Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"An experimental and simulated investigation into the seismic performance of Chuan-dou timber structures with infilled walls","authors":"Jie Lan,&nbsp;Xiaoli Li,&nbsp;Shuai Wang,&nbsp;Lan Peng,&nbsp;Zuyin Zou,&nbsp;Wei Liang,&nbsp;Yusheng Zeng","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02041-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02041-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The seismic performance of Chuan-dou timber structures was investigated. A 1:2 scale model of a Chuan-dou timber structure was constructed, with the bottom part filled with masonry and the remaining portions filled with gypsum board. Through quasistatic tests, we compared and studied the impact of whether the column foot is constrained on the seismic performance of Chuan-dou timber structures. The results indicate that when the horizontal displacement of the column foot is restricted, the force distribution pattern of the timber frame changes, and the lateral resistance capacity increases by approximately two times. The lateral force‒displacement relationship of the timber frame exhibits two stages, where the load in the second stage does not decrease as the displacement increases. Additionally, a simplified finite element model incorporating mortise−tenon (M−T) joints and column foot connections reflects the hysteresis performance of the bare timber frame. A simplified wall model that considers the rocking effect can be used to simulate the lateral force‒displacement relationship of the timber frame.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 15","pages":"7383 - 7413"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimum joint gap size in bridges with Ductile Piers","authors":"Yoel Michael Habteghebriel,&nbsp;Ioannis G. Mikes,&nbsp;Andreas J. Kappos","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02051-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02051-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study puts forward a novel approach for seismic design of bridges, wherein the optimum joint gap size is one of the design parameters of the bridge; the methodology integrates the optimization of the joint gap with a ‘mainstream’ seismic design for energy dissipation in the piers. Another contribution of this study is the assessment of the effect of bridge configuration on the selection of the optimum joint gap sizes, focusing on the effect of pier height for bridges with ductile piers. It is found that designing bridges for optimal gap sizes in both directions leads to a notable reduction in pier reinforcement requirements when the aim is to satisfy the Code criteria while, at the same time, the safety margin against exceeding the specified performance criteria (limit states) remains practically unaffected. On the other hand, the required design effort inevitably increases. Regarding the effect of pier height, an interesting finding is that as piers increase in height, leading to increased flexibility and, hence, larger displacements, other components of the bridge, such as the abutment-backfill system, tend to become the critical ones in identifying the optimum gaps.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 15","pages":"7439 - 7464"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rotational spectra consistent with horizontal seismic hazard","authors":"Ravi Kanth Sriwastav,&nbsp;Dhiman Basu","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02043-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02043-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The distinct contribution of rotational ground motion to the failure of structures has been observed in the past. A direct recommendation on considering rotational hazards in seismic design is not presently available. In this work, the construction of rocking and torsional spectra [collectively called rotational spectra (<i>Rot</i>)] for scenario- and intensity- based seismic performance assessment is proposed based on scaling of the associated horizontal spectra (<i>H</i>) through respective <i>Rot/H</i> spectra. <i>Rot/H</i> spectral shape is determined given the earthquake magnitude, epicentral distance, and average shear wave velocity. The procedure is based on the ratio of median rotational to median horizontal-spectral ordinates, which has been demonstrated to be a good representation of the median <i>Rot/H</i> spectral ratio. The median level recommendations are also demonstrated to apply to design level (of a particular facility located in a specific site, which is also governed by a scenario) under certain assumptions. Determination of <i>Rot/H</i> spectrum contingent on a scenario involves two steps: construction of normalized <i>Rot/H</i> spectra (denoted by <i>alpha</i>) with unity at zero period scaled by the ratio of median Rotational- to median Horizontal- PGA (denoted by <i>beta</i>). An estimate of <i>alpha</i> and <i>beta</i> for different soil types is also proposed for intensity-based assessment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 15","pages":"7261 - 7298"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards seismic risk reduction of critical facilities combining earthquake early warning and structural monitoring: a demonstration study","authors":"Kyriazis Pitilakis,&nbsp;Stavroula Fotopoulou,&nbsp;Maria Manakou,&nbsp;Stella Karafagka,&nbsp;Christos Petridis,&nbsp;Dimitris Pitilakis,&nbsp;Dimitris Raptakis","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02046-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02046-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mitigating seismic risk for