European journal of breast health最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the Relationship Between Tamoxifen and Hereditary Angioedema.","authors":"Ana Raquel Pinto, Fabrícia Carolino","doi":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-12-9","DOIUrl":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-12-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93996,"journal":{"name":"European journal of breast health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765460/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139379024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of Granulomatous Mastitis With Steroids: Should the Decision to End the Treatment be Made Radiologically?","authors":"Kenan Çetin, Hasan Ediz Sıkar, Fatih Feratoğlu, Bağış Taşdoğan, Bahadır M Güllüoğlu","doi":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-9-2","DOIUrl":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-9-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a benign inflammatory breast disease of unknown etiology that affects women in their reproductive period. The most commonly preferred option as first-line treatment is steroids, but the lack of a standard treatment protocol and high recurrence rate after treatment constitutes a recurring challenge during its management. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the decision to end the treatment should be made radiologically or clinically.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included IGM patients who had complete clinical recovery with steroids and were followed for a minimum of 30 months. Patient demographics, disease severity and findings, treatment regimens and duration, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings at clinical recovery were assessed for their relation to recurrence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighty-nine patients who were clinically completely healed after steroid treatment for IGM were included in the study. At the time of clinical healing, 51 (57.3%) patients had a complete radiological response and 38 (42.7%) had a partial radiological response (PRR) on MRI. Overall, recurrence developed in 22 (24.7%) patients after a median 38.6-month follow-up. Patients who experienced recurrence were significantly older and had PRR when their treatment was stopped upon clinical healing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>During the process of clinical healing, the imaging findings revealed that the remaining disease seems to be a significant predictor for recurrence in IGM patients. In patients with PRR, extending the treatment with either prolonged steroid therapy or by surgical excision of the occult residual disease may prevent recurrences in IGM patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":93996,"journal":{"name":"European journal of breast health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765461/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139379031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does F-18 FDG-PET/CT Have an Additional Impact on Axillary Approach in Early-Stage Breast Cancer?","authors":"Burak Çelik, Medine Boge, Ece Dilege","doi":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-10-6","DOIUrl":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-10-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Breast cancer (BC) is a significant health concern and one of the most diagnosed cancers in women, both in Turkey and globally. Despite advances in the management of BC, axillary lymph node involvement remains a significant consideration for treatment planning, local recurrence, and prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the contribution of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F-18 FDG-PET/CT) in detecting axillary lymph node metastasis compared to ultrasound (US).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Eighty patients who were diagnosed with stage I and II BC and underwent US and F-18 FDG-PET/CT scans before surgery were enrolled in this study. Those who did not undergo F-18 FDG-PET/CT imaging, patients with distant metastases at the time of diagnosis and patients with micrometastases in the axilla were excluded from the analysis. Imaging results of the status of axillary lymph nodes were verified with the final pathology report of axillary lymph nodes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of F-18 FDG-PET/CT for the detection of ipsilateral axillary lymph node metastases were 75%, 77.27%, 72.97%, 79.07%, and 76.25%. The corresponding values for US were 72.22%, 81.82%, 76.47%, 78.26%, and 77.50%, respectively. When US finding is negative or suspicious in axillary lymph node evaluation, the accuracy of F-18 FDG-PET/CT for the detection of ipsilateral axillary lymph node metastases were 65.38%, 83.33%, 70.83%, and 79.55%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study found that F-18 FDG-PET/CT does not provide an additional advantage over US in assessing the axilla in early-stage disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":93996,"journal":{"name":"European journal of breast health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139379021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Affecting Pathological Complete Response in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer Cases Receiving Neoadjuvant Therapy: A Comprehensive Literature Review.","authors":"Munaser