Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Prediction models for significant duration of offshore ground motions in subduction zone using the S-Net database","authors":"Jingyang Tan,&nbsp;Mengqing Dai,&nbsp;Yinan Zhao,&nbsp;Qi Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02508-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02508-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There have been relatively few studies on significant duration prediction models for offshore ground motions in subduction zones, and the differences in significant durations between offshore and onshore ground motions remain insufficiently understood. In this study, 19,058 offshore strong-motion records from 150 ocean-bottom sites within the S-net in the Japan Trench were analyzed to develop prediction models for offshore ground motion significant durations of interface and slab earthquakes. The proposed model incorporates the effects of moment magnitude, rupture distance, focal depth, site conditions, and station installation methods across different earthquake types in subduction zones. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison was conducted between the significant duration prediction models for offshore and onshore ground motions. Based on within-event residuals and single-station residuals of offshore significant durations, a spatial correlation model for offshore significant durations was developed using a combination of semi-variogram functions and exponential regression. This approach enabled a detailed analysis of spatial correlation differences between interface and slab earthquakes. Results indicate that the offshore significant duration models for interface and slab earthquakes exhibit high predictive accuracy. Notable differences were observed in the significant duration between offshore subduction slab and interface ground motions. Site classification of ocean-bottom stations based on the HVSR technique more effectively captures the effect of the predominant frequency of ocean-bottom sites on offshore significant durations. Comparisons of significant durations between offshore and onshore ground motions across different earthquake types reveal that offshore ground motions generally have longer significant durations than onshore motions. Moreover, the spatial correlation coefficient of offshore significant durations decreases with increasing separation distance. The proposed prediction models for offshore significant durations of interface and slab events, as well as the corresponding spatial correlation model, can serve as valuable references for seismic hazard assessment and seismic design in offshore regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"6725 - 6757"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficiency of the prescriptive recommendations of the Iranian NBC-8 code for RC tie elements in confined masonry buildings","authors":"Mahmoud R. Maheri,&nbsp;A. Moslemi","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02527-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02527-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Iranian national building code on masonry construction (NBC-8) provides fully prescriptive guidelines for design and construction of low-rise confined masonry (CM) buildings. These guidelines are too general, covering one to three storey buildings and all the seismic demand scenarios of the Iranian seismic code (Standard 2800). The guidelines are either adaptations from other codes, or based on observations made on the CM building performances in the past earthquakes. However, there has been no detailed scientific research aimed at verifying the efficiency and adequacy of these guidelines. In this study, the efficiency of some of the most important guidelines, regarding the RC tie system’s prescriptive detailing, strength of masonry walls and size and location of openings have been critically investigated. For this purpose, a number of most vulnerable (critical) plan layout and wall configuration scenarios for buildings of up to three storeys high, which are allowed by the NBC-8 code, have been identified and their base shear capacities have been evaluated numerically using the nonlinear pushover analysis method. The base shear capacities of the critical walls are then compared with a large number of seismic base shear demand scenarios of the Iranian seismic code (Standard 2800) for these walls. It is found that the general guidelines of the latest revision of the NBC-8 code (2019) on the RC tie detailing are too stringent for the single-storey CM buildings, unnecessarily increasing their construction cost. It is also noted that, for the two and three storey buildings, the NBC-8 recommended minimum compressive strength for masonry (<i>f′</i>_<i>m</i> = 2 MPa) is too low for the masonry walls and piers to resist any of the seismic shear demand scenarios and that for these buildings it should be increased to at least 4 MPa. Based on the results presented, separate detailing are recommended for the single-storey, two storey and three storey buildings situated in different seismic zones and subjected to different seismic demand scenarios.