Lars Siersbæk Nilsson, Julie Nordgaard, Mads Gram Henriksen, Josef Parnas, Andreas Rosén Rasmussen
{"title":"Poor insight and self-disorders in schizophrenia: an empirical study.","authors":"Lars Siersbæk Nilsson, Julie Nordgaard, Mads Gram Henriksen, Josef Parnas, Andreas Rosén Rasmussen","doi":"10.1007/s00406-025-02035-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-025-02035-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144208042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhihan Ye, Shuran Yang, Liu Lu, Ming Zong, Lieying Fan, Chuanyuan Kang
{"title":"Unlocking the potential of the 3-hydroxykynurenine/kynurenic acid ratio: a promising biomarker in adolescent major depressive disorder.","authors":"Zhihan Ye, Shuran Yang, Liu Lu, Ming Zong, Lieying Fan, Chuanyuan Kang","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01815-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01815-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolites disruptions in tryptophan (TRP) and kynurenine pathway (KP) are believed to disturb neurotransmitter homeostasis and contribute to depressive symptoms. This study aims to investigate serum levels of KP metabolites in adolescent major depressive disorder (AMDD), and examine their relationship with depression severities. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyze serum levels of TRP, kynurenic acid (KYNA), kynurenine (KYN), and 3-hydroxy-kynurenine (3-HK) in 143 AMDD participants and 98 healthy controls (HC). Clinical data, including Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) scores, were collected and analyzed using statistical methods, such as ANOVA, logistic regression, Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and a significance level of p < 0.05 was used for all analyses. AMDD showed significantly decreased serum levels of KYNA (-25.5%), KYN (-14.2%), TRP (-11.0%) and the KYNA/KYN ratio (-11.9%) compared to HC (p < 0.01). Conversely, significant increases were observed in 3-HK levels (+50.4%), the 3-HK/KYNA ratio (+104.3%) and the 3-HK/KYN ratio (+93.0%) (p < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis identified increased level of 3-HK as a contributing factor to AMDD, while increased level of KYNA acted as a protective factor against AMDD. The 3-HK/KYNA ratio demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.952. This study didn't explore AMDD's inflammatory status and its metabolites relationship explicitly. These findings indicate that metabolites of TRP and KP may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AMDD, emphasizing the potential of the 3-HK/KYNA ratio as a laboratory biomarker for early detection and diagnosis of AMDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1049-1061"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141179095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neurobiological similarities and clinical differences between Post-COVID and depression; response to Bonnet and Kuhn 2024.","authors":"Carla P Rus","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01849-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01849-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1265-1266"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141445934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H H Stassen, S Bachmann, R Bridler, K Cattapan, E Seifritz
{"title":"Polypharmacy in psychiatry and weight gain: longitudinal study of 832 patients hospitalized for depression or schizophrenia, along with data of 3180 students from Europe, the U.S., South America, and China.","authors":"H H Stassen, S Bachmann, R Bridler, K Cattapan, E Seifritz","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01767-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01767-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epidemiologic data indicate that overweight and obesity are on the rise worldwide. Psychiatric patients are particularly vulnerable in this respect as they have an increased prevalence of overweight and obesity, and often experience rapid, highly undesirable weight gain under psychotropic drug treatment. Current treatment strategies in psychiatry are oriented towards polypharmacy, so that the information on drug-induced weight gain from earlier monotherapy studies is of very limited validity. We have analyzed the longitudinal data of 832 inpatients with ICD-10 diagnoses of either F2 (schizophrenia; n = 282) or F3 (major depression; n = 550) with the goal of ranking treatment regimens in terms of weight gain, side effects, and response to treatment. The patient data were complemented by the data of 3180 students aged 18-22 years, with which we aimed to identify factors that enable the early detection and prevention of obesity and mental health problems. After 3 weeks of treatment, 47.7% of F2 patients and 54.9% of F3 patients showed a weight gain of 2 kg and more. Major predictive factors were \"starting weight\" (r = 0.115), \"concurrent medications\" (r = 0.176), and \"increased appetite\"(r = 0.275). Between 11 and 30% of the observed variance in weight gain could be explained by these factors, complemented by sex and age. The comparison between monotherapy (n = 409) and polypharmacy (n = 399) revealed significant drawbacks