{"title":"Input–output waveform engineered inverse Class F power amplifiers with high efficiency","authors":"Zheming Zhu, Zhiqun Cheng, Minshi Jia, Kun Wang, Bingxin Li, Zhenghao Yang, Baoquan Zhong","doi":"10.1002/cta.4254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4254","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the influence of the gate voltage of the power amplifier (PA) on the drain current and efficiency. This study proposes a theory of controlling input non‐linearity to improve the efficiency of PAs. The theoretical efficiency of the inverse Class F PA that controls the input nonlinearity is within the range of 77% to 97%. A new design method for the inverse Class F PA reconstructs the design of the load admittance space into a region instead of a point. To verify the validity of the proposed theory, an inverse Class F PA is designed and fabricated using a commercial 10 W GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT). Results of the measurement show a high drain efficiency (DE) of 78.5%, an output power of 41.6 dBm, and a large signal gain of 12.1 dB at 1.5 GHz. The overall PA's size is controlled at 80*50 .","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Real-time bit-line leakage balance circuit with four-input low-offset SA considering threshold voltage for SRAM stability design","authors":"Chunyu Peng, Wei Hu, Hao Zheng, Wenjuan Lu, Chenghu Dai, Xiulong Wu, Zhiting Lin, Junning Chen","doi":"10.1002/cta.4248","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cta.4248","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In an SRAM, threshold voltages of transistors decrease as the CMOS process technology scales down into the nanometer scale, which causes the leakage currents on the bit-lines. The bit-line leakage current slows reading operations or even causes reading errors. In this paper, we proposed a new scheme called RTB, which is combined with a four-input low-offset sense amplifier with threshold voltage consideration to solve the problem caused by bit-line leakage current. This scheme adopts 8T cells and two pairs of bit-lines connected to a four-input sense amplifier to balance the bit-line leakage current in real-time. In this way, the maximum tolerable bit-line leakage current can be effectively increased and the reading operation can be accelerated. Simulations in the 55 nm CMOS process design kits under different process corners, temperatures, and voltages show that the proposed scheme can increase the maximum tolerable leakage to more than 300 μA.</p>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"53 4","pages":"2427-2446"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis and experimental verification of two types of three-coil MCR-WPT system with constant current and constant voltage characteristics","authors":"Haichao Chen, Pengfei Zhang, Lijiao Gong, Tong Yang, Xin Xin Ma, Bo Huang","doi":"10.1002/cta.4226","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cta.4226","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In order to achieve an optimized design of a three-coil wireless power transfer (WPT) system with constant voltage (CV) and constant current (CC) output characteristics, meeting the power supply demands of rechargeable loads for CV/CC, this paper conducts an in-depth research on the three-coil magnetically coupled resonance (MCR) WPT system. A novel method for CV/CC output switching under the MCR-WPT system is proposed. Firstly, a coupled inductance model is established, and the compensation parameter expressions of both single-transmitter single-receiver (STSR) three-coil WPT system with relay coil and double-transmitter single-receiver (DTSR) three-coil WPT system are derived. A compensation network parameter design method to achieve zero phase angle (ZPA) condition is proposed. This proposed three-coil WPT system can achieve CV/CC output switching by a single alternating current (AC) switch. The transmission characteristics of these two MCR-WPT systems are analyzed, and the transmission efficiency and lateral offset capability of the systems are compared. Experimental results demonstrate stable energy transfer of the system, validating the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed system's CV/CC output characteristics and parameter design methods. The results indicate that the proposed system can achieve stable CV/CC output.</p>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"53 4","pages":"1944-1962"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transformer fault identification method based on GASF‐AlexNet‐MSA transfer learning","authors":"Xin Zhang, Kaiyue Yang, Lei Jia","doi":"10.1002/cta.4218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4218","url":null,"abstract":"The transformer is an important part of the power system and ensures the stable operation of the power grid and electricity safety key equipment. With the increase in electricity demand, it is of great significance to ensure the safe and reliable operation of transformers. However, the commonly used dissolved gas analysis (DGA) method in oil for transformer fault identification has significant drawbacks, so this paper proposes a transformer fault identification method based on GASF‐AlexNet‐MSA transfer learning. The use of GASF to convert one‐dimensional dissolved gas analysis (DGA) data into two‐dimensional images, thus enhancing the comprehensiveness of data representation; the utilization of a pre‐trained AlexNet model through transfer learning, which enables the method to efficiently