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"7503 - 7543"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic liquefaction hazard assessment in urban centres with a non-liquefiable surface layer overlying a liquefiable stratum","authors":"Alejandro Cruz,&nbsp;Shaghayegh Karimzadeh,&nbsp;Nicola Chieffo,&nbsp;Eimar Sandoval,&nbsp;Paulo B. Lourenço","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02512-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02512-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the interaction between multiple earthquake-related hazards is essential for improving risk assessments in urban areas. This study presents a multi-hazard framework to integrate earthquake motion and liquefaction within a probabilistic liquefaction hazard assessment in an urban area. The novel contribution of this work is the development of a probabilistic liquefaction framework designed for sites with a non-liquefiable upper layer overlying a liquefiable layer, conditions common in many urban environments but rarely addressed. This approach is particularly useful for regions with limited data, as it makes effective use of available local seismic and geotechnical information. The methodology involves: (i) selecting and applying an appropriate probabilistic liquefaction manifestation severity model based on local geotechnical conditions; and (ii) integrating probabilistic seismic hazard assessment outputs with simplified geotechnical profiles that reflect the potential liquefaction impact, which are then incorporated into the liquefaction manifestation severity assessment. The case study focuses on the Aguablanca District in Cali, Colombia, an area with moderate to high liquefaction susceptibility. Liquefaction manifestation probabilities were computed using two indices: the Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) and an Ishihara-inspired LPI (LPI_ISH). Results for a 50-year exposure period indicate moderate surface manifestation, aligning with regional studies. The study also explores the implications for an earthquake scenario with a return period of 475 years, for which the analysis indicates surface liquefaction manifestations ranging from moderate to severe. The detailed liquefaction assessment for given urban area in Colombia provides a solid basis for risk reduction and urban planning strategies in liquefaction-prone areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"6809 - 6841"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-026-02512-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axial tests on concrete wall boundary elements reinforced with FeSMA and GFRP","authors":"Ryan Hoult,&nbsp;João Pacheco de Almeida","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02519-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02519-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) wall boundary elements using unconventional reinforcement materials—Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloy (FeSMA) and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) rebars—compared to conventional steel reinforcement. The aim is to enhance seismic design by minimizing residual displacements and improving long-term durability. Experimental tests on RC prisms were conducted to assess deformation behavior and failure modes under cyclic tensile-compressive loading. The rebars in some of the specimens were partially or completely debonded. Joule heating successfully activated the FeSMA rebars, prestressing them beyond 300 MPa and effectively applying axial load ratios of 13% to 30%, depending on the specimen’s rebar diameter. Results showed that GFRP-reinforced specimens had over 80% less residual axial deformation than steel-reinforced specimens after reaching an average tensile-axial strain of 1%. Despite larger material strains at failure, the axial displacement capacity of the FeSMA specimens was only slightly greater than that of the GFRP specimens—ranging from 32 to 40 mm (depending on rebar diameter) compared to 24 to 29 mm (depending on the bonding mechanism). Based on extrapolation to an idealized ten-story RC wall, all specimens suggest drift capacities exceeding 2%,. Additionally, debonded rebars were found to reduce strain concentrations, limit out-of-plane deformation, and enhance axial displacement capacity. All test data are available in an openly accessible online repository at https://doi.org/10.14428/DVN/67YZ3R.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"7603 - 7649"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-026-02519-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ViTConvKAN: a hybrid transformer–KAN modeling for post-earthquake building damage mapping using VHR imagery","authors":"Seyed Ehsan Khankeshizadeh,&nbsp;Ali Mohammadzadeh,&nbsp;Sadegh Jamali","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02530-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02530-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate mapping of earthquake-damaged buildings is essential for rapid post-disaster assessment and urban recovery planning. Very high-resolution (VHR) satellite imagery enables large-scale geospatial damage detection; however, conventional convolutional neural networks (CNNs) often struggle to model complex spatial dependencies and nonlinear damage patterns efficiently. To address these limitations, this study proposes ViTConvKAN, a hybrid architecture that combines vision transformers (ViTs) for long-range spatial modeling with convolutional Kolmogorov–Arnold networks (ConvKANs) for nonlinear feature representation. The framework includes data preprocessing, supervised training, building-level damage classification, and quantitative evaluation. The method is validated on post-event VHR datasets from Haiti-Port-au-Prince