Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics最新文献

{"title":"On the incompressible limit for a tumour growth model incorporating convective effects","authors":"Noemi David,&nbsp;Markus Schmidtchen","doi":"10.1002/cpa.22178","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpa.22178","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this work we study a tissue growth model with applications to tumour growth. The model is based on that of Perthame, Quirós, and Vázquez proposed in 2014 but incorporates the advective effects caused, for instance, by the presence of nutrients, oxygen, or, possibly, as a result of self-propulsion. The main result of this work is the incompressible limit of this model which builds a bridge between the density-based model and a geometry free-boundary problem by passing to a singular limit in the pressure law. The limiting objects are then proven to be unique.</p>","PeriodicalId":10601,"journal":{"name":"Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics","volume":"77 5","pages":"2613-2650"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpa.22178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71493319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Log-Sobolev inequality for the \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 φ\u0000 2\u0000 4\u0000 \u0000 $varphi ^4_2$\u0000 and \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 φ\u0000 3\u0000 4\u0000 \u0000 $varphi ^4_3$\u0000 measures","authors":"Roland Bauerschmidt,&nbsp;Benoit Dagallier","doi":"10.1002/cpa.22173","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpa.22173","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The continuum <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msubsup>\u0000 <mi>φ</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 <mn>4</mn>\u0000 </msubsup>\u0000 <annotation>$varphi ^4_2$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> and <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msubsup>\u0000 <mi>φ</mi>\u0000 <mn>3</mn>\u0000 <mn>4</mn>\u0000 </msubsup>\u0000 <annotation>$varphi ^4_3$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> measures are shown to satisfy a log-Sobolev inequality uniformly in the lattice regularisation under the optimal assumption that their susceptibility is bounded. In particular, this applies to all coupling constants in any finite volume, and uniformly in the volume in the entire high temperature phases of the <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msubsup>\u0000 <mi>φ</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 <mn>4</mn>\u0000 </msubsup>\u0000 <annotation>$varphi ^4_2$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> and <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msubsup>\u0000 <mi>φ</mi>\u0000 <mn>3</mn>\u0000 <mn>4</mn>\u0000 </msubsup>\u0000 <annotation>$varphi ^4_3$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> models.</p><p>The proof uses a general criterion for the log-Sobolev inequality in terms of the Polchinski (renormalisation group) equation, a recently proved remarkable correlation inequality for Ising models with general external fields, the Perron–Frobenius theorem, and bounds on the susceptibilities of the <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msubsup>\u0000 <mi>φ</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 <mn>4</mn>\u0000 </msubsup>\u0000 <annotation>$varphi ^4_2$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> and <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msubsup>\u0000 <mi>φ</mi>\u0000 <mn>3</mn>\u0000 <mn>4</mn>\u0000 </msubsup>\u0000 <annotation>$varphi ^4_3$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> measures obtained using skeleton inequalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":10601,"journal":{"name":"Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics","volume":"77 5","pages":"2579-2612"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpa.22173","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71493393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Log-Sobolev inequality for near critical Ising models","authors":"Roland Bauerschmidt,&nbsp;Benoit Dagallier","doi":"10.1002/cpa.22172","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpa.22172","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For general ferromagnetic Ising models whose coupling matrix has bounded spectral radius, we show that the log-Sobolev constant satisfies a simple bound expressed only in terms of the susceptibility of the model. This bound implies very generally that the log-Sobolev constant is uniform in the system size up to the critical point (including on lattices), without using any mixing conditions. Moreover, if the susceptibility satisfies the mean-field bound as the critical point is approached, our bound implies that the log-Sobolev constant depends polynomially on the distance to the critical point and on the volume. In particular, this applies to the Ising model on subsets of <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>Z</mi>\u0000 <mi>d</mi>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <annotation>$mathbb {Z}^d$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> when <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>d</mi>\u0000 <mo>&gt;</mo>\u0000 <mn>4</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$d&amp;gt;4$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>.</p><p>The proof uses a general criterion for the log-Sobolev inequality in terms of the Polchinski (renormalisation group) equation, a recently proved remarkable correlation inequality for Ising models with general external fields, the Perron–Frobenius theorem, and the log-Sobolev inequality for product Bernoulli measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":10601,"journal":{"name":"Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics","volume":"77 4","pages":"2568-2576"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpa.22172","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71493394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soft Riemann-Hilbert problems and planar orthogonal polynomials","authors":"Haakan Hedenmalm","doi":"10.1002/cpa.22170","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpa.22170","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Riemann-Hilbert problems are jump problems for holomorphic functions along