macroeconomic variables, which makes them suitable as leading business cycle indicators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14061,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forecasting","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 92-110"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140781596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Coupling LSTM neural networks and state-space models through analytically tractable inference","authors":"Van-Dai Vuong, Luong-Ha Nguyen, James-A. Goulet","doi":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks and state-space models (SSMs) are effective tools for time series forecasting. Coupling these methods to exploit their advantages is not a trivial task because their respective inference procedures rely on different mechanisms. In this paper, we present formulations that allow for analytically tractable inference in Bayesian LSTMs and the probabilistic coupling between Bayesian LSTMs and SSMs. This is enabled by using analytical Gaussian inference as a single mechanism for inferring both the LSTM’s parameters as well as the posterior for the SSM’s hidden states. We show through several experimental comparisons that the resulting hybrid model retains the interpretability feature of SSMs, while exploiting the ability of LSTMs to learn complex seasonal patterns with minimal manual setups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14061,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forecasting","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 128-140"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140773384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Slawek Smyl , Christoph Bergmeir , Alexander Dokumentov , Xueying Long , Erwin Wibowo , Daniel Schmidt
{"title":"Local and global trend Bayesian exponential smoothing models","authors":"Slawek Smyl , Christoph Bergmeir , Alexander Dokumentov , Xueying Long , Erwin Wibowo , Daniel Schmidt","doi":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.03.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper describes a family of seasonal and non-seasonal time series models that can be viewed as generalisations of additive and multiplicative exponential smoothing models to model series that grow faster than linear but slower than exponential. Their development is motivated by fast-growing, volatile time series. In particular, our models have a global trend that can smoothly change from additive to multiplicative and is combined with a linear local trend. Seasonality, when used, is multiplicative in our models, and the error is always additive but heteroscedastic and can grow through a parameter sigma. We leverage state-of-the-art Bayesian fitting techniques to fit these models accurately, which are more complex and flexible than standard exponential smoothing models. When applied to the M3 competition data set, our models outperform the best algorithms in the competition and other benchmarks, thus achieving, to the best of our knowledge, the best results of per-series univariate methods on this dataset in the literature. An open-source software package of our method is available.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14061,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forecasting","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 111-127"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyein Ko , Natalie Jackson , Tracy Osborn , Michael S. Lewis-Beck
{"title":"Forecasting presidential elections: Accuracy of ANES voter intentions","authors":"Hyein Ko , Natalie Jackson , Tracy Osborn , Michael S. Lewis-Beck","doi":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite research on the accuracy of polls as tools for forecasting presidential elections, we lack an assessment of how accurately the ANES, arguably the most used survey in political science, measures aggregate vote intention relative to the actual election results. Our ANES 1952–2020 results indicate that the reported vote from the post-election surveys accurately measures the actual vote (e.g., it is off by 2.23 percentage points, on average). Moreover, the intended vote measure from the pre-election surveys reasonably accurately predicts the actual aggregate popular vote outcome. While outliers may exist, they do not appear to come from variations in the survey mode, sample weights, time, political party, or turnout. We conclude that political scientists can confidently use the intended vote measure, keeping in mind that forecasting the popular vote may not always reveal the actual winner.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14061,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forecasting","volume":"41 1","pages":"Pages 66-75"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140789070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Helga Kristin Olafsdottir , Holger Rootzén , David Bolin
{"title":"Locally tail-scale invariant scoring rules for evaluation of extreme value forecasts","authors":"Helga Kristin Olafsdottir , Holger Rootzén , David Bolin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.02.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijforecast.2024.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Statistical analysis of extremes can be used to predict the probability of future extreme events, such as large rainfalls or devastating windstorms. The quality of these forecasts can be measured through scoring rules. Locally scale invariant scoring rules give equal importance to the forecasts at different locations regardless of differences in the prediction uncertainty. This is a useful feature when computing average scores but can be an unnecessarily strict requirement when one is mostly concerned with extremes. We propose the concept of local weight-scale invariance, describing scoring rules fulfilling local scale invariance in a certain region of interest, and as a special case, local tail-scale invariance for large events. Moreover, a new version of the weighted continuous ranked probability score (wCRPS) called the scaled wCRPS (swCRPS) that possesses this property is developed and studied. The score is a suitable alternative for scoring extreme value models over areas with a varying scale of extreme events, and we derive explicit formulas of the score for the generalised extreme value distribution. The scoring rules are compared through simulations, and their usage is illustrated by modelling extreme water levels and annual maximum rainfall, and in an application to non-extreme forecasts for the prediction of air pollution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14061,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forecasting","volume":"40 4","pages":"Pages 1701-1720"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169207024000128/pdfft?md5=0dc152533b3e57e00ccdf1336680c44d&pid=1-s2.0-S0169207024000128-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142098321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}