Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A Monte Carlo simulation approach to Aftershock Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (APSHA): methodology and verification","authors":"Ali Kavand,&nbsp;Khatereh Saghatforoush","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02063-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02063-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aftershock probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (APSHA) is an essential element of rescue plan and reoccupying the buildings after large earthquakes. APSHA is usually performed by parametric approaches in which the seismic source causing the mainshock should be accurately identified. As an alternative solution, current study attempts to implement Monte Carlo simulations in APSHA. The main advantage of the proposed APSHA approach is that it does not require identifying the geometry of the causative seismic source. To this end, synthetic aftershock catalogs were generated for three major aftershock sequences occurred in western Zagros in Iran. The catalogs were then employed to predict Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values due to the aftershocks and the results were verified against recorded PGA data. The results of APSHA were generally consistent with the recorded PGA data according to different validation methodologies. However, the accuracy of the results obviously depended on the exceedance probability as well as the time interval elapsed from the mainshock.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"25 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does seismic isolation reduce the seismic vulnerability and the variability of the inelastic seismic response? Large-scale experimental investigation","authors":"Anastasios Tsiavos,&nbsp;Miguel Figueiredo Nunes,&nbsp;Bozidar Stojadinovic","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02034-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02034-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper focuses on the large-scale experimental investigation of the seismic vulnerability and the variability of the inelastic seismic response of seismically isolated structures in comparison to conventional, fixed-based structures. The experimental setup comprises a steel structure consisting of two steel columns and a steel mass on top. The structure is seismically isolated using four friction pendulum bearings and subjected to an ensemble of strong recorded earthquake ground motion excitations using the shaking table of ETH laboratory. A mechanical clevis connection consisting of two hinges and two replaceable steel coupons is designed and constructed to facilitate the investigation of the seismic inelastic behavior of the structure for the selected ground motion record ensemble through the replacement of the damaged coupons after each shaking table excitation. Within this frame, the mechanical clevis connection presented in this study facilitates the parametric and experimental investigation of the seismic, inelastic behaviour of a wide range of structures and the experimental determination of their seismic fragility curves. The seismic vulnerability and the variability of the seismic response of the seismically isolated and the corresponding fixed-based structure are compared for three seismic hazard levels. The comparison of the response of the two structures demonstrates experimentally the ability of seismic isolation to reduce the seismic vulnerability and the variability of the seismic response of structures subjected to strong earthquake ground motion excitation, thus leading to the design of structures of higher performance, predictability and reliability in their response, even for extreme earthquake events.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 15","pages":"7359 - 7381"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-024-02034-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced nonlinear soil-structure interaction model for the seismic analysis of safety-related nuclear structures","authors":"J. M. Gonzalez,&nbsp;A. H. Barbat,&nbsp;Y. F. Vargas-Alzate,&nbsp;F. Rastellini,&nbsp;J. Ramirez,&nbsp;C. Escudero,&nbsp;L. G. Pujades","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02055-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02055-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article proposes an advanced nonlinear soil-structure interaction methodology, for the seismic analysis of a nuclear structure. To do so, a study is performed on a nuclear reinforced concrete structure considering the effects of the nonlinearity due to the sliding and rocking at the soil-structure interface, under a <i>Beyond Design Basis Earthquake</i>. A tridimensional numerical model based on the Finite Element Method is developed for the structure and the soil. The model of the structure considers composite materials to describe all the structural members, taking full advantage of the modelling capabilities of the finite element method. The soil layers are modelled assuming their degraded properties due to the propagation of the seismic ground motion. An innovative approach to achieve spectral matching at the surface of the FEM soil model after propagation from the bedrock has been successfully implemented. The seismic analysis on the structure has been performed by considering three hypotheses for the contact between soil and structure: fixed-base, fixed contact and sliding-rocking contact. Insights are provided after comparing floor spectra for the contact approaches assessed in this research, calculated at the systems and components’ locations at the nuclear structure. Finally, a statistical approach for the soil properties allows to study the effects of these uncertainties on the structural response.