extract complex features such as textures, shapes, and edges; and the introduction of multiple self‐attention mechanisms that further refine the feature extraction and focuses on the key features, thereby improving the accuracy of fault identification. The proposed model achieves a remarkable accuracy of 97.04% on the publicly DGA dataset, which is 5.19% higher than AlexNet, 6.48% higher than VGG16, 6.12% higher than GoogLeNet, 2.41% higher than ResNet, and 3.71% higher than MobileNet. These results underscore the model's strong feature extraction capabilities and its superior performance in transformer fault identification, providing a valuable reference for enhancing the reliability and safety of power systems.","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ming Nie, Chaolai Da, Fang Li, Chengxuan Tao, Shufan Li, Lifang Wang
{"title":"A 1 kW, 76% efficiency underwater single‐capacitor coupled WPT system with a 1 m separation distance single‐capacitor coupled","authors":"Ming Nie, Chaolai Da, Fang Li, Chengxuan Tao, Shufan Li, Lifang Wang","doi":"10.1002/cta.4221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4221","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an underwater single‐capacitor coupled wireless power transmission (USCC‐WPT) system is proposed, which operates at 200 kHz and can transmit 1 kW of power at 1 m in seawater with an efficiency of 76%. The USCC‐WPT system produces no eddy current losses in seawater, and the distance is increased compared to conventional inductive power transfer systems. The system proposed in this paper has a wide range of applications underwater. The load‐independent constant voltage (CV) output and misalignment tolerance properties of the USCC‐WPT system are analyzed and validated by an equivalent circuit model constructed from the stray capacitance. The 1 kW prototype demonstrates the feasibility of the USCC‐WPT system proposed in this paper, while the system can work properly with 50 cm misalignment.","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on PI automatic tracking and arc elimination method based on phase deviation‐fault residual voltage control","authors":"Hongwen Liu, Xiangjun Zeng, Qing Yang, Chenchao Chai","doi":"10.1002/cta.4202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4202","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming at the problem that the current arc suppression method of coil cannot achieve full compensation. First, the calculation model of the full compensation parameters of the controllable voltage source is established by analyzing the grounding fault arc suppression principle of the independent controllable voltage source and the parallel arc suppression coil. Second, by analyzing the arc suppression characteristics of controllable voltage source, a PI automatic regulation method based on phase deviation‐fault residual voltage control is proposed. The method uses fault residual voltage and the change of output voltage amplitude of controllable voltage source to control the adjustment direction and fault residual voltage to control the output voltage amplitude of controllable voltage source. The simulation results show that when the capacitive current of the distribution network is 24.47 A, the fault residual voltage is 2.5 V and the residual current is 446 mA after compensation by the independent controllable voltage source. When the capacitive current is 40.8 A and the deharmonic degree of arc suppression coil is −9%, the fault residual voltage and residual current are 2.2 V and 60 mA after compensated by the parallel arc suppression coil of the controlled voltage source. The proposed PI control method exhibits good stability, resulting in low fault residual voltage, and outperforms traditional control methods, enhancing the arc extinction effect of ground faults.","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"155 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Battery integrated three-port transformer-less high step-down converter","authors":"Kavitha Murugan, Praneeth Kumar Pedapati, Allamsetty Hemachander","doi":"10.1002/cta.4228","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cta.4228","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes a transformer-less high step-down converter (TLHSC) with battery integration. The converter functions as a versatile three-port converter, with an integration of battery, and offers a wide range of step-down conversions. This work presents the operational modes along with the steady-state analysis, design, and modeling of the controller for the TLHSC converter. The controller validates for the diverse load variations. The proposed converter for 500 W is validated on a laboratory test bed with a voltage conversion from 270 to 28 V for a 25 kHz switching frequency. The proposed TLHC demonstrates the remarkable capabilities of a three-port converter with a high step-down voltage ratio and reduced semiconductor stress compared to the existing converters. Various performance attributes like loss and efficiency determinations, switch stress analysis, and sensitivity have been investigated and reported. An empirical results presented and the comparative analysis presented for the proposed circuit with the recent converters in the literature entrust the superiority of the proposed converter, offering advantages such as high step-down capability, minimal components, lower stress, reduced losses, and a simple circuit design for achieving a wide range of step-down conversions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"53 4","pages":"2197-2213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruiqiong Wu, Haiming Zhang, Jun Hou, Xiangsheng Luo, Feng Wang, Xueqin Li, Zeli Han
