Current protein & peptide science最新文献

{"title":"The Relationship between S100A9 Protein Levels and Diabetic Retinopathy among Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Ji Jin, Fangfang Ji, Ji Zhang","doi":"10.2174/0113892037399996251201114724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892037399996251201114724","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing, significantly affecting individuals' quality of life. While traditional symptomatic treatments have demonstrated some therapeutic benefits, their efficacy remains limited. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between S100A9 protein levels and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes through a meta- analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive review of studies was conducted using databases, such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov, with the search terms (\"S100A9\" OR \"S100a9\" OR \"s100a9\") and (\"diabetic retinopathy\" OR \"DR\"), up to March 20th, 2024. Review Manager 5.4 was used to synthesize the findings, assess publication bias, and perform sensitivity analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five studies were included, comprising 194 patients with diabetes in the experimental group and 111 participants without diabetes in the control group. Comparison of S100A9 protein levels between patients with type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic controls revealed significant differences, indicating elevated S100A9 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings suggest that increased S100A9 protein levels may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes and its complications, including diabetic retinopathy. Upregulation of S100A9 could serve as a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and a target for therapeutic intervention. However, limitations of this study include the small sample size and variability in methodologies across the included studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Elevated S100A9 protein levels are associated with type 2 diabetes and its complications, highlighting its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target. Further research is needed to validate these findings and assess the clinical utility of targeting S100A9 in type 2 diabetes management.</p>","PeriodicalId":10859,"journal":{"name":"Current protein & peptide science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147765087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis with Antimicrobial Peptides: Opportunities and Challenges.","authors":"Asad Ahmad, Rufaida Wasim, Anas Islam, Akash Srivastava","doi":"10.2174/0113892037433604260409094048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892037433604260409094048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>One of the main causes of infectious disease-related deaths globally is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Novel treatment strategies are now much more urgent due to the emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as TB adjunctive therapeutic agents, with an emphasis on their immunomodulatory and direct antimycobacterial effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A summary of how antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) work was carried out, including how they can damage bacterial membranes and obstruct intracellular processes. Furthermore, the review evaluated how AMPs affect host immune responses, including enhanced phagosome-lysosome fusion, induction of autophagy, and cytokine production.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Many AMPs have shown strong antimycobacterial activity in vitro and in vivo, including defensins, cathelicidins (like LL-37), and synthetic analogues. Even with these encouraging outcomes, issues such as peptide stability and efficient delivery still stand in the way of clinical use. Potential remedies for these restrictions are offered by advances in peptide engineering, nanoparticle- based delivery methods, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) research.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Recent advances in peptide engineering, nanoparticle-based delivery systems, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies offer promising strategies to overcome the limitations associated with AMP stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. These developments significantly enhance the translational potential of AMPs for TB therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Because of their distinct mechanisms of action and capacity to overcome drug resistance, AMPs offer a novel and promising approach to the treatment of tuberculosis. Global TB control efforts could be greatly aided by ongoing research into maximizing their safety and effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":10859,"journal":{"name":"Current protein & peptide science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147721804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To Fold, Unfold, or Aggregate: The Induced Coaggregation Mechanism of Amyloidogenic Antimicrobial Peptides for Combating Bacterial Communities.","authors":"Oxana V Galzitskaya, Sergey V Kravchenko, Sergei Y Grishin, Anna V Glyakina, Viacheslav N Azev, Alexey K Surin","doi":"10.2174/0113892037404577251107093708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892037404577251107093708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria worldwide has spurred the need for new treatment approaches. Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are promising alternatives because of their broad-spectrum effects and novel action mechanisms. Among them, Amyloidogenic Antimicrobial Peptides (AAMPs) represent a novel approach that utilizes targeted coaggregation with essential bacterial proteins to disrupt cellular function. This study aimed to design and assess AAMPs that induce targeted coaggregation with bacterial ribosomal S1 protein, providing a potential alternative to traditional antibiotics.