Alamoodi","doi":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-11-2","DOIUrl":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-11-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Determining pathological complete response (pCR) could be an important step in planning individual treatment, hence improving the prognosis in terms of survival. Achieving breast pCR not only improves survival but is also linked to a disease-free axilla, therefore increasing the likelihood of avoiding axillary surgery safely. The current trend in de-escalating axillary management surgically or in applying radiotherapy to the axilla is dependent primarily on breast cancer (BC) patients achieving pCR. Studies have demonstrated that certain characteristics can predict pCR, even though it is still difficult to identify these elements. A review of the literature was carried out to determine these factors and their clinical applications. A search was carried out in the MEDLINE database using PubMed, Google Scholar, and EMBASE. This yielded 1368 studies, of which 60 satisfied the criteria. The studies were categorized according to the subject they dealt with. These parameters included age, race, subtypes, clinicopathological, immunological, imaging, obesity, Ki-67 status, vitamin D, and genetics. These factors, in combination, can be used for specific subtypes to individualize treatment and monitor response to therapy. The predictors of pCR are diverse and should be utilized to personalize patient treatment, ultimately inducing the best outcomes. These determinants can also be employed for monitoring responses to neoadjuvant therapy, thereby adjusting treatment. The development of standardized markers for the diversity of BC subtypes still needs additional future research. These factors must be applied in concert in order to provide optimal results.</p>","PeriodicalId":93996,"journal":{"name":"European journal of breast health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10765459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139379025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Radiotherapy Volumes on Late-Term Cosmetic Outcomes and Quality of Life in Patients With Unifocal and Multifocal/Multicentric Breast Cancer After Breast-Conserving Surgery.","authors":"Pelin Altınok,&nbsp;Ertuğrul Tekçe,&nbsp;Huriye Şenay Kızıltan,&nbsp;Zühal Gücin,&nbsp;Alpaslan Mayadağlı","doi":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-5-4","DOIUrl":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-5-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) followed by radiotherapy (RT) is the standard treatment for early-stage breast cancer. The use of an additional RT dose (boost) to the tumour bed improves local control but may worsen quality of life (QOL) and cosmetic results. Multifocal/multicentric tumours (MMTs) pose a challenge as they require larger boost volumes. This study investigated the impact of RT volumes on late-term cosmetic outcomes and QOL in patients with unifocal and MMTs who underwent adjuvant RT after BCS.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Retrospective data of 367 patients who underwent BCS between 2012 and 2014 were reviewed. A cohort of 121 patients with at least six months of completed RT were prospectively included in the study. Cosmetic results were evaluated using a modified scoring system, and QOL was assessed using The European Cancer Treatment and Organization Committee tools.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the inclusion of regional lymphatics in the RT treatment field significantly affected QOL, particularly in terms of role functioning and social functioning. Higher boost volume ratios were associated with increased pain-related symptoms. However, the presence of MMTs did not significantly affect cosmetic outcomes compared to unifocal tumours.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The size of the boost and inclusion of regional lymphatics in RT significantly impact QOL in patients undergoing BCS. Tumour foci number does not affect cosmetic outcomes. These findings emphasize the need for careful consideration of RT volumes to minimize long-term adverse effects on QOL. Future prospective studies should evaluate early side effects and baseline QOL scores to provide a comprehensive assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":93996,"journal":{"name":"European journal of breast health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10546804/pdf/ejbh-19-287.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41175560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-Term Biomarker Modulation Study of Dasatinib for Estrogen Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer Chemoprevention.","authors":"Fatma Nihan Akkoc Mustafayev, Diane D Liu, Angelica M Gutierrez, John E Lewis, Nuhad K Ibrahim, Vicente Valero, Daniel J Booser, Jennifer K Litton, Kimberly Koenig, Dihua Yu, Nour Sneige, Banu K Arun","doi":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-7-3","DOIUrl":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-7-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Risk-reducing therapy with selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulators and aromatase inhibitors reduce breast cancer risk. However, the effects are limited to ER-positive breast cancer. Therefore, new agents with improved toxicity profiles that reduce the risk in ER-negative breast cancers are urgently needed. The aim of this prospective, short-term, prevention study was to evaluate the effect of dasatinib, an inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase Src, on biomarkers in normal (but increased risk) breast tissue and serum of women at high risk for a second, contralateral primary breast cancer.