for polypharmacy: higher weight gain (p = 0.0005), more severe side effects (p = 0.0011), and lower response rates (F2: p = 0.0008); F3: p = 0.0101). The data of 3180 students made it clear that overweight and obesity often begin early in life among those affected, and are interconnected with personality traits, while increasing the risk of developing psychosomatic disturbances, mental health problems, or somatic illnesses. Although the available data did not readily lead to a comprehensive, clinically applicable model of unwanted weight gain, our results have nevertheless demonstrated that there are ways to successfully counteract such weight gain at early stages of treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1001-1014"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12149009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140093600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prevalence and associated factors of obesity in patients with major depressive disorder at different ages of onset.","authors":"Xiaoen Liu, Xue Tian, Lina Wang, Xiangyang Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01766-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01766-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) and obesity are two serious public health problems. Although there have been some research on both, there have few studies on differences in obesity among MDD patients at different ages of onset. The study aims to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with obesity in MDD patients at different ages of onset. This study totally recruited 1718 first-episode drug-naive MDD patients aged from 18 to 60 years. All subjects were divided into two subgroups: early adulthood onset (EAO, 18-45 years) and mid-adulthood onset (MAO, 45-60 years). Clinical symptoms of patients were evaluated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale. Baseline parameters including body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and hematological biochemical parameters were assessed to investigate the association between these parameters and weight gain risk. The percentages of overweight and obesity patients with MDD in EAO group were 54.4% and 4.1%, respectively, and the percentages of overweight and obesity patients with MDD in MAO group were 60.4% and 2.8%, respectively. MDD patients in the MAO group had a longer duration of illness and higher scores in HAMD, HAMA, and PANSS positive subscale. They also had higher levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), anti-thyroglobulin (TgAb), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP) levels. BMI did not differ significantly between the two groups. In the EAO group, statistically significant differences were found among normal weight, overweight and obese group in duration of illness, age of onset, TSH, TgAb, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), free thyroxine (FT4), TC, triglycerides (TG), SBP and DBP. The TSH, TgTb and SBP were identified as risk factors for weight gain. In the MAO group, statistically significant differences were found among normal weight, overweight and obese group in TSH and FBG. The two indicators were identified as risk factors for weight gain. There were no significant differences in the weight of MDD patients at different ages of onset, while the factors that could potentially lead to obesity did show some differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"991-1000"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140131070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fanyu Meng, Wenwen Ou, Xiaotian Zhao, Mi Wang, Xiaowen Lu, Qiangli Dong, Liang Zhang, Jinrong Sun, Hua Guo, Futao Zhao, Mei Huang, Mohan Ma, Guanyi Lv, Yaqi Qin, Weihui Li, Zexuan Li, Mei Liao, Li Zhang, Jin Liu, Bangshan Liu, Yumeng Ju, Yan Zhang, Lingjiang Li
{"title":"Identifying latent subtypes of symptom trajectories in major depressive disorder patients and their predictors.","authors":"Fanyu Meng, Wenwen Ou, Xiaotian Zhao, Mi Wang, Xiaowen Lu, Qiangli Dong, Liang Zhang, Jinrong Sun, Hua Guo, Futao Zhao, Mei Huang, Mohan Ma, Guanyi Lv, Yaqi Qin, Weihui Li, Zexuan Li, Mei Liao, Li Zhang, Jin Liu, Bangshan Liu, Yumeng Ju, Yan Zhang, Lingjiang Li","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01883-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01883-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to identify different symptom trajectories based on the severity of depression symptoms within a 2-month follow-up, and to explore predictive factors for different symptom trajectories. Three hundred and ninety-two adults diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) were recruited from two longitudinal cohorts. Patients received antidepressant treatment as usual, and the depression symptoms were evaluated by the 17-item Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD-17) at baseline, two weeks, and eight weeks. Based on the HAMD-17 scores, different trajectories of symptom change were distinguished by applying Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM). Furthermore, the baseline sociodemographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics were compared to identify potential predictors for different