Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging最新文献

{"title":"Claustrum Volumes Are Lower in Schizophrenia and Mediate Patients' Attentional Deficits.","authors":"David Schinz, Antonia Neubauer, Rebecca Hippen, Julia Schulz, Hongwei Bran Li, Melissa Thalhammer, Benita Schmitz-Koep, Aurore Menegaux, Jil Wendt, Sevilay Ayyildiz, Felix Brandl, Josef Priller, Michael Uder, Claus Zimmer, Dennis M Hedderich, Christian Sorg","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While the last decade of extensive research revealed the prominent role of the claustrum for mammalian forebrain organization (i.e., widely distributed claustral-cortical circuits coordinate basic cognitive functions such as attention), it is poorly understood whether the claustrum is relevant for schizophrenia and related cognitive symptoms. We hypothesized that claustrum volumes are lower in schizophrenia and also that potentially lower volumes mediate patients' attention deficits.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Based on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, advanced automated claustrum segmentation, and attention symbol coding task in 90 patients with schizophrenia and 96 healthy control participants from 2 independent sites, the COBRE open-source database and Munich dataset, we compared total intracranial volume-normalized claustrum volumes and symbol coding task scores across groups via analysis of covariance and related variables via correlation and mediation analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients had lower claustrum volumes of about 13% (p < .001, Hedges' g = 0.63), which not only correlated with (r = 0.24, p = .014) but also mediated lower symbol coding task scores (indirect effect ab = -1.30 ± 0.69; 95% CI, -3.73 to -1.04). Results were not confounded by age, sex, global and claustrum-adjacent gray matter changes, scanner site, smoking, and medication.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results demonstrate lower claustrum volumes that mediate patients' attention deficits in schizophrenia. Data indicate the claustrum as being relevant for schizophrenia pathophysiology and cognitive functioning.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142752459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Overview of Neurophenomenological Approaches to Meditation and Their Relevance to Clinical Research.","authors":"Antoine Lutz, Oussama Abdoun, Yair Dor-Ziderman, Fynn-Mathis Trautwein, Aviva Berkovich-Ohana","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a renewed interest in taking phenomenology seriously in consciousness research, contemporary psychiatry, and neurocomputation. The neurophenomenology research program, pioneered by Varela, rigorously examines subjective experience using first-person methodologies, inspired by phenomenology and contemplative practices. This review explores recent advancements in neurophenomenological approaches, particularly their application to meditation practices and potential clinical research translations. First, we examine innovative multidimensional phenomenological assessment tools designed to capture subtle, dynamic shifts in experiential content and structures of consciousness during meditation. These experience sampling approaches enable shedding new light on the mechanisms and dynamic trajectories of meditation practice and retreat. Second, we highlight how empirical studies in neurophenomenology leverage the expertise of experienced meditators to deconstruct aversive and self-related processes, providing detailed first-person reports that guide researchers in identifying novel behavioral and neurodynamic markers associated with pain regulation, self-dissolution, and acceptance of mortality. Finally, we discuss a recent framework, deep computational neurophenomenology, that updates the theoretical ambitions of neurophenomenology to naturalize phenomenology. This framework uses the formalism of deep parametric active inference, where parametric depth refers to a property of generative models that can form beliefs about the parameters of their own modeling process. Collectively, these methodological innovations, centered around rigorous first-person investigation, highlight the potential of epistemologically beneficial mutual constraints among phenomenological, computational, and neurophysiological domains. This could contribute to an integrated understanding of the biological basis of mental illness, its treatment, and its tight connections to the lived experience of the patient.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142696062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Amygdala and Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Adolescents and Adults With Depression.","authors":"Shijia Fan, Yuxi Wang, Yin Wang, Yinyin Zang","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adolescent depression is a growing public health concern, and neuroimaging offers a promising approach to its pathology. We focused on the functional connectivity of the amygdala and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC), which is theoretically important in major depressive disorder (MDD), but empirical evidence has remained inconsistent. This discrepancy is likely due to the limited statistical power of small sample sizes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We rigorously examined sgACC-amygdala connectivity in adolescents and adults with depression using data from the Healthy Brain Network (n = 321; 170 female), the ABCD (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development) Study (n = 141; 56 female), the Boston Adolescent Neuroimaging of Depression and Anxiety study (n = 108; 75 female), and the REST-meta-MDD project (n = 1436; 880 female). Linear mixed models, Bayesian factor analyses, and meta-analysis were used to assess connectivity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our analyses revealed that sgACC-amygdala connectivity in adolescents with MDD was comparable to that in healthy control individuals, whereas adults with recurrent MDD exhibited reduced connectivity. Resampling analysis demonstrated that small sample sizes (i.e., n < 30 MDD cases) tend to inflate effects, potentially leading to misinterpretations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings clarify the state of sgACC-amygdala connectivity in MDD and underscore the importance of refining neurocognitive models separately for adolescents and adults. The study also highlights the necessity for large-scale replication studies to ensure robust and reliable findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142683867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal Brain Age Indicators of Internalizing Problems in Early Adolescence: A Longitudinal Investigation.","authors":"Niamh MacSweeney, Dani Beck, Lucy Whitmore, Kathryn L Mills, Lars T Westlye, Tilmann von Soest, Lia Ferschmann, Christian K Tamnes","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adolescence is a time of increased risk for the onset of internalizing problems, particularly in females. However, how individual differences in brain maturation are related to the increased vulnerability for internalizing problems in adolescence remains poorly understood due to a scarcity of longitudinal studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using ABCD (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development) Study data, we examined longitudinal associations between multimodal brain age and youth internalizing problems. Brain age models were trained, validated, and tested independently on T1-weighted imaging (n = 9523), diffusion tensor imaging (n = 8834), and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (n = 8233) data at baseline (mean_age = 9.9 years) and 2-year follow-up (mean_age = 11.9 years). Self-reported internalizing problems were measured at 3-year follow-up (mean_age = 12.9 years) using the Brief Problem Monitor.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Latent change score models demonstrated that although brain age gap (BAG) at baseline was not related to later internalizing problems, an increase in BAG between time points was positively associated with internalizing problems at 3-year follow-up in females but not males. This association between an increasing BAG and higher internalizing problems was observed in the T1-weighted imaging (β = 0.067, SE = 0.050, false discovery rate [FDR]-corrected p = .020) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (β = 0.090, SE = 0.025, p_FDR = .007) models but not diffusion tensor imaging (β = -0.002, SE = 0.053, p_FDR = .932) and remained significant when accounting for earlier internalizing problems.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A greater increase in BAG in early adolescence may reflect the heightened vulnerability shown by female youth to internalizing problems. Longitudinal research is necessary to understand whether this increasing BAG signifies accelerated brain development and its relationship to the trajectory of internalizing problems throughout adolescence.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142683866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypoactivation of the Ventromedial Frontal Cortex in Major Depressive Disorder: A Magnetoencephalography Study of the Reward Positivity.","authors":"Christopher J H Pirrung, Garima Singh, Jeremy Hogeveen, Davin Quinn, James F Cavanagh","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The reward positivity (RewP) is a sensitive and specific electrophysiological marker of reward receipt. These characteristics make it a compelling candidate marker of dysfunctional reward processing in major depressive disorder. We previously proposed that the RewP is a temporal nexus for multiple dimensions of reward value and that a diminished RewP in depression might only reflect a deficit in some of these features. Specifically, we predicted a diminished ventromedial contribution in depression in the context of maintained reward learning.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected magnetoencephalography recordings of reward receipt in 43 individuals with major depressive disorder (35 female) and 38 healthy control individuals (21 female). Magnetoencephalography allows effective source estimation due to the absence of volume conduction that compromises electroencephalographic recordings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The magnetoencephalography RewP analog was generated by a broad set of cortical areas, but only right ventromedial and right ventral temporal areas were diminished in major depressive disorder. These areas correlated with a principal component of anhedonia derived from multiple questionnaires. Compellingly, Brodmann area 25 was the frontal region with the largest representation in both of these effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings not only advance our understanding underlying the computation of the RewP, but are also consistent with findings from other types of functional source imaging in depression, as well as from deep brain stimulation treatments. Together, these discoveries suggest that the RewP may be a valuable marker for objective assessment of reward affect and its disruption in anhedonia.