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 15","pages":"7465 - 7488"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-024-02055-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames with decoupled masonry infills: considering in-plane and out-of-plane load interaction effects","authors":"Aleksa Milijaš,&nbsp;Marko Marinković,&nbsp;Christoph Butenweg,&nbsp;Sven Klinkel","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02012-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02012-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Masonry infills are frequently employed as both outer and inner partitions in reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures due to their outstanding characteristics in terms of energy efficiency, fire resistance and sound isolation. However, common construction practice typically involves the mortar connection between masonry infills and RC frames. For this reason, the unforeseen frame-infill interaction takes part under seismic loading, which leads to severe and uncontrollable damage to masonry infills. This interaction also causes damage or even the collapse of the RC frames and thus of the whole structures. The poor performance of infilled RC frame structures in recent earthquake events is a strong motivation for the development of innovative engineering solutions, which aim to mitigate the detrimental effects of frame-infill interaction. This article introduces an innovative decoupling system founded on the concept of decoupling the RC frame from the masonry infill. The decoupling is achieved by inserting elastomeric material between the masonry infill and RC frame. The properly designed decoupling system allows infill activation only at high in-plane drifts. Simultaneously, it provides boundary conditions for seismic loads acting perpendicular to the infill plane. Firstly, the article explains the design of the masonry infill with the decoupling system and its installation. Afterwards, the results of small specimen tests carried out to determine the load-bearing capacity of the decoupling system are presented. Furthermore, the article discusses the findings of an extensive experimental campaign conducted on nine real-size RC frames with decoupled infills subjected to separate and combined in-plane and out-of-plane loadings. In addition to different loading types, various infill configurations are considered – solid infill, infill with centric window, and infill with centric door opening. Finally, the experimental results of RC frames with decoupled infills are compared with the experimental results of traditionally infilled RC frames, which were tested within the framework of the same project. The thorough evaluation and comparison of the experimental findings demonstrate the significant improvement of seismic performance of infilled RC frames if the decoupling system is applied.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 15","pages":"7489 - 7546"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-024-02012-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismicity in Central America (1520–2020) and Earthquake catalog compilation for seismic hazard assessments","authors":"Carlos Gamboa-Canté,&nbsp;Mario Arroyo-Solórzano,&nbsp;Belén Benito,&nbsp;Jorge Aguilar,&nbsp;Ivonne G. Arroyo,&nbsp;Eduardo Camacho-Astigarrabia,&nbsp;Diego Castro,&nbsp;Omar Flores,&nbsp;Lepolt Linkimer,&nbsp;Martha Griselda Marroquin,&nbsp;Luis Mixco-Durán,&nbsp;Wilfried Strauch,&nbsp;Emilio Talavera,&nbsp;Gerson Valle,&nbsp;Robin Yani-Quiyuch","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02059-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02059-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Central America is a seismically active region located in a tectonic setting dominated by the subduction zone between the Cocos and Caribbean plates, transform boundaries between the North American and Caribbean plates, and local or crustal faulting with some of the most important fault systems aligned with the volcanic arc. Combining seismic data from various Central American seismic agency catalogs covering the period from 1520 to 2020, we present an updated regional earthquake catalog for the region. Fourteen databases containing seismic events from local and regional agencies were collected for different time periods, homogenized to moment magnitude (M_w), and subsequently unified using a prioritization criteria approach. We analyzed to the data to identify and remove duplicate earthquakes, prioritizing records with the lowest RMS value, depth consistent with their location based on the region’s crustal thickness, and magnitudes in accordance with historical reports or bibliographic sources. Additionally, significant seismic events (M_w ≥ 6.0) were carefully reviewed based on their epicentral locations and magnitudes, according on reliable publications. The earthquake catalog compiled includes a total of 260 548 earthquakes, for which we conducted a descriptive, spatiotemporal statistical analysis, as well as estimations of the magnitude of completeness (Mc) and declustering. Among the most important results, we highlight recent completeness periods for magnitudes M_w &lt; 5.0. Geographically, seismic zones with better Mc are directly related to either good seismic network coverage or high seismicity rates in the region. As regards declustering, the Reasenberg declustering method considers several main shocks with ~ 76% of the earthquakes compared to the initial catalog and the Uhrhammer method considers  ~ 51% as main shocks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 15","pages":"7201 - 7234"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extended Bouc-Wen model identification using shaking table test data of ageing RC bridge piers","authors":"Xiao Ge,&nbsp;Yan-Hui Liu,&nbsp;Yu-Qing Yang,&nbsp;Nicholas A. Alexander,&nbsp;Mohammad M. Kashani","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02057-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02057-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In scientific research or engineering design, analysis with a large amount of repeating (e.g. incremental dynamic analysis, fragility analysis) is needed. In this process, low-order models require less computational cost compared with sophisticated finite element models. This paper explores the feasibility of identifying an extended Bouc-Wen model with input ground motion and structural responses of displacement and acceleration recorded in the shaking table tests. The parameters to be estimated are selected based on their sensitivity. A boundary of the unknown parameters is designated based on their physical meaning or empirical values. Genetic algorithm is applied to search for the optimal fitting of the extended Bouc-Wen model. The simulated results are compared with the experimental results in terms of hysteresis and time-varying stiffness/frequency during the test.