Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging最新文献

{"title":"Delusional Unreality and Predictive Processing.","authors":"Santiago Castiello, Rosa Rossi-Goldthorpe, Siyan Fan, Joshua Kenney, James A Waltz, Molly Erickson, Sonia Bansal, James M Gold, Philip R Corlett","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Phenomenological psychopathologists have recently highlighted how people with delusions experience multiple realities (delusional and non-delusional) and have suggested this double bookkeeping cannot be explained via predictive processing. Here, we present data from Kamin blocking and extinction learning that show how predictive processing might, in principle, explain a pervasive sense of dual reality.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study involved three participant groups: patients with schizophrenia (SZ; n=42), healthy participants with elevated esoteric beliefs (EEB; clairaudient psychics; n=31), and heathy controls (with neither illness nor significant delusional ideation, n=62). We examined belief formation using a Kamin blocking causal learning task with extinction, and delusions with the 40-item Peters Delusion Inventory, specifically the unreality item: \"Do things around you ever feel unreal, as though it was all part of an experiment?\" as a proxy for unreality experiences and beliefs. A clinician also assessed symptoms with a structured clinical interview.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Some people with schizophrenia did not report a sense of unreality, and some people with EEB (but no psychotic illness) reported unreality experiences. No HC endorsed them (despite endorsing other delusion-like beliefs). Unreality experiences in clinical delusions and non-clinical delusion-like beliefs were associated with different types of aberrant prediction error processing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These data suggest how predictive processing might explain the sense of unreality. They indicate that different prediction error dysfunctions are associated with delusions with different contents. In this case we have used predictive processing to address a salient issue raised by phenomenological colleagues, namely the impact of psychosis on experiences of and beliefs about reality.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142878938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Equanimity with Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: A Novel Framework for Mindfulness Interventions.","authors":"Brian Lord, John Jb Allen, Shinzen Young, Jay Sanguinetti","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mindfulness has gained widespread recognition for its benefits to mental health, cognitive performance, and wellbeing. However, the multifaceted nature of mindfulness, encompassing elements like attentional focus, emotional regulation, and present-moment awareness, complicates its definition and measurement. A key component that may underlie its broad benefits is equanimity - the ability to maintain an open and non-reactive attitude toward all sensory experiences. Empirical research suggests that mindfulness works through a combination of top-down attentional control and bottom-up sensory and emotional processes, and that equanimity's role in regulating those bottom-up processes drives the psychological and physiological benefits, making it a promising target for both theoretical and practical exploration. Given these findings, the development of interventions that specifically augment equanimity could improve the impact of mindfulness practices. Research into non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) suggests that it is a potential tool for altering neural circuits involved in mindfulness. However, most NIBS studies to date have focused on improving cognitive control systems, leaving equanimity relatively unexplored. Preliminary findings from focused ultrasound interventions targeting the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) suggest that NIBS can directly facilitate equanimity by inhibiting self-referential processing in the default mode network (DMN) to promote a more present-centered state of awareness. Future research should prioritize the integration of NIBS with well-defined mindfulness training protocols, focusing on equanimity as a core target. This approach could provide a novel framework for advancing both contemplative neuroscience and clinical applications, offering new insights into the mechanisms of mindfulness and refining NIBS methodologies to support individualized, precision wellness interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Brain Structure - a Neuroradiological Investigation into White Matter Hyperintensities, Atrophy, and Microbleeds.","authors":"Vera Jane Erchinger, Ole Johan Evjenth Sørhaug, Stein Magnus Aukland, Gunnar Moen, Peter Moritz Schuster, Lars Ersland, Renate Grüner, Ketil J Oedegaard, Ute Kessler, Olga Therese Ousdal, Leif Oltedal","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a well-established treatment for severe depression, yet it remains stigmatized due to public perceptions linking it with brain injury. Despite extensive research, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying ECT are not fully elucidated. Recent findings suggest that ECT may work through disrupting depression circuitry. However, whether ECT is associated with neuroradiological correlates of brain injury, including white matter changes, atrophy and microbleeds, remains largely unexplored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed MRI scans on 36 ECT patients (19 female), 19 healthy controls (11 female), and 18 atrial fibrillation patients (1 female) treated with electrical cardioversion while receiving an equivalent anesthetic as the ECT group. Scans were conducted at four time points: at baseline, after the first ECT treatment, after the ECT series, and at six-month follow-up. We evaluated