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142649992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconfiguration of Functional Brain Network Organization and Dynamics With Changing Cognitive Demands in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.","authors":"Cleanthis Michael, Mackenzie E Mitchell, Arianna D Cascone, Nicholas D Fogleman, Keri S Rosch, Sarah A Cutts, James J Pekar, Olaf Sporns, Stewart H Mostofsky, Jessica R Cohen","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by atypical brain network organization and dynamics. Although functional brain networks adaptively reconfigure across cognitive contexts, previous studies have largely focused on network dysfunction during the resting state. In this preliminary study, we examined how functional brain network organization and dynamics flexibly reconfigure across rest and 2 cognitive control tasks with different cognitive demands in 30 children with ADHD and 36 typically developing children (ages 8-12 years).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We leveraged graph theoretical analyses to interrogate the segregation (modularity, within-module degree) and integration (global efficiency, node dissociation index) of frontoparietal, cingulo-opercular/salience, default mode, somatomotor, and visual networks. We also conducted edge time series analyses to quantify connectivity dynamics within and between these networks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across resting and task-based states, children with ADHD demonstrated significantly lower whole-graph modularity and a greater node dissociation index between default mode and visual networks. Furthermore, a significant task-by-diagnosis interaction was observed for frontoparietal network within-module degree, which decreased from rest to task in children with ADHD but increased in typically developing children. Finally, children with ADHD displayed significantly more dynamic connectivity within and across cingulo-opercular/salience, default mode, and somatomotor networks, especially during task performance. Exploratory analyses revealed associations between network dynamics, cognitive performance, and ADHD symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>By integrating static and dynamic network analyses across changing cognitive demands, this study provides novel insight into how context-specific, context-general, and timescale-dependent network connectivity is altered in children with ADHD. Our findings highlight the involvement and clinical relevance of both association and sensory/motor systems in ADHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142677715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mindfulness Meditation and Network Neuroscience: Review, Synthesis, and Future Directions.","authors":"Ruchika S Prakash, Anita Shankar, Vaibhav Tripathi, Winson F Z Yang, Megan Fisher, Clemens C C Bauer, Richard Betzel, Matthew D Sacchet","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Network neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field, which can be used to understand the brain by examining the connections between its constituent elements. In recent years, the application of network neuroscience approaches to study the intricate nature of the structural and functional relationships within the human brain has yielded unique insights into its organization. In this review, we begin by defining network neuroscience and providing an overview of the common metrics that describe the topology of human structural and functional brain networks. Then, we present a detailed overview of a limited but growing body of literature that has leveraged network neuroscience metrics to demonstrate the impact of mindfulness meditation on modulating the fundamental structural and functional network properties of segregation, integration, and influence. Although preliminary, results across studies suggest that mindfulness meditation results in a shift in connector hubs, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, the thalamus, and the mid-insula. Although there is mixed evidence regarding the impact of mindfulness training on global metrics of connectivity, the default mode network exhibits reduced intraconnectivity following mindfulness training. Our review also underscores essential directions for future research, including a more comprehensive examination of mindfulness training and its potential to influence structural and functional connections at the nodal, network, and whole-brain levels. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of open science, adoption of rigorous study designs to improve the internal validity of studies, and the inclusion of diverse samples in neuroimaging studies to comprehensively characterize the impact of mindfulness on brain organization.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142677481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased Amygdala Activation During Symptom Provocation Predicts Response to Combined Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Exposure Therapy in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in a Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Milan Houben, Tjardo S Postma, Sophie M D D Fitzsimmons, Chris Vriend, Neeltje M Batelaan, Adriaan W Hoogendoorn, Ysbrand D van der Werf, Odile A van den Heuvel","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.10.