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Peptides were synthesized incorporating amyloidogenic sequences, TAT, and Antp fragments to enhance membrane penetration, and modified with non-standard amino acids for stability. ThT assays were performed in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) with 150 mM NaCl at 37°C. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated through growth inhibition assays on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MICs were determined via broth microdilution (two replicates).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The synthesized AAMPs successfully induced the formation of fibrils in bacterial S1 ribosomal proteins, demonstrating their ability to coaggregate with target proteins. In vitro testing confirmed that these peptides exhibited antimicrobial activity by inhibiting the growth of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study demonstrates that AAMPs targeting bacterial ribosomal S1 proteins exhibit promising activity against pathogens such as S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. While these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of peptide-mediated coaggregation, further in vivo studies and safety assessments are required to evaluate their clinical applicability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the potential of amyloidogenic antimicrobial peptides targeting bacterial S1 ribosomal proteins as a novel strategy to combat bacterial pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":10859,"journal":{"name":"Current protein & peptide science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147721817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-translational Modification that Shines in the Age of Viruses: ISGylation from a Structural Perspective.","authors":"Oktay Gocenler, Nilufer Cakir, Cansu Deniz Tozkoparan Ceylan, Çağdaş Dağ","doi":"10.2174/0113892037454020260318203401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892037454020260318203401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-translational modifications (PTMs) orchestrate the dynamic functional landscape of proteins, governing cellular immunity, signaling, and stress responses. Among these modifications, ISGylation, a ubiquitin-like conjugation process driven by interferon signaling, has emerged as a pivotal regulator of antiviral defense. ISG15 (Interferon-stimulated gene 15) functions through covalent attachment of its protein product to target proteins or as a secreted immunomodulator. ISG15 plays a pivotal role in antiviral immunity and cellular stress responses via ISGylation. In this review, we present an integrative structural and evolutionary analysis of ISG15 and its conjugation/deconjugation machinery, highlighting key steps of the molecular basis of ISG15 and its function. Comparative analysis of Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like proteins reveals the evolutionary emergence of ISG15 as a distinct modifier. Structural modeling and visualization of ISG15 elucidates its enzymatic activation via the E1 enzyme UBA7 and its conjugation through the E2 enzyme UBCH8 and E3 ligase HERC5. Cryo-EM and modeled complexes provide detailed views of domain interactions and catalytic interfaces essential for ISG15 transfer. Furthermore, we identify flexible regions in the Ubiquitin-Fold Domains (UFD) of various E1 enzymes that may underlie substrate specificity. The interaction between ISG15 and its specific protease USP18, revealing conformational changes upon substrate binding that are likely critical for de-ISGylation. Together, our findings offer a comprehensive structural framework for understanding ISGylation, paving the way for targeted therapeutic strategies in immune modulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10859,"journal":{"name":"Current protein & peptide science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147721834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aminated Polyrotaxanes as Next-Generation Excipients: Dual Roles in Stabilization and Drug Delivery of Injectable Biologics.","authors":"Shikha Baghel Chauhan, Indu Singh, Sanjoli Srivastava, Chirag Jain","doi":"10.2174/0113892037429522260317072733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892037429522260317072733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The instability of injectable biologics, such as monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and enzymes, has become a major challenge in modern pharmaceutical formulation. Traditional formulation additives like PEGs, polysorbate, and sugars cannot sufficiently stabilize biologics against thermal, mechanical, and interfacial stresses. This review discusses the potential of aminated polyrotaxanes (APRs) as a next-generation biologic formulation excipient for stabilizing biologics through supramolecular interactions between biologics and formulation additives.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A detailed analysis was made on the chemistry, synthesis, and functionalization of APRs, including their physicochemical interactions with biologics, formulation adaptability, and biological activities. A comparison of APRs with traditional formulation additives was based on recent research findings on their biological activities, in vitro/in vivo results, and case studies on nanomedicine and regenerative therapy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that APRs exhibited better biologic stabilization ability compared to traditional formulation additives. Specifically, APRs demonstrated high retention of biologic activity (>90%) under freeze-thaw stress, improved syringeability in high-viscosity formulation systems, and improved pharmacokinetics in animal studies. APRs are biodegradable, less cytotoxic, and functionalizable for further biological activities.