European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"The associations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels with psychopathology and lipid metabolism parameters in adolescents with major depressive disorder.","authors":"Lewei Liu, Mingru Hao, Haiyun Yu, Yinghan Tian, Cheng Yang, Haojie Fan, Xin Zhao, Feng Geng, Daming Mo, Lei Xia, Huanzhong Liu","doi":"10.1007/s00406-025-01984-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-025-01984-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is crucial for the growth, differentiation and maintenance of neuronal systems, which is closely associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). The objective of this study was to investigate the BDNF levels and their associations with psychopathology and lipid metabolism parameters in adolescents with MDD. From January to December 2021, the study included 141 adolescents with MDD and 90 healthy controls (HCs). The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Insomnia Severity Index Scale (ISI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Positive and Negative Suicidal Ideation Scale (PANSI) were used to assess depressive symptoms, insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and suicidal ideation, respectively. BDNF levels and lipid metabolism parameters were also measured. Compared to HCs, adolescents with MDD had significantly lower BDNF levels (p < 0.001). In patients, BDNF levels were positively correlated with age, BMI, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); and negatively correlated with the scores of CES-D and ISI (all p < 0.05). The results of the multivariate linear regression analyses indicated that BDNF levels were positively associated with age (β = 0.198, t = 2.447, p = 0.016), first-episode MDD (β = 0.176, t = 2.234, p = 0.027) and TC level (β = 0.240, t = 3.048, p = 0.003), and negatively associated with the scores of ESS (β = -0.171, t = -2.203, p = 0.029) and ISI (β = -0.231, t = -2.996, p = 0.003). Of note, the associations between BDNF and psychopathology were observed only in female and first-episode patients. BDNF levels were decreased in adolescents with MDD. Patients with low BDNF levels were in a more severe psychiatric state and had changes in lipid metabolism parameters. This study provided preliminary evidence that BDNF may play a role in the onset and progression of MDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143491381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender differences in clinical correlates of glucose disturbance in patients with first-episode and drug-naïve major depressive disorder.","authors":"Shiwang Chen, Jianan Zhou, XiaoE Lang, Xiang-Yang Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00406-025-01980-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-025-01980-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gender differences in glucose metabolism disorders in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have been rarely studied. In this study we investigated gender differences in the prevalence of glucose metabolism disorders and associated factors in first-episode and drug naïve (FEDN) MDD patients in a Chinese Han population. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 1718 FEDN MDD outpatients were recruited, and demographic and clinical data were collected. All subjects were scored using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale to assess clinical symptoms. Female MDD patients were older, present with symptoms at an older age, were more likely to be married and had more psychotic symptoms than male MDD patients. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of glucose metabolism disorders between female patients (14.16%) and male patients (12.59%) (p > 0.05). In both male and female groups, patients with glucose metabolism disorders had higher HAMD score, HAMA score, suicide attempts, and psychotic symptoms than patients without glucose metabolism disorders (all p < 0.05). However, only in female group, patients with glucose metabolism disorders had more severe anxiety symptoms than patients without glucose metabolism disorders. Furthermore, binary logistic regression analysis showed that psychotic symptoms and suicide attempts were independently associated with glucose metabolism disorders in male MDD patients, while suicide attempts and HAMD score was independently associated with glucose metabolism disorders in female MDD patients. Our findings showed no gender differences in the prevalence of glucose metabolism disorders in patients with FEDN MDD. However, there were gender difference in the clinical correlates of glucose metabolism disorders in FEDN MDD patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143491380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying suicidal ideation in Chinese higher vocational students using machine learning: a cross-sectional survey.","authors":"Kun Jin, Tao Zeng, Menghui Gao, Chuwei Chen, Songyan Zhang, Furu Liu, Jinghui Bao, Jindong Chen, Renrong Wu, Jingping Zhao, Jing Huang","doi":"10.1007/s00406-025-01973-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-025-01973-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Suicide