critical facilities is crucial for governments, decision-makers, researchers, society, and the economy in earthquake-prone regions in Europe and worldwide. The paper discusses some essential concepts and methods for developing and implementing a real-time risk assessment methodology through a specific testbed example in light of an engineering-based seismic risk reduction approach for critical buildings. The goal is to demonstrate that real-time seismic risk assessment of a target building could be feasible by combining a calibrated earthquake early warning system (EEWS) with the knowledge of structure-specific fragility curves evaluated with the aid of well-designed structural monitoring arrays. The whole approach is illustrated for a school building located in Thessaloniki city center. The target school is instrumented with permanent and temporary monitoring arrays using commercial accelerometric/velocimeter stations and special in-house developed low-cost Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). Structural health monitoring (SHM) allows identifying the dynamic characteristics of the building and, finally, generate structure-specific fragility functions, which may differ from generic ones. Past and current seismic events recorded on the regional seismic network and locally on sensors installed at the school building are used for the calibration and validation of the regional EEWS in order to reduce the rate of false or missed alarms. The refined structure-specific fragility functions are incorporated into the central database and used by the developed real-time risk assessment software for the promptly prediction of seismic damages and losses. The performance of the whole system is effectively checked for a strong seismic event by reproducing the Mw 6.5, 1978 Thessaloniki destructive earthquake based on 3D physics-based numerical simulations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 14","pages":"6893 - 6927"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic evaluation and comparison of ground motion characteristics in Kahramanmaras and Hatay provinces following the 2023 Pazarcik-Elbistan Earthquake sequences","authors":"Elif Toplu,&nbsp;Dua Kayatürk,&nbsp;Şeymanur Arslan","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02024-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02024-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study analyzes the Pazarcik and Elbistan earthquakes, which occurred on February 6, 2023 and are among the most destructive seismic events of the 21st century. Since the greatest damage was seen in Hatay in these earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaras, the study aims to contribute to the field of earthquake engineering by evaluating the seismic data obtained from these regions. In the first part of the analysis, peak ground accelerations (PGA) recorded at the stations in Kahramanmaras and Hatay were examined and these data were compared with the DD1 (maximum considered earthquake) and DD2 (design basis earthquake) design levels of the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC 2018). In addition, the effects of ground properties and proximity of faults on seismic records obtained from various stations were evaluated by examining the PGA distribution spatially. The impacts of factors such as the near-fault effect, directivity effect, ground amplification effect and impulse-like motions were determined by examining the peak ground accelations, peak ground velocities, peak ground displacements and spectral accelerations. The study uses NGA-West2 Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs) to evaluate peak ground accelerations in stiff soil and to consider impulse and directivity effects. In addition, the applicability of USGS Vs30 maps in Turkiye is evaluated by comparing with AFAD data. These comprehensive analysis provide critical insights from a structural safety perspective on how seismic characteristics change with ground properties and proximity to earthquake sources.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 14","pages":"6859 - 6891"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using image-based inspection data to improve response predictions of earthquake-damaged unreinforced masonry buildings","authors":"Mathias Haindl,&nbsp;Ian F. C. Smith,&nbsp;Katrin Beyer","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02023-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02023-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Explicit representation of uncertainties is essential to improve the reliability of seismic assessments of earthquake-damaged buildings, particularly when dealing with unreinforced masonry buildings. Modern inspection techniques use images for detecting and quantifying the damage to a structure. Based on the principle of falsification, this paper evaluates how the use of information of damage that is obtained from images taken on earthquake-damaged buildings reduces the uncertainty when predicting the seismic response under a future earthquake. New model falsification criteria use information on the residual state of a building, such as shear cracks, residual roof displacements, and observation of out-of-plane failure. To demonstrate the effectiveness of these criteria in reducing the uncertainty in response predictions, results from a four-story unreinforced masonry building stiffened with reinforced concrete walls, which was experimentally tested under a sequence of ground motions, are assessed. Three commonly used modeling approaches (single degree of freedom (DOF) systems, multi DOF systems with four DOFs, and equivalent frame models) are used, where