trajectories. Through GMM, three unique depressive symptom trajectories of MDD patients were identified: (1) mild-severity class with significant improvement (Mild, n = 255); (2) high-severity class with significant improvement (High, n = 39); (3) moderate-severity class with limited improvement (Limited, n = 98). Among the three trajectories, the Mild class had a relatively low level of anxiety symptoms at baseline, whereas the High class had the lowest education level and the worst cognitive performance. Additionally, participants in the Limited class exhibited an early age of onset and experienced a higher level of emotional abuse. MDD patients could be categorised into three distinct latent subtypes through different symptom trajectories in this study, and the characteristics of these subtype patients may inform identifications for trajectory-specific intervention targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1177-1187"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142119286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jan Sarlon, Else Schneider, Annette B Brühl, Sarah Ulrich, Timur Liwinski, Jessica P Doll, Markus Muehlauser, Undine E Lang
{"title":"Adjunctive use of mindfulness-based mobile application in depression: randomized controlled study.","authors":"Jan Sarlon, Else Schneider, Annette B Brühl, Sarah Ulrich, Timur Liwinski, Jessica P Doll, Markus Muehlauser, Undine E Lang","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01884-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01884-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) are effective in relapse prevention in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Internet-based interventions have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of MDD. Consequently, the integration of MBI through mobile applications emerges as a promising supplementary intervention for MDD, contributing to the augmentation of mental health services, particularly within ambulatory care contexts. The current randomized controlled study is designed to evaluate the efficacy of adjunctive MBI delivered via a mobile app in mitigating symptom severity and stress levels. This assessment involves a comparison with standard treatment practices in an ambulatory setting among individuals diagnosed with MDD. A total of 83 patients diagnosed with MDD (depressive episode, recurrent depression or depressive phase of bipolar disorder) were randomly allocated to the intervention (41 patients) or control condition (42 patients). The intervention consisted of the daily use of the mindfulness mobile application \"Headspace\" for thirty days. The control condition was treatment as usual (TAU) only. The symptom severity has been assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) as well as the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17). Blood pressure and resting heart rate have been assessed as secondary outcome. Upon hospital discharge, the mean scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) signaled partial remission of MDD in both treatment arms. In both groups, a subsequent decrease in both self-reported and expert-rated scores was evident after a 30-day period. However, the decrease in depression severity as measured by HDRS was significantly higher in the MBI group compared to the control group after 30 days. For secondary outcomes, systolic blood pressure was lower in the intervention group compared to control group. The total drop-out rate was 29%. Short term mindfulness intervention via mobile application (30 days) can be beneficial as adjunctive therapy to treatment as usual in patients with MDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1243-1251"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12148992/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142125176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Johannes Wolf, Stephan Goerigk, Franziska Midderhoff, Gerrit Burkhardt, Markus Bühner, Stephan Köhler, Peter Falkai, Andrea Jobst, Frank Padberg, Matthias A Reinhard
{"title":"Temporal interaction of suicidal ideations and behaviors with loneliness in persistent depressive disorder - a feasibility study using ecological momentary assessment.","authors":"Johannes Wolf, Stephan Goerigk, Franziska Midderhoff, Gerrit Burkhardt, Markus Bühner, Stephan Köhler, Peter Falkai, Andrea Jobst, Frank Padberg, Matthias A Reinhard","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01931-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01931-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals with persistent depressive disorder (PDD) are at increased risk for suicidality. Suicidality may be precipitated by loneliness. However, their temporal interplay in PDD has not been studied. We conducted a feasibility study using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to measure short-term courses of suicidality and loneliness in 20 inpatients with PDD and current suicidality. EMA adherence of 13 completers was 81.3%. Suicidal ideations and loneliness varied with one standard deviation over three to six hours. This pilot study confirmed the feasibility of EMA in PDD and provided new insights in dynamics of suicidality and loneliness informing future study designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1253-1259"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12148998/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142564068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weijian Liu, Jurjen Heij, Shu Liu, Luka Liebrand, Matthan Caan, Wietske van der Zwaag, Dick J Veltman, Lin Lu, Moji Aghajani, Guido van Wingen
