Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Simulation-based seismic loss assessment of RC school buildings using story-level damage ratio functions validated by observed cost data","authors":"Insub Choi,&nbsp;Byung Kwan Oh","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02516-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02516-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>School buildings are critical facilities during earthquakes; however, many existing reinforced concrete (RC) school buildings in Korea were constructed without seismic detailing, making them highly vulnerable to structural and nonstructural damage. Traditional drift-based performance assessment primarily focuses on life safety and structural damage criteria, while economic losses are typically not adopted as primary performance metrics for retrofit decision-making. This study aims to assess a loss-based seismic performance of RC school buildings that employs story-level damage ratio functions to estimate building-specific repair costs. The methodology integrates nonlinear time-history analysis, probabilistic seismic demand models using bilinear cloud analysis, and fragility functions for both structural and nonstructural components. Repair cost data are combined with fragility results to develop simulation-based seismic loss functions, which are correlated with drift limits to define loss-based performance criteria. Application to a representative RC school building demonstrated accurate simulation of observed damage patterns, including column shear failure and the influence of masonry infills. Regional-scale evaluations for the 2016 Gyeongju and 2017 Pohang earthquake scenarios confirmed the reliability of the approach, with estimated losses differing by 1.44 and 1.07 times from observed data, respectively. Results show that nonstructural components contribute over 70% of total losses, emphasizing their role in seismic risk. The proposed framework provides a practical tool for assessing economic vulnerability and supporting retrofit prioritization at both building and regional levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 7","pages":"5045 - 5075"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148434112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic performance of RC shear wall structure enhanced by replaceable negative stiffness friction damping corner components","authors":"Zheng Chengcheng,&nbsp;Peng Lingyun,&nbsp;Li Wujie,&nbsp;Shi Leilei","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02496-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02496-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seismic demands are prone to concentrate at the corners of RC shear walls, where limited local deformation reduces the effectiveness of conventional dampers. This study introduces a negative stiffness device to decrease the axial stiffness of the wall limb, thereby increasing the working stroke of the wall corner friction damper and improving its energy dissipation efficiency. Frequency domain response based on a SDOF system elucidates the mechanism of the negative stiffness device and further examines its influence on the free vibration behavior governed by Coulomb friction. A mechanical model that accounts for the negative stiffness effect is then established based on a continuous beam model and the principle of energy equivalence. The negative stiffness device effectively lengthens the structural natural period by reducing the effective stiffness. A study of a 12-story benchmark coupled shear wall demonstrates that, under identical design parameters, the negative stiffness friction damping device outperforms the conventional friction damping device in controlling inter-story drift and acceleration, achieving additional reductions of 2.5% in the maximum inter-story drift and 7.9% in the peak top acceleration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"7573 - 7601"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic vulnerability of historic masonry buildings in Vienna (Austria): influence of structural and material parameters","authors":"Christoph Unterweger,&nbsp;Karl Deix,&nbsp;Amel Karic,&nbsp;Rudolf Heuer","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02509-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02509-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Historic unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings from the “Gründerzeit” period (≈ 1840–1918) of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy represent a substantial part of Vienna’s building stock and are particularly vulnerable to seismic action. While strong earthquakes in the Vienna Basin are infrequent, historical records demonstrate that the regional seismic hazard remains relevant. This study presents a systematic evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of historic brick masonry buildings under varying structural configurations. The analysis is based on a detailed assessment of the structural system that defines key parameters of this building type. To capture the material variability typically observed in historic masonry, an extensive in-situ testing campaign was conducted on more than 200 URM buildings across Vienna, comprising over 2000 sampling locations. Non-linear static analyses (pushover) were performed using the 3Muri software on a representative reference case study building reflecting the typical structural characteristics of Viennese URM structures. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of building height, masonry quality and floor configuration on the seismic performance of these historic buildings. This approach enables a targeted evaluation of structural uncertainty and a comprehensive assessment across a wide range of configurations. Further, fragility curves were derived to quantify the effect of each parameter on the probability of exceeding specific damage thresholds. The results confirm that low masonry quality and increased building height significantly amplify seismic vulnerability of historic URM buildings, whereas typical variations in floor configurations have only minor impact. These findings emphasise the importance of robust on-site experimental investigations to accurately characterise material properties and thereby enhance the reliability of vulnerability assessments. Moreover, the study highlights the limitations of simplified typology-based approaches and provides a solid basis for improved risk evaluation, retrofit prioritisation and seismic mitigation strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"7171 - 7201"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-026-02509-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigations on the seismic performance of flange-connected dual-column piers comparable to cast-in-place components","authors":"Ning Tie,&nbsp;Chongjie Jin,&nbsp;Wen Xie","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02511-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02511-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, 1/4 scaled models of a cast-in-place dual-column pier (Specimen RC) and an externally flange-connected dual-column pier (Specimen FC) were designed and tested to evaluate their seismic performance, failure processes, and failure modes through quasi-static tests. The experimental results indicate that Specimen RC showed typical flexural failure features. Diagonal cracks at 45° were prominent on the north and south sides of the column, while horizontal cracks mainly appeared on the east and west sides. Specimen FC also experienced standard flexural failure in the concrete, along with bond failure at the steel plate–concrete interface. A minor spall was observed in the cover concrete within the plastic hinge zone, just above the flange interface. Additionally, Specimen FC demonstrated seismic performance comparable to Specimen RC, with significant enhancements in essential metrics: an 11.6% increase in peak strength, a 22.1% increase in cumulative energy dissipation at 30 mm displacement, and roughly a 10% increase in equivalent stiffness. However, Specimen FC yielded earlier, and weld failure between the reinforcement and flange end-plates was observed during the mid-to-late loading stages. As displacement increased, the concrete within the flange cavity was pulled out, leading to rocking behavior, strength degradation, and a pinching effect in the hysteretic curves. Then, fiber finite element models of both specimens were created in OpenSees to replicate the experimental results. The simulation results agreed well with the test data. For Specimen RC, the error in peak strength was within 3%, the cumulative energy dissipation error at the final stage was 16.2%, and the plastic hinge curvature error was within 10% up to 97.5 mm of displacement. For Specimen FC, the peak strength error was less than 1%, the cumulative energy dissipation error was 4.1%, and the plastic hinge curvature error remained largely within 10%. Notably, deviations between the numerical and experimental hysteretic curves occurred for Specimen FC after the flange weld failure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"7053 - 7073"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of existing damage on the seismic performance of a historical masonry structure: a site-specific assessment","authors":"Bilal Tayfur,&nbsp;Osman Tunca,&nbsp;Musa Artar,&nbsp;Serdar Çarbaş","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02506-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02506-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study comprehensively evaluates the structural integrity and seismic performance of a historic masonry mosque, exhibiting significant settlement cracks, through an integrated approach combining field measurements and advanced numerical analyses. The Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) conducted to determine the dynamic characteristics of the structure. Field measurements revealed that the environmental vibrations originating from a nearby tram line causes significant amplitude incrase in one of the main columns. The dynamic characteristics of the structure obtained from field experiments are used to calibrate the numerical model via the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. The calibrated numerical model, taking into account the existing cracks in the structure using contact elements, was subjected to nonlinear analysis in the time domain under 11 site-specific ground motion records selected in accordance with the procedures of the Turkish Building Seismic Code. This analysis examined the seismic performance and damage mechanisms of the structure. The findings revealed that while existing settlement cracks contribute to seismic energy dissipation through frictional sliding and gap opening mechanisms, they may also serve as potential failure initiation points under strong ground motions. This study’s integrated approach, combining dual-purpose OMA application and