white matter changes using the Fazekas and the Age-Related White Matter Changes scales, atrophy using the Global Cortical Atrophy and Medial Temporal lobe Atrophy scales, and cerebral microbleeds using the Microbleed Anatomical Rating Scale. Data were analyzed using non-parametric statistical methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients did not show any changes in radiological scores after ECT (all p >0.1), except for a decrease in microbleeds (p = 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Utilizing state-of-the-art MRI techniques, we found no significant evidence that ECT induces white matter changes, atrophy, or microbleeds. Thus, although ECT may work through disrupting depression circuitry, the treatment is not associated with neuroradiological signs of brain injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decomposing the Brain in Autism: Linking Behavioral Domains to Neuroanatomical Variation and Genomic Underpinnings.","authors":"Hanna Seelemeyer, Caroline Gurr, Johanna Leyhausen, Lisa M Berg, Charlotte M Pretzsch, Tim Schäfer, Bassem Hermila, Christine M Freitag, Eva Loth, Bethany Oakley, Luke Mason, Jan K Buitelaar, Christian F Beckmann, Dorothea L Floris, Tony Charman, Tobias Banaschewski, Emily Jones, Thomas Bourgeron, Declan Murphy, Christine Ecker","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Autism is accompanied by highly individualized patterns of neurodevelopmental differences in brain anatomy. This variability makes the neuroanatomy of autism inherently difficult to describe at the group level. Here, we examined inter-individual neuroanatomical differences using a dimensional approach that decomposed the domains of social communication and interaction (SCI), restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB), and atypical sensory processing (ASP) within a neurodiverse study population. Moreover, we aimed to link the resulting neuroanatomical patterns to specific molecular underpinnings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Neurodevelopmental differences in cortical thickness and surface area were correlated with SCI, RRB and ASP domain scores by regression of a General Linear Model in a large neurodiverse sample of N=288 autistic and N=140 non-autistic individuals, aged 6-30, recruited within the EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP). The domain-specific patterns of neuroanatomical variability were subsequently correlated with cortical gene expression profiles via the Allan Human Brain Atlas.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across groups, behavioral variations in SCI, RRB and ASP were associated with interindividual differences in CT and SA in partially non-overlapping fronto-parietal, temporal, and occipital networks. These domain-specific imaging patterns were enriched for genes (i) differentially expressed in autism, (ii) mediating typical brain development, and that are (iii) associated with specific cortical cell types. Many of these genes were implicated in pathways governing synaptic structure and function.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study corroborates the close relationship between neuroanatomical variation and interindividual differences in autism-related symptoms and traits within the general framework of neurodiversity, and links domain-specific patterns of neuroanatomical differences to putative molecular underpinnings.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142866580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impaired contour object perception in psychosis.","authors":"Rohit S Kamath, Kimberly B Weldon, Hannah R Moser, Samantha Montoya, Kamar S Abdullahi, Philip C Burton, Scott R Sponheim, Cheryl A Olman, Michael-Paul Schallmo","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Contour integration, the process of joining spatially separated elements into a single unified line, has consistently been found to be impaired in schizophrenia. Recent work suggests that this deficit could be associated with psychotic symptomatology, rather than a specific diagnosis such as schizophrenia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Examining a transdiagnostic sample of participants with psychotic psychopathology, we obtained quantitative indices of contour perception in a psychophysical behavioral task. We also measured responses during an analogous task using ultra-high field (7T) functional MRI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found impaired contour discrimination performance among people with psychotic psychopathology (PwPP, n = 63) compared to healthy controls (n = 34) and biological relatives of PwPP (n = 44). Participants with schizophrenia (n = 31) showed impaired task performance compared to participants with bipolar disorder (n = 18). FMRI showed higher responses in the lateral occipital cortex of PwPP compared to controls. Using task-based functional connectivity analyses, we observed abnormal connectivity between visual brain areas during contour perception among PwPP. These connectivity differences only emerged when participants had to distinguish the contour object from background distractors, suggesting that a failure to suppress noise elements relative to contour elements may underlie impaired contour processing in PwPP.