{"title":"Hippocampal, thalamic, and amygdala subfield morphology in major depressive disorder: an ultra-high resolution MRI study at 7-Tesla.","authors":"Weijian Liu, Jurjen Heij, Shu Liu, Luka Liebrand, Matthan Caan, Wietske van der Zwaag, Dick J Veltman, Lin Lu, Moji Aghajani, Guido van Wingen","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01874-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01874-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Morphological changes in the hippocampal, thalamic, and amygdala subfields have been suggested to form part of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the use of conventional MRI scanners and acquisition techniques has prevented in-depth examinations at the subfield level, precluding a fine-grained understanding of these subfields and their involvement in MDD pathophysiology. We uniquely employed ultra-high field MRI at 7.0 Tesla to map hippocampal, thalamic, and amygdala subfields in MDD. Fifty-six MDD patients and 14 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in the final analysis. FreeSurfer protocols were used to segment hippocampal, thalamic, and amygdala subfields. Bayesian analysis was then implemented to assess differences between groups and relations with clinical features. While no effect was found for MDD diagnosis (i.e., case-control comparison), clinical characteristics of MDD patients were associated with subfield volumes of the hippocampus, thalamus, and amygdala. Specifically, the severity of depressive symptoms, insomnia, and childhood trauma in MDD patients related to lower thalamic subfield volumes. In addition, MDD patients with typical MDD versus those with atypical MDD showed lower hippocampal, thalamic, and amygdala subfield volumes. MDD patients with recurrent MDD versus those with first-episode MDD also showed lower thalamic subfield volumes. These findings allow uniquely fine-grained insights into hippocampal, thalamic, and amygdala subfield morphology in MDD, linking some of them to the clinical manifestation of MDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1113-1129"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12149001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mar Ariza, Javier Béjar, Cristian Barrué, Neus Cano, Bàrbara Segura, Claudio Ulises Cortés, Carme Junqué, Maite Garolera
{"title":"Cognitive reserve, depressive symptoms, obesity, and change in employment status predict mental processing speed and executive function after COVID-19.","authors":"Mar Ariza, Javier Béjar, Cristian Barrué, Neus Cano, Bàrbara Segura, Claudio Ulises Cortés, Carme Junqué, Maite Garolera","doi":"10.1007/s00406-023-01748-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-023-01748-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The risk factors for post-COVID-19 cognitive impairment have been poorly described. This study aimed to identify the sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle characteristics that characterize a group of post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) participants with neuropsychological impairment. The study sample included 426 participants with PCC who underwent a neurobehavioral evaluation. We selected seven mental speed processing and executive function variables to obtain a data-driven partition. Clustering algorithms were applied, including K-means, bisecting K-means, and Gaussian mixture models. Different machine learning algorithms were then used to obtain a classifier able to separate the two clusters according to the demographic, clinical, emotional, and lifestyle variables, including logistic regression with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) (L1) and Ridge (L2) regularization, support vector machines (linear/quadratic/radial basis function kernels), and decision tree ensembles (random forest/gradient boosting trees). All clustering quality measures were in agreement in detecting only two clusters in the data based solely on cognitive performance. A model with four variables (cognitive reserve, depressive symptoms, obesity, and change in work situation) obtained with logistic regression with LASSO regularization was able to classify between good and poor cognitive performers with an accuracy and a weighted averaged precision of 72%, a recall of 73%, and an area under the curve of 0.72. PCC individuals with a lower cognitive reserve, more depressive symptoms, obesity, and a change in employment status were at greater risk for poor performance on tasks requiring mental processing speed and executive function. Study registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov , identifier NCT05307575.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"973-989"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12148995/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139570043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}