uncertainties in model parameters and model bias are included and propagated through the analysis. Out of the models used, and in the absence of any additional source of information, the proposed falsification criteria are most effective in connection with the equivalent frame model because this model can simulate the response at the element-level, while the simpler models can only represent the global response or the response at the storey-level. The results show that when using only the information on the presence of shear cracks, which might be the first and only source of information after an earthquake, the effectiveness of model falsification is increased, thus reducing the uncertainty in model parameter values and seismic response predictions through the use of image-based inspection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 14","pages":"7117 - 7148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-024-02023-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental cyclic testing of masonry pier-spandrel substructures reinforced with engineered cementitious composites overlay","authors":"Tong Li,&nbsp;Wei Zhang,&nbsp;Zhengtao Qiu,&nbsp;Shuo Yang,&nbsp;Yangxi Zhang,&nbsp;Mingke Deng","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02044-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02044-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper experimentally investigated the in-plane seismic behavior of perforated masonry walls (pier-spandrel substructures) retrofitted using engineered cementitious composites (ECC). One unreinforced masonry (URM) specimen and two ECC-reinforced masonry substructures were prepared and subjected to pseudostatic cyclic lateral loads. The failure mode, hysteretic curves, strength, deformability, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity of three specimens were compared and discussed. The results revealed that the failure pattern of masonry pier-spandrel substructure was improved by the ECC layer with shear failure of masonry piers changing to bending failure. Multiple thin cracks were observed on the surface of ECC overlay. Moreover, the external ECC layer effectively increased the load-carrying capacity and ultimate deformation of the substructures, with maximum increases of 104% in strength and 72% in ultimate displacement, respectively. Finally, the excellent energy dissipation capacity was obtained by ECC overlay, which can improve the collapse resistance of masonry structures subjected to strong earthquake action.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 14","pages":"7179 - 7200"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing seismic fragility on direct displacement-based designed RC frame considering SSI effect","authors":"Twinsy N. Palsanawala,&nbsp;Sandip A. Vasanwala,&nbsp;Chaitra Devaraddi,&nbsp;Kaushik M. Gondaliya","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02035-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02035-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study delves into direct displacement-based design (DDBD), an approach rooted in performance-based design, operating within predetermined response limits. The approach’s positive influence on diverse structural typologies is evident, emphasising the soil beneath reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures, particularly those designed using DDBD. The present research scrutinises the performance of a 15-storey RC frame building, considering the intricate interplay of soil-structure interaction (SSI). Employing a fiber modelling approach for frame elements and adopting a pile-raft foundation model, incorporating soil stiffness and nonlinearity through soil springs, the RC frame is meticulously designed to meet rigorous life safety performance criteria under DDBD principles. Various ground motions of varying intensities are applied to the RC frame to conduct incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), offering a comprehensive assessment of nonlinear structural behaviour in terms of displacements and inter-storey drift ratios. Ground motions are judiciously selected and scaled following the comprehensive calculative procedure outlined in FEMA P695 (Quantification of building seismic performance factors, FEMA P695. Prepared by Applied Technology Council For the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, 2009). The resulting responses are leveraged to predict collapse probabilities, employing diverse approaches in the construction of seismic fragility curves. The research significantly contributes to the advancement of seismic design methodologies, ensuring structures adhere to robust resilience standards against seismic hazards. The RC frame design incorporating SSI demonstrates an 11.25% reduction in the inter-storey drift ratio and a lower probability of collapse at higher intensities compared to a fixed-based RC frame, indicating improved structural flexibility.