given interfaces. They arise in various contexts, for example, in the asymptotic study of certain nonlinear partial differential equations and in the asymptotic analysis of orthogonal polynomials. Matrix-valued Riemann-Hilbert problems were considered by Deift et al. in the 1990s with a noncommutative adaptation of the steepest descent method. For orthogonal polynomials on the line or on the circle with respect to exponentially varying weights, this led to a strong asymptotic expansion in the given parameters. For orthogonal polynomials with respect to exponentially varying weights in the plane, the corresponding asymptotics was obtained by Hedenmalm and Wennman (2017), based on the technically involved construction of an invariant foliation for the orthogonality. Planar orthogonal polynomials are characterized in terms of a certain matrix &lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mover&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;∂&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;¯&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mover&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$bar{partial }$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;-problem (Its, Takhtajan), which we refer to as a &lt;i&gt;soft Riemann-Hilbert problem&lt;/i&gt;. Here, we use this perspective to offer a simplified approach based not on foliations but instead on the ad hoc insertion of an algebraic ansatz for the Cauchy potential in the soft Riemann-Hilbert problem. This allows the problem to decompose into a hierarchy of scalar Riemann-Hilbert problems along the interface (the free boundary for a related obstacle problem). Inspired by microlocal analysis, the method allows for control of the solution in such a way that for real-analytic weights, the asymptotics holds in the &lt;i&gt;L&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; sense with error &lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;δ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;msqrt&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msqrt&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$mathrm{O}(mathrm{e}^{-delta sqrt {m}})$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; in a fixed neighborhood of the closed exterior of the interface, for some constant &lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;δ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;&gt;&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$delta &amp;gt;0$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;→&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":10601,"journal":{"name":"Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics","volume":"77 4","pages":"2413-2451"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpa.22170","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71493391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic helicity, weak solutions and relaxation of ideal MHD","authors":"Daniel Faraco,&nbsp;Sauli Lindberg,&nbsp;László Székelyhidi Jr.","doi":"10.1002/cpa.22168","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpa.22168","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We revisit the issue of conservation of magnetic helicity and the Woltjer-Taylor relaxation theory in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in the context of weak solutions. We introduce a relaxed system for the ideal MHD system, which decouples the effects of hydrodynamic turbulence such as the appearance of a Reynolds stress term from the magnetic helicity conservation in a manner consistent with observations in plasma turbulence. As by-products we answer two open questions in the field: We show the sharpness of the <i>L</i>³ integrability condition for magnetic helicity conservation and provide turbulent bounded solutions for ideal MHD dissipating energy and cross helicity but with (arbitrary) constant magnetic helicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":10601,"journal":{"name":"Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics","volume":"77 4","pages":"2387-2412"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpa.22168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71493392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local laws and a mesoscopic CLT for β-ensembles","authors":"Luke Peilen","doi":"10.1002/cpa.22175","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpa.22175","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We study the statistical mechanics of the log-gas, or β-ensemble, for general potential and inverse temperature. By means of a bootstrap procedure, we prove local laws on the next order energy that are valid down to microscopic length scales. To our knowledge, this is the first time that this kind of a local quantity has been controlled for the log-gas. Simultaneously, we exhibit a control on fluctuations of linear statistics that is valid at all mesoscales using Johansson's method and a transport approach. Using these local laws, we are able to exhibit for the first time a CLT at arbitrary mesoscales, improving upon previous results that were true only for power mesoscales.</p>","PeriodicalId":10601,"journal":{"name":"Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics","volume":"77 4","pages":"2452-2567"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71493389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hölder regularity of the Boltzmann equation past an obstacle","authors":"Chanwoo Kim,&nbsp;Donghyun Lee","doi":"10.1002/cpa.22167","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpa.22167","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Regularity and singularity of the solutions according to the shape of domains is a challenging research theme in the Boltzmann theory. In this paper, we prove an Hölder regularity in <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msubsup>\u0000 <mi>C</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>x</mi>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mi>v</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mfrac>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mfrac>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msubsup>\u0000 <annotation>$C^{0,frac{1}{2}-}_{x,v}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> for the Boltzmann equation of the hard-sphere molecule, which undergoes the elastic reflection in the intermolecular collision and the contact with the boundary of a convex obstacle. In particular, this Hölder regularity result is a stark contrast to the case of other physical boundary conditions (such as the diffuse reflection boundary condition and in-flow boundary condition), for which the solutions of the Boltzmann equation develop discontinuity in a codimension 1 subset (Kim [Comm. Math. Phys. 308 (2011)]), and therefore the best possible regularity is BV, which has been proved by Guo et al. [Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 220 (2016)].