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In contrast to traditional stabilizers, APRs provide multifunctional, intelligent, and biocompatible solutions with substantial advantages for aggregation suppression, depot formation, and long-term bioactivity maintenance. However, challenges persist for GMP processability and regulatory acceptance, which can be improved with the aid of AI design tools and excipient safety considerations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Aminated polyrotaxanes represent a groundbreaking step forward in the science of excipients for the stabilization and delivery of emerging biologics. The application of aminated polyrotaxanes to mAb and mRNA therapies is promising for clinical applicability and global impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":10859,"journal":{"name":"Current protein & peptide science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147721759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Edible Insects and the Brain: Historical Human Use and the Potential Benefits of Bioactive Peptides.","authors":"Joyce Hellyen Santos Pereira, Bruna Kaicy Barbosa, Sérgio Henrique Santos","doi":"10.2174/0113892037441934260220071456","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0113892037441934260220071456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Entomophagy is an ancient human strategy for obtaining nutritional value and treating diseases. In recent years, the importance of incorporating insects into the diet has increased as new studies demonstrate their numerous health benefits. This review examines the diversity of insect species consumed in various regions of the world, their nutritional significance, and the physiological properties of peptides derived from these organisms. It also discusses possible mechanisms underlying the observed health effects, including modulation of genes involved in lipid and oxidative metabolism, changes in interleukins involved in the inflammatory response, and inhibitory effects on α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), suggesting a possible influence on glucose metabolism. Furthermore, considering the increase in the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases and other brain disorders in recent decades, the review explores the potential of edible insects in neuroprotection and the treatment of brain-related disorders, highlighting the beneficial effects of consuming insects as a dietary supplement and obtaining bioactive peptides as a strategy to increase their acceptability for consumption by the population. Further clinical studies are needed to establish precise dosages and appropriate applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":10859,"journal":{"name":"Current protein & peptide science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive Antioxidant Peptides as Novel Natural Interventions for Cardiometabolic Disorders: Mechanistic Insights and Phytotherapeutic Potential.","authors":"Prashant Mishra, M Salman Khan","doi":"10.2174/0113892037449443260224072610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892037449443260224072610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiometabolic disorders (CMDs) represent a significant health challenge worldwide, and they consist of a vast range of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and related complications. The involvement of oxidative stress in the etiology of these conditions is considered a major cause of dysregulation of physiological homeostasis, as it alters a host of signalling pathways, including insulin signalling, causes chronic inflammation, compromises vascular function, and damages cardiomyocytes. The therapeutic approaches currently available as antioxidants, both synthetic and natural, have not been very effective due to low bioavailability, potential toxicity, and indiscriminate targeting. Antioxidant peptides are yet another promising alternative to address these limitations, owing to their greater safety profile, increased bioactivity, target specificity, and better absorption. The main purpose of this article is to comprehensively assess bioactive peptide sources, mechanisms, and therapeutic roles. A structured search strategy was used to identify pertinent papers on bioactive antioxidant peptides and their role in CMDs. Online databases were searched for publications between 2000 and 2025 using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. These small bioactive antioxidant peptides, derived from a variety of dietary, plant, marine, animal, and microbial sources, possess potent antioxidant properties. They work in various ways, such as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) scavenging, metal ion chelation, and regulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, and are more effective at countering oxidative stress-induced CMDs, with better safety profiles, enhanced absorption, and greater target specificity than traditional antioxidants. The current review has provided evidence that bioactive peptides have therapeutic potential, especially in addressing the shortages of synthetic and natural small-molecule antioxidants. They are important in CMD Control because of their molecular diversity. It is hypothesized that bioactive peptides-owing to their multifunctional nature-may serve as significant therapeutic and diagnostic agents for managing oxidative stress and restoring cardiometabolic balance.