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 14","pages":"6929 - 6953"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of opening shape, size and position on the ultimate strength, stiffness and energy dissipation of confined brick masonry walls","authors":"A. N. Shandilya,&nbsp;V. Kumar,&nbsp;A. Haldar,&nbsp;S. Mandal","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02022-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02022-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Confined brick masonry structures have garnered considerable attention as an effective solution for earthquake-prone regions due to their robust construction, efficient wall-to-column connections, and optimised utilisation of material strength. Within the realm of building design and construction, openings play a pivotal role, serving as essential elements for facilitating natural light and fresh air into the structure. However, the presence of openings within confined brick masonry walls causes a significant reduction in their seismic resistance. Hence, striking the right balance between these openings and structural strength is crucial. For this purpose, it is necessary to investigate the influence of size, shape, and position of the openings in confined brick masonry walls on their seismic performance. In this work, a comprehensive finite element macro-model is adopted that treats the wall and tie members as a unified system. A concrete damage plasticity approach is employed to predict damage progression in confined brick masonry walls. Using a pushover analysis in finite element framework, the ultimate strength, stiffness, and energy absorption capacity of confined brick masonry with different types of openings is assessed. Furthermore, a parametric study is conducted incorporating various scenarios, such as aspect ratios of confined brick masonry walls, diverse shapes of opening and variations in the positions of windows, doors, and combinations of both openings. Based on the results, simplified equations are developed to facilitate analytical estimation of ultimate strength, along with recommendations for optimising opening shape, size, and placement to enhance the design of confined brick masonry walls with openings. The study highlights that larger openings in confined brick masonry walls diminish ultimate strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation due to reduced load distribution and increased stress concentrations. Openings smaller than 10% of the masonry area maintain load paths, but larger openings require additional support. Rectangular openings with greater height than width exhibit superior performance. Furthermore, the positioning of windows significantly influences wall strength, with placements farther from the loading point proving favorable. Door placement also impacts ultimate strength, with central placement compromising stiffness. Combining window openings with a centrally located door maintains consistent ultimate strength but affects stiffness. Overall, this research contributes to a better understanding of the seismic behaviour of confined brick masonry structures with openings, offering valuable insights for engineers and architects working in regions susceptible to seismic activity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 14","pages":"7015 - 7045"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the seismic performance of corroded RC frames with masonry infills","authors":"Jiadaren Liu,&nbsp;Nicola Scattarreggia,&nbsp;Daniele Malomo","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02037-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02037-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reinforced concrete (RC) frames infilled with unreinforced masonry panels are widely used worldwide and represent a prevalent structural typology in several earthquake-prone regions. A large amount of existing RC building stocks in seismically active countries, however, were erected more than 50 years ago with substandard materials, construction practices, and outdated design guidelines, and have likely exceeded their service life limit. Aging RC structures are also particularly vulnerable to environment-induced degradation (including corrosion), increasingly relevant due to climate change, which is projected to further reduce their already compromised seismic performance. Although extensive studies in the last decades highlighted the importance of considering the presence of masonry infills in the assessment of existing RC buildings subjected to earthquake loading, limited investigations are available on the seismic response of such systems when reinforcement corrosion is considered. In addition, as corroded RC frames typically exhibit reduced ultimate displacement, ductility and base shear capacities, it is expected that distinct frame-infill interaction mechanisms would govern under corroded and uncorroded scenarios. Conducting laboratory tests on corroded RC frames with masonry infills, however, is challenging and sometimes even impractical due to technical difficulties and time constraints. In this paper, fiber-based finite element (FE) models were developed to investigate the impact of corrosion on the seismic performance of RC frames with masonry infills at different scales. First, the developed FE models were validated against quasi-static and dynamic experimental tests on intact RC columns and infilled RC frames without corrosion effects. Then, calibrated FE models were validated against experimental tests on isolated RC columns with various degrees of corrosion. Simplified modelling strategies, also applicable in engineering practice, were adopted and validated to account for corrosion-induced damage numerically. Finally, the validated FE models were used to investigate the corrosion-induced degradation of seismic response for corroded RC infills and building assemblies. Results obtained indicate that the presence of infills may not only increase the load bearing and drift control capacities of intact RC frames, but can also improve the structural performance of corroded RC frames, especially in case of strong masonry panels. Corrosion-induced lateral strength capacity loss of bare frames can be up to 8 times larger than that of infilled frames.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"489 - 514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}