</p>","PeriodicalId":10601,"journal":{"name":"Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics","volume":"77 4","pages":"2331-2386"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71493388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stationary measure for the open KPZ equation","authors":"Ivan Corwin,&nbsp;Alisa Knizel","doi":"10.1002/cpa.22174","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpa.22174","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We provide the first construction of stationary measures for the open KPZ equation on the spatial interval [0,1] with general inhomogeneous Neumann boundary conditions at 0 and 1 depending on real parameters <i>u</i> and <i>v</i>, respectively. When <math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>u</mi>\u0000 <mo>+</mo>\u0000 <mi>v</mi>\u0000 <mo>≥</mo>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$u+vge 0$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, we uniquely characterize the constructed stationary measures through their multipoint Laplace transform, which we prove is given in terms of a stochastic process that we call the continuous dual Hahn process. Our work relies on asymptotic analysis of Bryc and Wesołowski's Askey–Wilson process formulas for the open ASEP stationary measure (which in turn arise from Uchiyama, Sasamoto and Wadati's Askey-Wilson Jacobi matrix representation of Derrida et al.'s matrix product ansatz) in conjunction with Corwin and Shen's proof that open ASEP converges to open KPZ under weakly asymmetric scaling.</p>","PeriodicalId":10601,"journal":{"name":"Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics","volume":"77 4","pages":"2183-2267"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71493384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sharp asymptotic estimates for expectations, probabilities, and mean first passage times in stochastic systems with small noise","authors":"Tobias Grafke,&nbsp;Tobias Schäfer,&nbsp;Eric Vanden-Eijnden","doi":"10.1002/cpa.22177","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpa.22177","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Freidlin-Wentzell theory of large deviations can be used to compute the likelihood of extreme or rare events in stochastic dynamical systems via the solution of an optimization problem. The approach gives exponential estimates that often need to be refined via calculation of a prefactor. Here it is shown how to perform these computations in practice. Specifically, sharp asymptotic estimates are derived for expectations, probabilities, and mean first passage times in a form that is geared towards numerical purposes: they require solving well-posed matrix Riccati equations involving the minimizer of the Freidlin-Wentzell action as input, either forward or backward in time with appropriate initial or final conditions tailored to the estimate at hand. The usefulness of our approach is illustrated on several examples. In particular, invariant measure probabilities and mean first passage times are calculated in models involving stochastic partial differential equations of reaction-advection-diffusion type.</p>","PeriodicalId":10601,"journal":{"name":"Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics","volume":"77 4","pages":"2268-2330"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71493385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiplicity-1 minmax minimal hypersurfaces in manifolds with positive Ricci curvature","authors":"Costante Bellettini","doi":"10.1002/cpa.22144","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpa.22144","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;We address the one-parameter minmax construction for the Allen–Cahn energy that has recently lead to a new proof of the existence of a closed minimal hypersurface in an arbitrary compact Riemannian manifold &lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$N^{n+1}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;≥&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$nge 2$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; (Guaraco's work, relying on works by Hutchinson, Tonegawa, and Wickramasekera when sending the Allen–Cahn parameter to 0). We obtain the following result: if the Ricci curvature of &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt; is positive then the minmax Allen–Cahn solutions concentrate around a &lt;i&gt;multiplicity-1&lt;/i&gt; minimal hypersurface (possibly having a singular set of dimension &lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;≤&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;7&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$le n-7$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;). This multiplicity result is new for &lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;≥&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$nge 3$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; (for &lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$n=2$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; it is also implied by the recent work by Chodosh–Mantoulidis). We exploit directly the minmax characterization of the solutions and the analytic simplicity of semilinear (elliptic and parabolic) theory in &lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;W&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$W^{1,2}(N)$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;. While geometric in flavour, our argument takes advantage of the flexibility afforded by the analytic Allen–Cahn fra","PeriodicalId":10601,"journal":{"name":"Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics","volume":"77 3","pages":"2081-2137"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpa.22144","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71493386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}