has emerged as a major societal issue. Studies indicate that Chinese higher vocational students experience higher levels of suicidal ideation (SI) compared with the general population. This study aims to explore the feasibility of using machine learning (ML) to identify SI and to determine the most suitable model. This cross-sectional study was conducted at an engineering university, predominantly attended by male students. First, we compared demographic and clinical characteristics between participants with and without SI. We then applied 10 ML models to identify the presence of SI. The study included 1,408 (89.51%) male and 165 (10.49%) female students. The prevalence of SI was 20.34% (320/1573). Individuals with SI were more likely to be female, spend more time playing computer games, have poor academic scores, have poor relationships with teachers and schoolmates, experience more severe mental distress, have more serious childhood trauma, and have histories of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)-related acts or thoughts (all P < .001). Most ML models showed excellent performance, particularly the random forest model, which achieved an ROC AUC of 0.97, a specificity of 96.00%, and a sensitivity of 90.63%. Consistent attention should be given to Chinese higher vocational students with NSSI ideas, bipolar disorder symptoms, and depression symptoms. ML can be used effectively in clinical practice to recognise higher vocational students who exhibit SI.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of rTMS compared to SSRI as early treatment of depression - study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (Early-TMS).","authors":"Julia Becker-Sadzio, Bettina Brendel, Simone Weller, Edmund Bornheimer, Ulrike Mehlig, Frank Padberg, Ulrike Vogelmann, Thomas Kammer, Wolfgang Strube, Peter Martus, Andreas J Fallgatter, Christian Plewnia","doi":"10.1007/s00406-025-01975-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-025-01975-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psychotherapy and antidepressant medication are considered first-line treatment options for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, a high proportion of patients do not respond to initial treatment, underlining the need for alternative treatment methods. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been established in the treatment of MDD, but the available evidence is limited to forms of MDD with varying degrees of treatment resistance. Randomized-controlled trials (RCT) investigating first-line treatment with rTMS in comparison with first-line antidepressant medication are warranted to further position rTMS within current treatment algorithms for MDD. In this two-stage, therapy response-adapted, randomized multi-center phase 2 rater blinded trial, 106 medication-naïve patients suffering from MDD will be enrolled. In Stage I, participants receive one of the two treatment options for four weeks: either daily bilateral theta burst stimulation (TBS), a patterned and time-saving form of rTMS, or antidepressant medication with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). The allocation to Stage II occurs therapy response-adapted. Therefore, patients either receive maintenance treatment or will be switched to the respective other treatment arm. Primary outcome is the comparison between the two study arms with regard to therapy response measured by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) after 4 weeks at the end of Stage I. The aim of the study is to provide reliable first evidence and effect size measures of rTMS as first-line treatment compared to SSRI treatment. Positive results will help to implement rTMS in early stages of MDD. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06545474, August 15, 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silexan is well-tolerated for long-term use in adults and for treatment of adolescents: a real-world data analysis.","authors":"Hans-Peter Volz, Thomas Rosemann, Martin Burkart, Thorsten Reineke, Karel Kostev","doi":"10.1007/s00406-025-01967-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-025-01967-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For Silexan, a proprietary preparation of Lavandula angustifolia flowers, efficacy and tolerability in adults with anxiety disorders was demonstrated in clinical trials lasting up to 10 weeks. The present study investigated the extent and tolerability of long-term and adolescent use in real world. For the retrospective analysis of patients with a first prescription for Silexan, case-based information provided by office-based physicians from Germany was extracted from the IQVIA Disease Analyzer (DA) database. Patients treated by general practitioners and specialists were analysed. Proportions of patients with long-term therapy (> 3 months, > 6 months) and adolescent patients (aged 12-17 years) were determined, incidence rates of diagnoses or complaints compatible with known adverse effects before and after therapy initiation were estimated. Long-term usage was additionally analysed by data from the Swiss longitudinal prescription (LRx) database, which covers approximately 50% of pharmacies and most physicians of Switzerland. 