</p>","PeriodicalId":10859,"journal":{"name":"Current protein & peptide science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147621741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in the Study of Noncoding RNAs in the Pathogenesis of Pregnancy-related Diseases.","authors":"Kunzheng Fan, Qingqing Xu, Wenjing Liang, Chao Liu, Huijie Gao","doi":"10.2174/0113892037440974260220084308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892037440974260220084308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a heterogeneous group of RNA molecules that lack protein-coding capability. The major classes of ncRNAs are long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). Numerous studies have confirmed that ncRNAs are essential regulators of placental development and maternal-fetal homeostasis. By modulating trophoblast proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and vascularization, ncRNAs critically regulate the onset and trajectory of gestational disorders. Herein, we summarize studies on the aberrant expression and functional significance of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs in pregnancy disorders, including preeclampsia, recurrent spontaneous abortion, fetal growth restriction, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Several ncRNAs, including lncRNAs TUG1 and MALAT1, miRNAs miR-155 and miR-143, hsa_circ_0002348, and circVEGFC, have been experimentally implicated in disease pathogenesis through modulation of key signaling cascades, epigenetic remodeling, and stress-responsive cellular programs. Although current research has provided initial insights into the regulatory functions and expression profiles of ncRNAs in pregnancy-related disorders, most findings are derived from samples collected during mid- and late gestation. The dynamic expression patterns and precise functional roles of ncRNAs during early pregnancy remain poorly understood. Future studies should prioritize longitudinal investigations spanning the entire gestational period, implement standardized validation across large-scale clinical cohorts, and further elucidate the mechanistic involvement of ncRNAs in placental development and disease pathogenesis. This article provides a comprehensive assessment of the substantial potential of ncRNAs in the prevention and treatment of pregnancy-related diseases, and outlines future translational applications and research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10859,"journal":{"name":"Current protein & peptide science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147621699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PI3K/AKT Signaling as a Molecular Link Between Obesity and Female Infertility.","authors":"Gunvanti Rathod, Pragnesh Parmar","doi":"10.2174/0113892037468611260302083920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892037468611260302083920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity-related female infertility is a result of the intricate interplay between metabolic disorders and reproductive abnormalities. The Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway is an important molecular mediator that translates insulin action, adipokine function, and ovarian physiology. In obesity, the aberrant regulation of protein and peptide mediators of this pathway, such as insulin, adipokines, gonadotropins, and inflammatory cytokines, results in dysfunctional follicular growth, hormonal dysregulation, and decreased endometrial receptibility. Recent studies indicate that modulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway may provide novel therapeutic strategies to manage both metabolic and reproductive complications of obesity. This article focuses on the mechanistic and clinical implications of PI3K/AKT pathway dysfunction in obesity-related female infertility.</p>","PeriodicalId":10859,"journal":{"name":"Current protein & peptide science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147621758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of Keratin-Rich Waste: Extraction, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications.","authors":"Sourav Mandal, Kamalakanta Ray, Indranil Chatterjee, Projna Mridha, Soumitra Sahana, Sumanta Mondal, Tapan Kumar Shaw","doi":"10.2174/0113892037419510251113055014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892037419510251113055014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Keratin is a fibrous structural protein that occurs in abundance in hair, wool, feathers, horns, and nails, and it is a valuable biopolymer with great biomedical applications. The poultry, textile, and leather industries produce millions of tons of keratin waste annually, resulting in significant environmental problems due to their negligible biodegradability as well as the lack of environmentally friendly disposal methods. Recent studies have moved towards valorizing keratin waste, where ongoing research in extraction, purification, and modification techniques has made its applications viable in wound healing, tissue engineering, drug delivery, cosmetics, and ecological remediation. In contrast to previous reviews, this article presents a critical evaluation of traditional, chemical, and industrial extraction methods, focusing on their efficiency, scalability, and sustainability. This study also emphasizes biomedical applications, addresses the challenges and bottlenecks like immunogenicity, reproducibility, and regulatory hurdles, and charts future research agendas for the development of keratin-based biomaterials within a circular bioeconomy scenario. Thus, this review closes the gap between keratin waste management and biomedical innovation and provides novel insights toward sustainable exploitation and next-generation therapeutic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":10859,"journal":{"name":"Current protein & peptide science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147607909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}