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results are consistent with impaired contour integration in psychotic psychopathology, and especially schizophrenia, that is related to cognitive dysfunction, and may be linked to impaired functional connectivity across visual regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142857002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional MRI-Specific Alternations in default mode network in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A voxel-based meta-analysis.","authors":"Jianping Yu, Qianwen Xu, Lisha Ma, Yueqi Huang, Wenjing Zhu, Yan Liang, Yunzhan Wang, Wenxin Tang, Cheng Zhu, Xiaoying Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and debilitating mental disorder. Neuroimaging studies have highlighted that the dysfunctional default mode network (DMN) plays a key role in the pathophysiology mechanisms of OCD. However, the findings of impaired DMN regions have been inconsistent. We employed meta-analysis to identify the fMRI-specific abnormalities of the DMN in OCD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Web of science and Embase were searched to screen resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) studies on the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation/fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF/fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) of the DMN in OCD patients. Based on the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) algorithm, we compared all patients with OCD and control group in a primary meta-analysis, and analyzed the unmedicated OCD without comorbidities in secondary meta-analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 26 eligible studies with 1219 OCD patients (707men) and 1238 healthy controls (684 men) were included in the primary meta-analysis. We concluded specific changes in brain regions of DMN, mainly in the left medial frontal gurus (MFG), bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG), bilateral inferior parietal lobule (IPL), bilateral precuneus (PCUN), bilateral posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and right parahippocampal gyrus (PHG).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>OCD patients showed dysfunction in the DMN, including impaired local important nodal brain regions. The PCC/PCUN appear to be the most affected regions within the DMN, providing valuable insights into understanding the potential pathophysiology of OCD and targets for clinical interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142831220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Theta Burst Stimulation for Cocaine Use Disorder: A Three-Month Feasibility and Brain Target-Engagement Study.","authors":"Daniel M McCalley, Kaitlin R Kinney, Navneet Kaur, Julia P Wolf, Ingrid E Contreras, Joshua P Smith, Sarah W Book, Colleen A Hanlon","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.11.022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cue-induced craving precipitates relapse in drug and alcohol use disorders. Theta burst stimulation (TBS) to the left frontal pole of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) has previously been shown to reduce drinking and brain reactivity to alcohol cues. This randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled target-engagement study aimed to assess whether TBS has similar effects in individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-three participants in intensive outpatient treatment received either real or sham TBS over 10 sessions across 3 weeks (36,000 pulses total; continuous TBS, 110% resting motor threshold, 3600 pulses/session). TBS was administered on days of behavioral counseling. Twenty-five individuals completed all 10 TBS sessions. Brain reactivity to cocaine cues was measured using fMRI at baseline, 1-month, 2-months, and 3-months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cocaine abstinence during the 3-month follow-up period was greater in the real TBS group (1-month: 92.0%, 2-month: 100.0%, 3-month: 85.0%) compared to sham (1-month: 66.6%, 2-month: 66.6%, 3-month: 66.6%), though not statistically significant [1-month: 6.00, p=0.14; 2-month OR=:14.30, p=0.09, and 3-month OR=2.75, p=0.30]. However, there was a significant effect on cocaine cue reactivity (treatment effect: F_1,365= 8.92, p=0.003; time*treatment interaction: F_3,365=12.88, p<0.001). Real TBS reduced cocaine cue reactivity in the MPFC (F_3,72=5.46, p=0.02) overall, and in the anterior cingulate (F_3,72=3.03, p=0.04), and insula (F_3,72=3.60, p=0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This early-stage trial demonstrates TBS to the MPFC reduces brain reactivity to cocaine cues in key nodes of the Salience Network in treatment-seeking cocaine users. Future, well-powered trials are warranted to evaluate clinical efficacy outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Reproducible Pipeline for Parcellation of the Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule.","authors":"Karianne Sretavan, Henry Braun, Zoe Liu, Daniel Bullock, Tara Palnitkar, Remi Patriat, Jayashree Chandrasekaran, Samuel Brenny, Matthew D Johnson, Alik S Widge, Noam Harel, Sarah R Heilbronner","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.07.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.07.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC) is a white matter structure that connects the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to the brainstem, thalamus, and subthalamic nucleus. It is a target for deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. There is strong interest in improving deep brain stimulation targeting by using diffusion tractography to reconstruct and target specific ALIC fiber pathways, but this methodology is susceptible to errors and lacks validation. To address these limitations, we developed a novel diffusion tractography pipeline that generates reliable and biologically validated ALIC white matter reconstructions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following algorithm development and refinement, we analyzed 43 control participants, each with 2 sets of 3T magnetic resonance imaging data and a subset of 5 control participants with 7T data from the Human Connectome Project. We generated 22 segmented ALIC fiber bundles (11 per hemisphere) based on PFC regions of interest, and we analyzed the relationships among bundles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We successfully reproduced the topographies established by previous anatomical work using images acquired at both 3T and 7T. Quantitative assessment demonstrated significantly smaller intraparticipant variability than interparticipant variability for both test and retest groups across all but one PFC region. We examined the overlap between fibers from different PFC regions and a response tract for obsessive-compulsive disorder deep brain stimulation, and we reconstructed the PFC hyperdirect pathway using a modified version of our pipeline.