explicit crack modeling with contact elements, constitutes a novel methodological framework for the realistic seismic assessment of historic masonry structures with pre-existing damage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"7439 - 7472"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-026-02506-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty analysis of site seismic response considering spatial variability of multi-source soil dynamic parameters","authors":"Guanlan Xu,&nbsp;Zhengyang Zhang,&nbsp;Rundi Chen,&nbsp;Fengqian Pan,&nbsp;Guoxing Chen,&nbsp;Guanzhong Wang,&nbsp;Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02510-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02510-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The stochastic variability of nonlinear dynamic properties of soil (such as shear wave velocity <i>V</i>_<i>s</i>, dynamic shear modulus ratio <i>G/G</i>_<i>max</i>, and damping ratio <i>λ</i>) is a critical factor influencing site seismic response characteristics and their associated uncertainties. This study takes a typical alluvial site in Suzhou as an example. Based on limited measured <i>G/G</i>_<i>max</i> and <i>λ</i> data, the Bootstrap resampling technique is employed to generate numerous parameter subsets from the small-sample data. Combined with the inverse Nataf transformation method, this approach constructs stochastic <i>G</i>/<i>G</i>_max and <i>λ</i> curves that vary with depth and exhibit negative correlation characteristics. Simultaneously, a non-stationary random field is used to simulate the spatial variability of the site’s shear wave velocity structure. A refined two-dimensional finite element model is established. The soil dynamic property parameters with representative variability levels are used as input parameters for site seismic response analysis. Based on a limited number of site response calculations, the Bootstrap method is applied to process the corresponding results, thereby revealing the uncertainty characteristics of the seismic response in the study area under the combined influence of bedrock input ground motion characteristics and the variability of soil dynamic parameters.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 8","pages":"5563 - 5593"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loss-based seismic retrofitting design for existing RC structures through loss-displacement demand transition","authors":"Yi Li,&nbsp;Xu-Yang Cao,&nbsp;De-Cheng Feng,&nbsp;Michael Beer","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02501-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02501-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, seismic retrofitting of existing buildings has become a primary approach for urban renewal. In retrofitting design, effectively incorporating economic considerations and the initial damage state of existing structures remains a significant challenge. To address this issue, this study proposes a seismic retrofitting design method for existing reinforced concrete structures based on loss-displacement demand transition, in which initial damage is explicitly incorporated into the design process. The method consists of three parts: the conversion from loss demand to displacement demand, the conversion from displacement demand to force demand, and the customized design of the retrofitted structure. The proposed method is applied to two reinforced concrete frames with five and ten stories under a moderate damage state. Two retrofitting strategies, namely column section enlargement and the addition of buckling-restrained braces, are considered. The results indicate that initial damage reduces the seismic capacity of the structure and leads to higher expected annual losses. The retrofitted structures designed using the proposed method achieve expected annual losses below the target limits at all limit states, thereby satisfying design requirements and validating the effectiveness of the method. Moreover, the expected annual losses at lower limit states are greater than those at higher limit states, indicating that improving structural performance at lower limit states requires higher economic investment. The present study provides valuable guidance for developing rational and economically informed retrofitting strategies for existing reinforced concrete structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 8","pages":"6217 - 6253"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural performance of timber-framed masonry (TFM) structures: a case study of Ayazpasha Mosque in Erzurum","authors":"Suat Gokhan Ozkaya","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02479-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02479-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study focuses on the role of Timber Framed Masonry (TFM) systems in the seismic performance of masonry structures. In this system, the compressive strength of masonry is combined with the tensile strength and ductility of wood. The study was conducted as a case study on the historic Ayazpaşa Mosque in Erzurum. Within the methodology, the mechanical properties of the masonry and timber elements in the TFM system were determined by non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. For the dynamic characterization of the structure, ambient and forced vibration tests were performed by using triaxial accelerometers. The data obtained from these tests were used for the development and calibration of a detailed finite element model (FEM) of the structure. Finally, static and dynamic analyses were performed on the calibrated model. It was demonstrated that TFM elements have a critical role in the preservation of structural integrity, especially under seismic loads. Greater stability and flexibility were also provided to the structure by these elements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"7347 - 7387"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-026-02479-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Modal Pushover Analysis Procedure Using Adaptive Load Distribution","authors":"Shimelis A. Demise,&nbsp;Stefano Silvestri","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02497-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02497-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to extend the modal pushover analysis (MPA) procedure to the displacement based adaptive modal pushover analysis (A-MPA) procedure by integrating the concept of the modal pushover analysis procedure advocated by (Chopra and Goel, 2002), the displacement-based adaptive pushover procedure introduced by (Antoniou and Pinho, 2004), and the proposed iterative procedure developed herein to determine the target displacement (the peak roof displacement). In this study, to consider the effect of structural yielding on the lateral load distributions in relation to the mode shapes, the MPA procedure is modified by using a variant (adaptive) load distribution for the significant modes. The iterative procedure proposed here to determine the target displacement significantly reduces the computational demand compared to other adaptive procedures that necessitate a preliminary adaptive pushover analysis, assuming constant spectral displacement or repeating adaptive pushover analysis multiple times, as is the case for the adaptive modal combination (AMC), variant of modal pushover analysis (VMPA) and multi-mode adaptive pushover analysis (MADP) procedures, respectively. It utilizes only the <i>n</i>^<i>th</i> mode pushover curve, and either the equation of motion for the <i>n</i>^<i>th</i> mode inelastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDF) system or the inelastic response (or design) spectrum to determine the target displacement iteratively. A comparative evaluation of adaptive MPA (A-MPA) and MPA procedures in estimating seismic demands for a 9-story steel building is conducted, considering eleven different ground motions with six ground motion multipliers applied to each, resulting in a total of 66 ground motions. This analysis is performed in conjunction with a rigorous non-linear response history analysis (non-linear RHA). It is concluded that the A-MPA procedure demonstrates superior performance compared to the MPA procedure in estimating the seismic demands of story drifts and plastic hinges of the structure, particularly in the upper half of the frame. Furthermore, the fundamental mode has a relatively minor impact; instead, it is the contributions from the higher modes that create a notable difference between the two procedures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"7075 - 7109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic damage patterns of the Wenfeng Pagoda considering SSI in a rammed earth foundation via an improved wave method","authors":"Yijing An,&nbsp;Xuechi Chen,&nbsp;Jiandong Qin,&nbsp;Xuanzhe Wang,&nbsp;Bin He,&nbsp;Xiaolong Wang,&nbsp;Yimin Ren,&nbsp;Zhuoyang Bai,&nbsp;Pengju Han","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02513-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02513-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ancient masonry pagodas are highly vulnerable to earthquake damage because of their large slenderness ratio and low tensile strength. Existing seismic analyses usually simplify the foundation as a homogeneous medium and rarely consider the reflection and transmission of seismic waves at layered soil interfaces, which may lead to an inaccurate assessment of soil–structure interaction (SSI). To address this issue, this study investigates the Wenfeng Pagoda in Fenyang, China, with particular emphasis on the influence of wave propagation in the rammed earth foundation on its seismic response. Within the framework of the viscoelastic artificial boundary, an improved three-dimensional wave-input method is proposed. The method considers wave reflection and transmission at soil-layer interfaces and is implemented in Abaqus through equivalent nodal forces. Comparative models with rigid, homogeneous-soil, and layered rammed earth foundations are then established to analyze the dynamic characteristics, acceleration and displacement responses, and damage evolution of the pagoda. The results show that SSI significantly reduces the higher-order natural frequencies of the pagoda system, amplifies displacement and acceleration responses, and shifts seismic damage from the upper part toward the middle and lower sections. Compared with the homogeneous soil foundation model, the rammed earth foundation improves the overall system stiffness and mitigates structural damage. Moreover, the improved wave-input method further reduces the seismic response by capturing wave attenuation caused by reflection and transmission at layered interfaces. This study provides a theoretical basis and a refined numerical approach for the seismic analysis of ancient masonry pagodas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 8","pages":"5777 - 5810"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}