and Iran-Bam, including cross-region transfer experiments under zero-shot and few-shot fine-tuning settings. Across both regions, ViTConvKAN achieves an average OA of 88.09% and a KC of 73.07%, outperforming several established CNN-based baselines. The results indicate that integrating transformer-based contextual modeling with nonlinear ConvKAN feature extraction improves building-level damage discrimination while maintaining scalable deployment characteristics. This hybrid approach provides a robust framework for post-earthquake damage mapping using VHR imagery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"7267 - 7307"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and performance analysis of a new type of guide-rail isolation device applicable to the seismic protection of cultural relics","authors":"Wen Bai,&nbsp;Shoujiang Zhao,&nbsp;Guangzhen Zhou,&nbsp;Junwu Dai","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02517-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02517-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cultural relics are indispensable carriers of human civilization, yet their seismic protection remains a major challenge during storage and exhibition. This study proposes a new type of guide-rail isolation device for seismic protection of cultural relics. The device consists of two orthogonally stacked unidirectional horizontal isolation systems, adopts laterally arranged tension springs to achieve variable stiffness, and uses a lead-screw–rotary-damper mechanism as an independent energy-dissipation component. Prototype tests and numerical simulations were conducted to identify the basic mechanical properties of the device, evaluate its operational reliability and repeatability, and assess its isolation performance under selected test conditions. The results show that the prototype has a low motion-initiation threshold, weak coupling between the two orthogonal isolation layers under the adopted test configurations, and stable and repeatable motion. Under three selected ground motions scaled to PGA = 0.4 g, the isolation efficiency reached 72%–84%, and the residual displacement was less than 2.4 mm, indicating good recentering performance. The established numerical model showed reasonable agreement with the experimental results and can support subsequent parametric analyses. The variable stiffness design increases the device stiffness with displacement; when combined with appropriate damping parameters, it helps coordinate acceleration suppression and displacement limitation and shows potential adaptability to different seismic intensity levels within the scope of the prototype tests and numerical analyses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"7875 - 7900"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Load-bearing mechanism and energy dissipation of the palace-style wooden structure with infilled construction: experimental and numerical study","authors":"Meng Zhou,&nbsp;Pan Yu,&nbsp;Qingshan Yang,&nbsp;Wenjuan Shao,&nbsp;Jingyu Xiang","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02524-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02524-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The palace-style wooden structure with infilled construction is common in the traditional Chinese architectures, and the mechanical behavior of this kind of structure is, however, not yet clear. Hence, this paper presents the experimental and numerical study on the load-bearing mechanism and energy-dissipating performance of the palace-style wooden structure with infilled construction. Firstly, a quasi-static test on a 1:3 scaled palace-style wooden frame with infilled construction is conducted for analyzing the deformation load-bearing characteristics, and a corresponding finite element model is also established. Then the experimental and numerical results including deformation characteristics, hysteresis performance, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation are discussed. The influence of vertical load, infilled construction and geometric scale ratio on the lateral performance of the wooden frame with infilled construction are finally assessed. The results show that the numerical model effectively reflects the deformation and load-bearing characteristics of the wooden frame with infilled construction. The hysteresis curves exhibit contracting and bulging characteristics at the low and large loading amplitudes respectively. The infilled construction enhances the energy-dissipating capacity of the wooden structure without weakening its self-recovery ability. The parametric assessment further reveal that the infilled construction improves the lateral load-bearing capacity of wooden frame, with 74.3% increase in peak lateral force and 107.7% increase in the initial stiffness. The peak lateral force and initial stiffness value of the wooden structure are respectively increased by 16.01% and 118.2% when the vertical load is raised by 66.7% from 6kN to 10kN. Moreover, the larger frictional coefficient shows enhancement effect in peak lateral force and initial lateral stiffness, but this effect is most pronounced in the loading stages before reaching the peak value than descending phase.