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Women with a history of unilateral stage I, II, or III ER-negative breast cancer, having no active disease, and who completed all adjuvant therapies were eligible. Patients underwent baseline fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the contralateral breast and serum collection for biomarker analysis and were randomized to receive either no treatment (control) or dasatinib at 40 or 80 mg/day for three months. After three months, serum collection and breast FNA were repeated. Planned biomarker analysis consisted of changes in cytology and Ki-67 on breast FNA, and changes in serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF-binding protein 1, and IGF-binding protein 3. The primary objective was to evaluate changes in Ki-67 and secondary objective included changes in cytology in breast tissue and IGF-related serum biomarkers. Toxicity was also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-three patients started their assigned treatments. Compliance during the study was high, with 86.9% (20/23) of patients completing their assigned doses. Dasatinib was well tolerated and no drug-related grade 3 and 4 adverse events were observed. Since only one patient met the adequacy criteria for the paired FNA sample, we could not evaluate Ki-67 level or cytological changes. No significant change in serum biomarkers was observed among the three groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dasatinib was well tolerated but did not induce any significant changes in serum biomarkers. The study could not fulfill its primary objective due to an inadequate number of paired FNA samples. Further, larger studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of Src inhibitors in breast cancer prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":93996,"journal":{"name":"European journal of breast health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10546803/pdf/ejbh-19-267.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41124553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Efficiency of Time Use and Operational Costs in a Breast Clinic Workflow: A Comparative Analysis Between Automated Breast Ultrasound and Handheld Ultrasound.","authors":"Nilgün Güldoğan,&nbsp;Sıla Ulus,&nbsp;Özge Kovan,&nbsp;Aslıgül Aksan,&nbsp;Kaya Tokmakçıoğlu,&nbsp;Hatice Camgöz Akdağ,&nbsp;Ebru Yılmaz,&nbsp;Ebru Banu Türk,&nbsp;Erkin Arıbal","doi":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-8-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-8-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate efficiency of time use for radiologists and operational costs of automated breast ultrasound (ABUS) versus handheld breast ultrasound (HHUS).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board, and informed consent was waived. One hundred and fifty-three patients, aged 21-81 years, underwent both ABUS and HHUS. The time required for the ABUS scanning and radiologist interpretation and the combined scanning and interpretation time for HHUS were recorded for screening and diagnostic exams. One-Way ANOVA test was used to compare the methods, and Cohen Kappa statistics were used to achieve the agreement levels. Finally, the cost of the methods and return of interest were compared by completing a cost analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall mean ± standard deviation examination time required for ABUS examination was 676.2±145.42 seconds while mean scan time performed by radiographers was 411.76±67.79 seconds, and the mean radiologist time was 234.01±81.88 seconds. The overall mean examination time required for HHUS was 452.52±171.26 seconds, and the mean scan time and radiologist time were 419.62±143.24 seconds. The reduced time translated into savings of 7.369 TL/month, and savings of 22% in operational costs was achieved with ABUS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The radiologist's time was reduced with ABUS in both screening and diagnostic scenarios. Although a second-look HHUS is required for diagnostic cases, ABUS still saves radiologists time by enabling a focused approach instead of a complete evaluation of both breasts. Thus, ABUS appears to save both medical staff time and operational costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":93996,"journal":{"name":"European journal of breast health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10546795/pdf/ejbh-19-311.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41172899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Breast Imaging in Male Patients With Benign Lumps Necessary? A Retrospective Study to Assess Concordance Between Clinical Diagnosis and Imaging Findings.","authors":"Cleofina Furtado,&nbsp;Aleksandra Stankiewicz,&nbsp;Jana Klcova,&nbsp;Mahrukh Khan,&nbsp;Saba Bajwa,&nbsp;Zatinahhayu Mohd Isa","doi":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-5-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-5-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Breast imaging for male patients is a controversial topic due to the high prevalence of gynecomastia compared to male breast cancer. Worldwide, men are undergoing more breast imaging despite the low incidence of male breast cancer. Gynecomastia is a benign condition, but the anxiety it causes and unnecessary medical costs are still high.