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.10.020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with exposure and response prevention is a promising treatment modality for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, not all patients respond sufficiently to this treatment. We investigated whether brain activation during a symptom provocation task could predict treatment response.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty-one adults with OCD (39 female/22 male) underwent symptom provocation with OCD- and fear-related visual stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging prior to an 8-week combined rTMS and exposure and response prevention treatment regimen. Participants received one of the following 3 rTMS treatments as part of a randomized controlled trial: 1) 10-Hz rTMS (110% resting motor threshold) to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 2) 10-Hz rTMS (110% resting motor threshold) to the left presupplementary motor area, or 3) 10-Hz control rTMS (60% resting motor threshold) to the vertex. Multiple regression and correlation were used to examine the predictive value of task-related brain activation for treatment response in the following regions of interest: the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and left presupplementary motor area.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The different treatment groups responded equally to treatment. Higher pretreatment task-related activation of the right amygdala to OCD-related stimuli showed a positive association with treatment response in all groups. Exploratory whole-brain analyses showed positive associations between activation in multiple task-relevant regions and treatment response. Only dorsal anterior cingulate cortex activation to fear-related stimuli showed a negative association with treatment outcome.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Higher pretreatment right amygdala activation during symptom provocation predicts better treatment response to combined rTMS and exposure and response prevention in OCD.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142640468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding Mindfulness With Multivariate Predictive Models.","authors":"Jarrod A Lewis-Peacock, Tor D Wager, Todd S Braver","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.10.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.10.018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Identifying the brain mechanisms that underlie the salutary effects of mindfulness meditation and related practices is a critical goal of contemplative neuroscience. Here, we suggest that the use of multivariate predictive models represents a promising and powerful methodology that could be better leveraged to pursue this goal. This approach incorporates key principles of multivariate decoding, predictive classification, and model-based analyses, all of which represent a strong departure from conventional brain mapping approaches. We highlight 2 such research strategies-state induction and neuromarker identification-and provide illustrative examples of how these approaches have been used to examine central questions in mindfulness, such as the distinction between internally directed focused attention and mind wandering and the effects of mindfulness interventions on somatic pain and drug-related cravings. We conclude by discussing important issues to be addressed with future research, including key tradeoffs between using a personalized versus population-based approach to predictive modeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142634316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mindfulness as a Way of Reducing Automatic Constraints on Thought.","authors":"Kalina Christoff Hadjiilieva","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The number of mindfulness-based wellness promotion programs offered by institutions, by governments, and through mobile apps has grown exponentially in the last decade. However, the scientific understanding of what mindfulness is and how it works is still evolving. Here, I focus on 2 common mindfulness practices: focused attention (FA) and open monitoring (OM). First, I summarize what is known about FA and OM meditation at the psychological level. While they share similar emotion regulation goals, they differ in terms of some of their attention regulation goals. Second, I turn to the neuroscientific literature, showing that FA meditation is associated with consistent activations of cortical control network regions and deactivations of cortical default network regions. In contrast, OM meditation seems to be most consistently associated with changes in the functional connectivity patterns of subcortical structures, including the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Finally, I present a novel account of the mental changes that occur during FA and OM meditation as understood from within the Dynamic Framework of Thought-a conceptual framework that distinguishes between deliberate and automatic constraints on thought. Although deliberate self-regulation processes are often emphasized in scientific and public discourse on mindfulness, here I argue that mindfulness may primarily involve changes in automatic constraints on thought. In particular, I argue that mindfulness reduces the occurrence of automatized sequences of mental states or habits of thought. In this way, mindfulness may increase the spontaneity of thought and reduce automatically constrained forms of thought such as rumination and obsessive thought.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142634420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}