67,340 adults (DA 36,664, LRx 30,676) with at least one Silexan prescription were analysed. Of these, 4.0% (DA) and 27.6% (LRx) had more than 3 months of therapy. DA data included 483 (1.3%) adolescent patients. Diagnoses or complaints compatible with known adverse effects were rare among long-term or adolescent Silexan users and did not differ significantly during the period of Silexan therapy compared to an equivalent period before Silexan therapy. Our findings suggest that Silexan is a frequently used and well-tolerated treatment option for individuals requiring extended relief from their symptoms. It might provide a well-tolerated pharmacologic treatment option for adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to electroconvulsive therapy is associated with a more diverse oral microbiome- a prospective longitudinal cohort pilot study.","authors":"Christoph Ammer-Herrmenau, Jacob Hamm, Albrecht Neesse, Kilian Günther, Matthias Besse, David Zilles-Wegner","doi":"10.1007/s00406-025-01976-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-025-01976-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently it has been shown that psychiatric disorders are associated with changes in the host microbiome. Little is known about the association of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and microbiome alterations. In our pilot-study, 15 patients with severe or treatment resistant depression were prospectively recruited and oral swabs were collected pre- and post-ECT. Compared to a control group, ECT did not lead to a significant microbial shift in longitudinal samples (p = 0.65). However, alpha diversity measurements significantly differed between responders and non-responders before ECT (observed species p = 0.014, Shannon p = 0.03) and after ECT (observed species p = 0.015, Shannon p = 0.13).</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cholesterol metabolism and its implications in psychotic disorders: a comparative study of individuals at ultra high risk and control groups.","authors":"Mislene Bispo Teixeira Moreno, Monique Patricio Singulani, Martinus Theodorus van de Bilt, Alexandre Andrade Loch, Wagner Farid Gattaz, Leda Leme Talib","doi":"10.1007/s00406-025-01966-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-025-01966-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psychotic disorders, particularly schizophrenia, are characterized by significant cognitive and social impairments, with early identification being crucial for effective intervention. Cholesterol plays a vital role in brain function and is primarily synthesized within the central nervous system. We analyzed plasma levels of total cholesterol and specific oxysterols, including 24-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol, and others, in a cohort of 61 ultra-high risk individuals and 44 healthy controls. Our findings indicate no difference in total cholesterol levels between groups; however, ultra-high risk individuals exhibited significantly increased levels of all measured oxysterols, suggesting dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, a weak correlation was found between 27-hydroxycholesterol levels and positive psychotic symptoms. These results highlight the potential role of altered cholesterol metabolism in the early stages of psychotic disorders, proposing that specific oxysterols may serve as biomarkers for early detection and intervention strategies. This study contributes to the understanding of the biochemical underpinnings of psychosis and emphasizes the need for further investigation related to lipid metabolism and psychotic disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143406432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating DRD2 and HTR2A polymorphisms in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a comparative analysis with other treatment-resistant mental disorders and the healthy state.","authors":"Antonio Del Casale, Giovanna Gentile, Simone Lardani, Martina Nicole Modesti, Jan Francesco Arena, Clarissa Zocchi, Ottavia De Luca, Giovanna Parmigiani, Gloria Angeletti, Stefano Ferracuti, Robert Preissner, Maurizio Simmaco, Marina Borro, Maurizio Pompili","doi":"10.1007/s00406-025-01970-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-025-01970-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) by analysing genetic markers in dopamine and serotonin receptors. Conducted on a cohort of 221 patients with treatment-resistant mental disorders, the research focused on DRD2 and HTR2A gene variants-specifically, rs1801028, rs6314, rs7997012, and rs6311. The findings suggest specific associations between certain genetic variants and TRS. Notably, the HTR2A rs6314 A|G genotype and rs7997012 G|G genotype were significantly more prevalent in TRS patients compared to healthy controls (HCs). Haplotype analyses revealed associations between specific haplotypes-such as A|G (rs6314-rs7997012)-and TRS, indicating their potential predictive value for TRS versus HCs. The study underscores the involvement of the serotonergic system in TRS. These findings offer valuable insights into the genetic factors contributing to TRS, paving the way for future research and the development of personalised prevention and treatment strategies in psychiatry.