European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience最新文献

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Comment on "Efficacy of racemic ketamine or esketamine monotherapy for reducing suicidal ideation in uni- or bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis". 对“外消旋氯胺酮或艾氯胺酮单药治疗减少单双相或双相抑郁症患者自杀意念的疗效:一项系统综述和荟萃分析”的评论。
IF 3.5 3区 医学
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-025-01958-5
Alina Wilkowska, Wiesław Jerzy Cubała
{"title":"Comment on \"Efficacy of racemic ketamine or esketamine monotherapy for reducing suicidal ideation in uni- or bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis\".","authors":"Alina Wilkowska, Wiesław Jerzy Cubała","doi":"10.1007/s00406-025-01958-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-025-01958-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1525-1526"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Age and sex differences in outpatient antipsychotic prescriptions for schizophrenia: a claims data study. 精神分裂症门诊抗精神病药物处方的年龄和性别差异:一项索赔数据研究。
IF 3.5 3区 医学
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01867-z
Tabea Ramin, Jens-Uwe Peter, Michael Schneider, Martin Heinze, Oliver Riedel, Sophie Hanna Langbein, Ulrike Haug, Oliver Zolk
{"title":"Age and sex differences in outpatient antipsychotic prescriptions for schizophrenia: a claims data study.","authors":"Tabea Ramin, Jens-Uwe Peter, Michael Schneider, Martin Heinze, Oliver Riedel, Sophie Hanna Langbein, Ulrike Haug, Oliver Zolk","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01867-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01867-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most studies on antipsychotic efficacy and safety, including sex differences, focus on young schizophrenia patients. However, with an aging population, the number of older schizophrenia patients is increasing. This group faces challenges due to varying treatment responses and higher risks of adverse reactions, and guidelines often lack specific recommendations due to insufficient trials. Therefore, we investigated how age and sex influence antipsychotic prescribing practices in schizophrenia using the German Pharmacoepidemiological Research Database (GePaRD). We included patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (ICD-10 code F20.X) who had been prescribed at least one antipsychotic on an outpatient basis in at least two consecutive quarters in 2020, analyzing prescription data for 49,681 patients. Key findings include a notable preference for second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) across all age groups, especially in younger patients, possibly due to their perceived better tolerability and efficacy. Treatment intensity with SGAs (expressed as the defined daily doses of SGAs per patient in 2020) initially increased with age, peaked among 35- to 44-year-olds, and then decreased, with the lowest treatment intensity in patients aged 65 years and older. The prescription patterns of specific SGAs and first-generation antipsychotics varied across age groups, highlighting the complexity of treatment decisions in schizophrenia management. Sex differences in prescription frequency and treatment intensity were also observed. The basic recommendation of the guideline to consider sex and age when prescribing antipsychotics therefore appears to be followed. Whether this prescribing practice is really optimal for older male and female schizophrenia patients, however, still needs to be proven in clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1403-1417"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12271300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Are "mystical experiences" essential for antidepressant actions of ketamine and the classic psychedelics? 神秘体验 "对于氯胺酮和传统迷幻药的抗抑郁作用至关重要吗?
IF 3.5 3区 医学
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01770-7
Kenji Hashimoto
{"title":"Are \"mystical experiences\" essential for antidepressant actions of ketamine and the classic psychedelics?","authors":"Kenji Hashimoto","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01770-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01770-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing interest in the rapid and sustained antidepressant effects of the dissociative anesthetic ketamine and classic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, is remarkable. However, both ketamine and psychedelics are known to induce acute mystical experiences; ketamine can cause dissociative symptoms such as out-of-body experience, while psychedelics typically bring about hallucinogenic experiences, like a profound sense of unity with the universe or nature. The role of these mystical experiences in enhancing the antidepressant outcomes for patients with depression is currently an area of ongoing investigation and debate. Clinical studies have shown that the dissociative symptoms following the administration of ketamine or (S)-ketamine (esketamine) are not directly linked to their antidepressant properties. In contrast, the antidepressant potential of (R)-ketamine (arketamine), thought to lack dissociative side effects, has yet to be conclusively proven in large-scale clinical trials. Moreover, although the activation of the serotonin 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor is crucial for the hallucinogenic effects of psychedelics in humans, its precise role in their antidepressant action is still under discussion. This article explores the importance of mystical experiences in enhancing the antidepressant efficacy of both ketamine and classic psychedelics.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1333-1346"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12270972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139971445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Addressing knowledge gaps in evidence-based psychiatric treatment: insights from recent research. 解决循证精神病治疗方面的知识差距:近期研究的启示。
IF 3.5 3区 医学
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01914-9
Theresa Halms, Alkomiet Hasan