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our diffusion magnetic resonance imaging algorithm reliably generates biologically validated ALIC white matter reconstructions, thereby allowing for more precise modeling of fibers for neuromodulation therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":"1249-1261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141763217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Sandesh Reddy, Katherine E Kabotyanski, Samad Hirani, Tommy Liu, Zain Naqvi, Nisha Giridharan, Mohammed Hasen, Nicole R Provenza, Garrett P Banks, Sanjay J Mathew, Wayne K Goodman, Sameer A Sheth","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.08.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.08.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Treatment-resistant depression affects about 30% of individuals with major depressive disorder. Deep brain stimulation is an investigational intervention for treatment-resistant depression with varied results. We undertook this meta-analysis to synthesize outcome data across trial designs, anatomical targets, and institutions to better establish efficacy and side-effect profiles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic PubMed review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Seven randomized controlled trials (n = 198) and 8 open-label trials (n = 77) were included spanning 2009 to 2020. Outcome measures included Hamilton Depression Rating Scale or Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale scores, as well as response and remission rates over time. Outcomes were tracked at the last follow-up and quantified as a time course using model-based network meta-analysis. Linear mixed models were fit to individual patient data to identify covariates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Deep brain stimulation achieved 47% improvement in long-term depression scale scores, with an estimated time to reach 50% improvement of around 23 months. There were no significant subgroup effects of stimulation target, time of last follow-up, sex, age of disease onset, or duration of disease, but open-label trials showed significantly greater treatment effects than randomized controlled trials. Long-term (12-60 month) response and remission rates were 48% and 35%, respectively. The time course of improvement with active stimulation could not be adequately distinguished from that with sham stimulation, when available.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Deep brain stimulation produces significant chronic improvement in symptoms of treatment-resistant depression. However, the limited sham-controlled data do not demonstrate significant improvement over placebo. Future advancements in stimulation optimization and careful blinding and placebo schemes are important next steps for this therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":"1239-1248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142094292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurocomputational Mechanisms Underlying Differential Reinforcement Learning From Wins and Losses in Obesity With and Without Binge Eating.","authors":"Maria Waltmann, Nadine Herzog, Andrea M F Reiter, Arno Villringer, Annette Horstmann, Lorenz Deserno","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Binge-eating disorder (BED) is thought of as a disorder of cognitive control, but evidence regarding its neurocognitive mechanisms is inconclusive. Key limitations of previous research include a lack of consistent separation between effects of BED and obesity and a disregard for self-report evidence suggesting that neurocognitive alterations may emerge primarily in loss- or harm-avoidance contexts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To address these gaps, in this longitudinal study we investigated behavioral flexibility and its underlying neurocomputational processes in reward-seeking and loss-avoidance contexts. Obese participants with BED, obese participants without BED, and healthy normal-weight participants (n = 96) performed a probabilistic reversal learning task during functional imaging, with different blocks focused on obtaining wins or avoiding losses. They were reinvited for a 6-month follow-up assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyses informed by computational models of reinforcement learning showed that unlike obese participants with BED, obese participants without BED performed worse in the win than in the loss condition. Computationally, this was explained by differential learning sensitivities in the win versus loss conditions in the groups. In the brain, this was echoed in differential neural learning signals in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex per condition. The differences were subtle but scaled with BED symptoms, such that more severe BED symptoms were associated with increasing bias toward improved learning from wins versus losses. Across conditions, obese participants with BED switched more between choice options than healthy normal-weight participants. This was reflected in diminished representation of choice certainty in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study highlights the importance of distinguishing between obesity with and without BED to identify unique neurocomputational alterations underlying different styles of maladaptive eating behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":"1281-1290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141443940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}