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In accordance with Royal College of Radiology guidelines, a retrospective study was performed in two cycles to determine if mammography or ultrasound should be included in the workup of male patients who were referred to a breast care unit for a lump that was deemed benign by doctors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was 100% concordance between clinical diagnosis and imaging findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this population imaging was not necessary in cases of probable gynecomastia and benign conditions found during a clinical assessment. Standardised patient assessment methods can improve care and ensure accurate evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":93996,"journal":{"name":"European journal of breast health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10546800/pdf/ejbh-19-304.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41175847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rare Complication Following Breast Conserving Surgery: Pyoderma Gangrenosum.","authors":"Glenn Costa,&nbsp;Serkan İlgün,&nbsp;David Pisani,&nbsp;John Agius","doi":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-6-1","DOIUrl":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-6-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) after breast-conserving surgery is rare, and its diagnosis is often delayed because of the similarity to wound infection and the broad differential diagnosis for PG, making it a diagnosis of exclusion. A 60-year-old woman who underwent breast conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy for invasive breast carcinoma presented with increasing erythema, fever and serosanguinous discharge in the lower outer quadrant of the right breast at the site of tumour excision on postoperative day (POD) 9. Fever persisted despite antibiotics and the patient was noted to have leucocytosis (0.9 x 10⁹/L), neutrophilia (37.8 x 10⁹/L) and elevated C-reactive protein levels (136 μg/mL) on POD 16. Microbiology and blood culture results were negative but the breast ulcer continued to expand at a rate of 1-2 cm a day. The patient underwent surgical debridement on POD 21 to rule out necrotising soft tissue infection. Persistent ulcer progression, despite debridement and antibiotics, led to clinical suspicion of PG and the patient was started on prednisolone and cyclosporin. A rapid response was seen with treatment and an optimum healing process was noted over the subsequent three-month follow-up period. Early suspicion, careful macroscopic evaluation of disease progression and appropriate use of immunosuppressive therapy are important for the management of PG. Prompt initiation of immunosuppressive therapy may avoid unnecessary treatment and aggravation of the surgical wound.</p>","PeriodicalId":93996,"journal":{"name":"European journal of breast health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10546801/pdf/ejbh-19-331.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41180772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does a 40% Cut-off Point for Ki-67 Expression Have a Role in Identifying the Development of Distant Metastasis Within 2 Years in Locally Advanced Triple Negative Breast Cancer Patients?","authors":"Kelvin Setiawan,&nbsp;Ida Bagus Suryawisesa,&nbsp;I Ketut Widiana,&nbsp;I Wayan Sudarsa","doi":"10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-4-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2023.2023-4-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a higher proportion of patients with distant recurrence or metastasis. Ki-67 has been suggested as an essential factor in cancer grading and prognostic evaluation, although there is still a debate regarding the Ki-67 cut-off value in TNBC. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Ki-67 expression using a 40% cut-off point as a risk factor for developing distant metastasis within two years in patients with TNBC.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This analytical observational study was conducted with a case-control design from January 2021-2022. Subjects were divided into two groups (metastasis within two years or more than two years after diagnosis). Bivariate analysis was conducted using chi-square test and odds ratio (OR) was also analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 66 subjects were included. In patients with metastasized TNBC and a Ki-67 expression of ≥40%, 29 patients (55.8%) had metastasis occurring in ≤2 years and 23 patients (44.2%) had metastasis occurring in >2 years; in patients with metastasized TNBC and a Ki-67 expression of <40%, 4 patients (28.6%) had metastasis occurring in ≤2 years and 10 patients (71.4%) had metastasis occurring in >2 years. Chi-square analysis (<i>p</i> = 0.071) indicated no significant association between patients with Ki-67 expression of ≥40% and <40% with metastasis within 2 years [OR 3.152 (confidence interval: 95% 0.875-11.362)].</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ki-67 protein expression of over 40% in patients with locally-advanced TNBC does not indicate a greater risk of distant metastasis in the first two years after diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":93996,"journal":{"name":"European journal of breast health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10546796/pdf/ejbh-19-274.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41161066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}