{"title":"Addressing knowledge gaps in evidence-based psychiatric treatment: insights from recent research.","authors":"Theresa Halms, Alkomiet Hasan","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01914-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01914-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1533-1534"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12271274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reply to paper 'Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) combined with unsupervised machine learning shows sensitivity to identify individuals in potential need for psychiatric assessment'. 回复论文“生态瞬间评估(EMA)与无监督机器学习相结合,显示出识别潜在需要进行精神病学评估的个体的敏感性”。
IF 3.5 3区 医学
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01940-7
Julian Wenzel, Joseph Kambeitz, Anne-Kathrin Fett, Lana Kambeitz-Ilankovic
{"title":"Reply to paper 'Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) combined with unsupervised machine learning shows sensitivity to identify individuals in potential need for psychiatric assessment'.","authors":"Julian Wenzel, Joseph Kambeitz, Anne-Kathrin Fett, Lana Kambeitz-Ilankovic","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01940-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01940-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1535-1536"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142767457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How to assess response. 如何评估响应。
IF 3.5 3区 医学
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01834-8
Steffen Zitzmann, Christoph Lindner
{"title":"How to assess response.","authors":"Steffen Zitzmann, Christoph Lindner","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01834-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01834-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1531-1532"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12270965/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141260950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Immunoinflammatory features and cognitive function in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: unraveling distinct patterns in clozapine-resistant patients. 耐药精神分裂症的免疫炎症特征和认知功能:揭示氯氮平耐药患者的独特模式。
IF 3.5 3区 医学
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01885-x
Yanzhe Li, Minghuan Zhu, Yeqing Dong, Nannan Liu, Xinxu Wang, Bing Yang, Zezhi Li, Shen Li
{"title":"Immunoinflammatory features and cognitive function in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: unraveling distinct patterns in clozapine-resistant patients.","authors":"Yanzhe Li, Minghuan Zhu, Yeqing Dong, Nannan Liu, Xinxu Wang, Bing Yang, Zezhi Li, Shen Li","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01885-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01885-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), particularly those resistant to clozapine (CTRS), pose a clinical challenge due to limited response to standard antipsychotic treatments. Inflammatory factors like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are implicated in schizophrenia's pathophysiology. Our study examines cognitive function, psychopathological symptoms and inflammatory factors in TRS patients, focusing on differences between CTRS and non-CTRS individuals, as well as healthy controls. A cohort of 115 TRS patients and 84 healthy controls were recruited, assessing IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was applied to assess psychopathological symptoms, while the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) was applied to assess cognitive functioning. CTRS patients showed lower visuospatial constructional score (p = 0.015), higher PANSS scores, higher levels of IL-2 and reduced TNF-α than non-CTRS patients (p < 0.05). Notably, IL-2 was independently associated with psychopathology symptoms in CTRS patients (Beta = 0.268, t = 2.075, p = 0.042), while IL-6 was associated with psychopathology symptoms in non-CTRS patients (Beta = - 0.327, t = - 2.109, p = 0.042). Sex-specific analysis in CTRS patients revealed IL-2 associations with PANSS total and positive symptoms in females, and TNF-α associations with PANSS positive symptoms in males. Furthermore, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α displayed potential diagnostic value in TRS patients and CTRS patients (p < 0.05). Clozapine‑resistant symptoms represent an independent endophenotype in schizophrenia with distinctive immunoinflammatory characteristics, potentially influenced by sex.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1391-1401"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142079732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The efficacy of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. 乳酸菌和双歧杆菌对精神分裂症患者的疗效:一项荟萃分析。
IF 3.5 3区 医学
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01935-4
Mi Yang, Xingxing Cui, Di Kong, Xincheng Huang, Guocheng Zhao, Xiuying Li, Huachang Zhao, Liju Liu, Fei Yan, Yan Yang, Zezhi Li
{"title":"The efficacy of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.","authors":"Mi Yang, Xingxing Cui, Di Kong, Xincheng Huang, Guocheng Zhao, Xiuying Li, Huachang Zhao, Liju Liu, Fei Yan, Yan Yang, Zezhi Li","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01935-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01935-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The modulation of gut microbiota through probiotics holds promise as a novel avenue for schizophrenia treatment. This study aims to analyze probiotic complementary therapy on individuals with schizophrenia systematically, to investigate probiotic efficacy, potential mechanisms, and implications for clinical practice. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched in Medline, Web of Science, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, CNKI, VIP, and WanFang databases using keywords (\"probiotics\" OR \"prebiotics\" OR \"synbiotics\" OR \"Lactobacillus\" OR \"Bifidobacterium\") AND (\"schizophrenia\"), focused on randomized controlled trials published before July 1, 2023. Among the identified studies, 8 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria, encompassing a total of 342 participants in the intervention group and 306 participants in the control group. Our analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction (p = 0.03) in the total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores following probiotic treatment in individuals with schizophrenia. While no statistical significance was observed in individual subscales (P > 0.05), significant improvements were noted in insulin levels, Insulin Resistance Index (IRI), and glucose levels. Additionally, the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) demonstrated a significant increase (all P < 0.05). The probiotic intervention significantly reduced gastrointestinal discomfort among schizophrenia patients (P = 0.003). This study suggests that probiotics could hold therapeutic potential for addressing clinical symptoms, abnormal glucose metabolism, and gastrointestinal discomfort in individuals with schizophrenia. Future research should encompass comparative trials employing robust experimental designs to explore the differential effects of various probiotic strains on schizophrenia treatment to provide evidence-based therapeutic approaches. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This review protocol was pre-registered on PROSPERO (No. CRD42023455273).</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1437-1451"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142647070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Arketamine: a scoping review of its use in humans. 阿克他命:对其在人类中使用的范围审查。
IF 3.5 3区 医学
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01945-2
Gustavo C Leal, Isabel Lima-Araújo, David G Roiter, Ana Teresa Caliman-Fontes, Rodrigo P Mello, Flávio Kapczinski, Acioly L T Lacerda, Lucas C Quarantini
{"title":"Arketamine: a scoping review of its use in humans.","authors":"Gustavo C Leal, Isabel Lima-Araújo, David G Roiter, Ana Teresa Caliman-Fontes, Rodrigo P Mello, Flávio Kapczinski, Acioly L T Lacerda, Lucas C Quarantini","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01945-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01945-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arketamine (R-ketamine), an enantiomer of ketamine, has historically been less studied than esketamine (S-ketamine) and the racemic mixture. Recent preclinical studies suggest that arketamine may offer prolonged antidepressant effects and a superior safety profile. This scoping review aims to assess and synthesise existing literature on the clinical use of arketamine in humans. This review follows the PRISMA for Scoping Reviews guidelines, with a comprehensive search conducted in PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry. Eligible studies included those reporting the administration of arketamine to humans. Data were extracted and synthesised descriptively. A total of 20 studies involving 410 subjects were included. Arketamine was primarily investigated for pain management and depression. While early evidence suggests arketamine may be effective in reducing pain, most studies were small and conducted in non-clinical settings. In psychiatry, trials indicate potential antidepressant effects, but results are inconsistent, and some studies remain unpublished. A consistent observation across most studies is arketamine's favourable safety profile, showing lower incidences of dissociative and psychotomimetic effects compared to esketamine and racemic ketamine. Arketamine may have a role in pain management and psychiatry, with a favourable safety profile compared to other forms of ketamine. However, the small scale of many studies limits the generalizability of findings, and results in depression trials are mixed. Larger, well-designed studies, possibly with higher doses, are needed to determine its therapeutic potential and establish its place in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1317-1332"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142827750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Inflammatory cytokines, cortisol, and anhedonia in patients with treatment-resistant depression after consecutive infusions of low-dose esketamine. 连续输注小剂量艾司卡胺后,耐药抑郁症患者体内的炎性细胞因子、皮质醇和失乐症。
IF 3.5 3区 医学
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01913-w
Yue Wang, Qiongyao Yang, Chuanchuan Chen, Yitan Yao, Xiaoping Yuan, Kai Zhang
{"title":"Inflammatory cytokines, cortisol, and anhedonia in patients with treatment-resistant depression after consecutive infusions of low-dose esketamine.","authors":"Yue Wang, Qiongyao Yang, Chuanchuan Chen, Yitan Yao, Xiaoping Yuan, Kai Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00406-024-01913-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00406-024-01913-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anhedonia, defined as a significant loss of interest or pleasure, is one of the core symptoms of treatment- resistant depression (TRD) and is often associated with poor prognosis. This article primarily investigates the changes in anhedonia symptoms, inflammatory markers, and cortisol levels in TRD patients after low-dose esketamine treatments. A total of sixty patients with TRD were enrolled in the clinical study of esketamine. We primarily assessed the severity of depressive symptoms and anhedonia using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) and the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scal(SHAPS), respectively, before esketamine treatment and within 24 h after each treatment. Blood specimens were collected before the first treatment and within 1 h after the sixth treatment, measuring the levels of cortisol, interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-4(IL-4), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) in plasma. We found that after six consecutive infusions of low-dose esketamine, patients' depressive symptoms and anhedonia showed improvement. After six treatments, plasma levels of cortisol, IL-6, and TNF-α decreased in patients with TRD, while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 increased. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that baseline cortisol levels were correlated with anhedonia, while inflammatory factors showed no significant correlation. Add-on esketamine appears to be a good choice for the treament of the anhedonia in TRD. It has also shown promising effects on altering inflammatory markers in patients with TRD. Moreover, elevated plasma cortisol levels may serve as a potential biomarker for anhedonia in patients with TRD.</p>","PeriodicalId":11822,"journal":{"name":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":" ","pages":"1383-1390"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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