{"title":"A multi-tap-receiver based wireless power transfer system with multiple independent outputs and reduced wire length","authors":"Ruiqiong Wu, Haiming Zhang, Jun Hou, Xiangsheng Luo, Feng Wang, Xueqin Li, Zeli Han","doi":"10.1002/cta.4198","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cta.4198","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multiple independent outputs are highly desirable to power the different ports in some power distribution wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. This paper develops a WPT system with one transmitter coil and one multi-tap-receiver coil to generate multiple independent output voltages. The systems with dual-tap-receiver, three-tap-receiver, and multiple-tap-receiver are analyzed in theory. Because the sub-windings of the multi-tap-receiver can be reused in positive series, the wire length of the receiver (WLR) is reduced compared to the system with multi-independent receivers. For instance, a multiple outputs system needs <i>N</i> voltage levels (<i>v</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>v</i><sub>2</sub>, …, <i>v</i><sub><i>N</i></sub>) while the receiver has <i>N</i> sub-windings (<i>L</i><sub>S1</sub>, <i>L</i><sub>S2</sub>, …, <i>L</i><sub>S<i>N</i></sub>), then the voltage level <i>v</i><sub><i>i</i></sub> (1 ≤ <i>i</i> ≤ <i>N</i>) is powered by sub-windings <i>L</i><sub>S1</sub>, <i>L</i><sub>S2</sub>, …, <i>L</i><sub>S<i>i</i></sub>. Hence, the highest voltage level is fed with the entire charge included in the whole receiver, and a part of the sub-windings supplies low-voltage levels. The proposed system reduces WLR by more than 32.77% while <i>v</i><sub>2</sub>/<i>v</i><sub>1</sub> is 2:1, and under the condition that <i>v</i><sub>3</sub>/<i>v</i><sub>2</sub>/<i>v</i><sub>1</sub> is 3:2:1, the saved WLR is higher than 75.73%. Besides, an 880-W prototype with a dual-tap receiver is built. The experimental results verify that the dual output voltages are load-independent and non-interfering. The efficiency is higher than 93.259%.</p>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"53 4","pages":"1926-1943"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Non-overlapping placement of macro cells based on reinforcement learning in chip design","authors":"Tao Yu, Peng Gao, Fei Wang, Ru-Yue Yuan","doi":"10.1002/cta.4235","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cta.4235","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Due to the increasing complexity of chip design, existing placement methods still have many shortcomings in dealing with macro cells coverage and optimization efficiency. Aiming at the problems of layout overlap, inferior performance, and low optimization efficiency in existing chip design methods, this paper proposes an end-to-end placement method, SRLPlacer, based on reinforcement learning. First, the placement problem is transformed into a Markov decision process by establishing the coupling relationship graph model between macro cells to learn the strategy for optimizing layouts. Secondly, the whole placement process is optimized after integrating the standard cell layout. By assessing the public benchmark ISPD2005, the proposed SRLPlacer can effectively solve the overlap problem between macro cells while considering routing congestion and shortening the total wire length to ensure routability.</p>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"53 2","pages":"1159-1170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comprehensive review and study for the CMOS transformer tank voltage-controlled oscillator","authors":"Marwa Mansour, Islam Mansour","doi":"10.1002/cta.4214","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cta.4214","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article comprehensively reviews and studies CMOS transformer tank voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) designed to improve the frequency tuning range (FTR) and minimize phase noise (PN) across a broad frequency range, particularly for mm-wave and fifth-generation applications. The study focuses on enhancing the performance of the oscillators to meet the demanding requirements of these advanced applications. This study thoroughly investigates and compares various strategies to increase the FTR, minimize PN, and reduce power dissipation in transformer tank VCOs. The aim is to establish fundamental guidelines for implementing transformer-based tank VCOs. The study comprehensively reviews and analyzes the overall architecture of transformer-based tank VCOs, presenting a detailed examination of the methods employed to enhance VCO performance. Additionally, the study illustrates the impact of the coupling factor on the VCO's performance parameters, detailing and demonstrating the overall tank circuit quality factor (<i>Q</i>) and resonator coupling factor (<i>κ</i>). A thorough understanding of PN methodology and the limitations of FTR has led to the development of innovative architectures. These include transformer-based capacitive feedback (FB) oscillators with resistively adjusted variable inductors, as well as class-F and inverse class-F VCOs. These novel architectures contribute significantly to the improvement of oscillator performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"53 4","pages":"1795-1819"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}