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143398805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing specificity in ADHD genetic association studies during childhood: use of the oxytocin-vasopressin pathway in attentional processes suggests specific mechanism for endophenotypes in the 2004 Pelotas birth (Brazil) cohort.","authors":"Laísa Camerini, Thais Martins-Silva, Luís Augusto Rohde, Iná S Santos, Fernando Barros, Júlia Pasqualini Genro, Gabriele Ghisleni, Mara Helena Hutz, Isabel Oliveira, Alicia Matijasevich, Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues","doi":"10.1007/s00406-025-01968-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-025-01968-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Attentional executive functions, representing a set of self-regulatory cognitive skills, can be a potential Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) endophenotype useful for exploring the huge heterogeneity associated to the disorder. Specific biological pathways like the oxytocin-vasopressin pathway (OT-AVP) can unreel ADHD polygenicity. Here, we test the association between genome-wide ADHD polygenic score (PGS) (ADHD-PGS) and both ADHD symptoms and attentional executive functions in the participants of the 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study (N = 4231). We also investigated whether the OT-AVP genomic pathway (OT/AVP_ADHD-PGS) is involved in the etiology of ADHD and whether it influences the specificity of attentional functions. ADHD symptoms were assessed through the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the attentional executive functions were evaluated by the Test-of-Everyday-Attention-for-Children (TEA-Ch) at 11 years follow-up. The ADHD-PGS and OT/AVP_ADHD-PGS were constructed based on the most recent ADHD GWAS meta-analytic statistics. The OT/AVP_ADHD-PGS included only functional relevant genes for the pathway using KEGG repository. ADHD-PGS was associated with ADHD symptoms and attentional control/switching domain. OT/AVP_ADHD-PGS showed an enrichment for selective attention domain [number of targets (β = - 0.09, 95% CI = - 0.17; - 0.02, competitive-P = 0.025); attention score (β = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.001; 0.23, competitive-P = 0.050), and in attentional control/switching domain [verbal processing speed (β = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.05; 0.50, competitive-P = 0.041); attentional control (β = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.12; 0.73, competitive-P = 0.033). Our results show a specific role of the OT/AVP pathway in attentional executive functions and suggest that increasing both phenotypic and genetic specificity is of great value. These findings have clinical relevance since OT/AVP have a role in attention toward social cues and shared attentions, which are impaired in children with ADHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143398802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between cerebellum and major psychiatric disorders: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.","authors":"Ruoyi Zhang, Xiao Zhou, Dongling Yuan, Qing Lu, Xinyu Chen, Yi Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00406-025-01971-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-025-01971-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite its small size the cerebellum is an anatomically complex and functionally important part of the brain. Previous studies have demonstrated associations between characteristic features/anatomic anomalies of cerebellum and psychiatric disorders. However, the potential causal relationships are unknown. In this study, a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization approach was employed to investigate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heritability and genetic causal associations between 77 imaging derived phenotypes (IDPs) of the cerebellum and major psychiatric disorder, including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia (SCZ) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We identified thirty IDPs for which there was evidence of a causal effect on risk of MDD, BD, SCZ and ADHD. For example, 1 s.d. increase in the mean diffusivity (MD) of the left superior cerebellar peduncle was associated with 32% lower odds of BD risk. Reverse MR indicated that psychiatric disorders was associated with fourteen IDPs. For example, MDD were causally associated with three IDPs of gray matter volume (GMV) of right and left X cerebellum, and vermis crus II cerebellum. These results suggested that there were genetic causal associations between psychiatric disorders and certain cerebellum regions, such as the cognitive function of posterior cerebellar lobes and the connection of cerebellar to cerebrum. Further investigations need to enhance prediction and intervention strategies for potential psychiatric disorder risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143373796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}