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"7389 - 7413"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic response characteristics and stability evaluation of high-steep bedded rock slopes containing tunnels under rainfall-seismic coupling effects","authors":"Ziheng Wan,&nbsp;Xinwei Tang,&nbsp;Danqing Song,&nbsp;Zhizeng Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoli Liu","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02521-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02521-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tunnel-slope systems in western China are key components of transportation infrastructure, and their long-term stability is threatened by the combined effects of earthquakes and rainfall. Seepage–dynamic coupled simulations were conducted through the secondary development of FLAC^3D. Based on an actual engineering project in western China and the related shaking table test, corresponding numerical models were established to investigate the dynamic response and failure mechanisms of the tunnel–slope system under rainfall–seismic coupling. Results show that rainfall significantly modifies seismic wave propagation and amplifies the overall dynamic response, with peak acceleration increasing by up to 47.4%. Analyses in the frequency and time-frequency domains indicate that this amplification mainly stems from the enhancement of frequency components above 3 Hz under rainfall. Furthermore, tunnel intensifies this high-frequency amplification, leading to a more dispersed distribution of seismic wave energy of slope. Rainfall increases the slope’s sliding risk by weakening the weak interlayer and promoting shear deformation, while the tunnel shifts the main deformation and potential sliding area upward above the tunnel. These findings provide insight into the dynamic stability evaluation of similar tunnel–slope systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"6885 - 6917"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modification of seismic design parameters for multi-story asymmetric buildings with improvement of safety margin","authors":"Omid Makhdoom,&nbsp;Armin Aziminejad,&nbsp;Panam Zarfam,&nbsp;Abdolreza S. Moghadam","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02485-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02485-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The non-uniform distribution of forces and deformations in lateral force resisting elements (LFREs) is a challenge to the seismic design of asymmetric structures according to current seismic codes. However, the effects of the asymmetry on the seismic design parameters of such buildings is often neglected in current seismic design codes directly. It is evident that a new seismic design methodology is necessary to minimize the non-uniformity of deformation and ductility demands at each level of asymmetry. In the present research, buildings with different levels of normalized yield displacement eccentricity (e_d/A) were designed according to the ASCE/SEI 07-22 seismic code (code-design model) and were compared with the balance-25% and symmetric-strength models. The seismic design parameters of the response modification factor (R), period-based ductility (µ_T), overstrength factor (Ω), deflection amplification factor (C_d) and adjusted collapse margin ratio (ACMR) were calculated and evaluated according to FEMA P695. The results indicate that R and µ_T were relatively more uniform in the balance-25% model, but decreased strongly in the code-design model with an increase in e_d/A. This can be challenging in seismic design codes. Two solutions have been proposed for the seismic design of asymmetric buildings The first is the implementation of modified relationships for seismic design parameters, in order to improve the safety margin of asymmetric structures. The second is application of the balance-25% model as the preferred approach for minimal dependence on e_d/A.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"7111 - 7142"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic vulnerability of existing RC building stocks at territorial scale: a novel probability-tree approach","authors":"Luisa Berto,&nbsp;Diego Talledo,&nbsp;Francesca Pasqual,&nbsp;Anna Saetta","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02505-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02505-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Large-scale seismic risk assessments are essential for predicting the economic and human losses due to earthquakes, with a critical factor being the vulnerability of the building stock. This paper proposes a novel methodology for assessing the seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings at various territorial scales, utilizing data from survey forms. The methodology integrates database information with a simplified vulnerability assessment method. A key innovation is the development of a probability tree-based procedure to handle variability due to intrinsic nature of data obtained by survey forms inherent in large-scale surveys, by creating sets of virtual buildings representative of the analysed stock. The outcome of the procedure is a territorial safety index derived through multiple applications of the vulnerability assessment method to the virtual buildings. In this work the proposed methodology is specialized integrating the data available in the CARTIS database with a combined quantitative and qualitative vulnerability assessment method and tested on a case study at different territorial scales, demonstrating its potential for improving seismic risk analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"7143 - 7169"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}