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 15","pages":"7415 - 7437"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrofitting through the loss-Based Earthquake engineering","authors":"Federico Gusella,&nbsp;Gianni Bartoli","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02036-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02036-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The novelty of the research is the development of closed-form equations to assess the effective capacity of retrofitting interventions to reduce the seismic risk of existing buildings. The goal of the proposed procedure is to provide decision-making in the context of the Loss-Based Earthquake Engineering, whose purpose is the reduction of the seismic risk, which is herein computed through a monetary loss. The procedure consists of specifying performance targets (e.g. acceptable monetary losses, capital to invest, reduction of expected annual loss) and deriving engineering parameters, specifically the target fragility curves to achieve the established performance target. The identification of required fragility curves, in turn, allows to identify proper retrofitting interventions to mitigate the expected seismic loss. The method allows for estimating the maximum reduction of the annual average loss and the recommended capital to invest, accounting for the actual cost of the retrofitting alternatives and the nominal life of the building. In addition, it can be used to identify the payback period. With the aim of promoting the design procedure in the common practice, an existing reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame, retrofitted with three strengthening methods, is explored as case-study.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"275 - 299"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-024-02036-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic vulnerability of a pre-code, reinforced concrete, apartment-block building","authors":"Shir Parizat,&nbsp;Ronnie Kamai,&nbsp;Yehezkel Shaked,&nbsp;Assaf Shmerling","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02054-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02054-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research studies the Damage State Probability of a pre-code reinforced concrete apartment block building designed for gravity loads only. The study refers to the moderate damage state associated with apparent cracking and the onset of concrete spalling that exposes the transverse reinforcement. This damage state is chosen for the analysis because it is highly correlated with the number of displaced households in the case of a damaging earthquake. We analyze the structural inelastic earthquake response using 50 ground acceleration records to create the fragility curve function for four ground motion intensity measures. From the four intensity measures used in this study, the peak-ground velocity is found to be most highly correlated to the damage state probability of the analyzed structure. Because this structural type is very common throughout Israel, including in towns close to the active Dead Sea fault, near-fault effects are considered in the analysis but are found to be relatively insignificant due to the dynamic properties of the analyzed building. Finally, a potential retrofit solution is proposed, incorporating financial and serviceability limitations. The proposed retrofit effectiveness is made clear by comparing the fragility curves with and without the suggested retrofit. For example, the horizontal peak acceleration required for a 50% probability of achieving the damage state is increased from 0.18 g to 0.32 g for the original and retrofitted building, respectively. The analysis also shows that the generic curves currently in the Hazus platform, which is widely used for national risk analysis in Israel, overestimate the earthquake resilience of the addressed building and should, therefore, be updated and replaced with more accurately obtained curves.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 15","pages":"7547 - 7587"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-024-02054-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial coherency analysis of seismic motions from a hard rock site dense array in Busan, Korea","authors":"Yonghee Lee,&nbsp;Dongyeon Lee,&nbsp;Hak-Sung Kim,&nbsp;Jeong-Seon Park,&nbsp;Dong-Yeoul Jung,&nbsp;Jungkyun Kim,&nbsp;Do Yeon Kim,&nbsp;Yongsun Lee,&nbsp;Duhee Park","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02048-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02048-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We conducted a spatial coherency analysis of ground motion using earthquake recordings from a hard rock outcrop dense array situated at a nuclear power plant site in Busan, located in the south-eastern coast of Korea. Utilizing data from a total of 16 events occurring from July 2021 to June 2022, we computed the plane-wave, lagged, and unlagged coherency functions of both horizontal and vertical components. We also provided comprehensive comparisons with other empirical functions developed for rock sites. Notably, all reported rock site curves exhibit clear distinctions, emphasizing the site-specific nature of these curves. The observed coherency tends to be larger for harder sites, that happen to have higher <i>V</i>_<i>s30</i> as well, at separation distances less than 50 m. The Busan array, being the hardest among the available rock site arrays in existing literature, demonstrated the highest coherency at short distances and higher frequencies (e.g. above 25 Hz). This observation could be attributed to the presence of hard rock layers that have relatively higher spatial homogeneity at the Busan array site than the others. However, at larger interstation distances (e.g., above 50 m), relatively lower coherency is observed at Busan array. This could be attributed to the particular shape of the array as the farther away stations in a pair are located on more heterogeneous grounds, and experience direction-dependent, phase-shifted seismic waves.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 15","pages":"7235 - 7259"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-attribute-based procedure for seismic loss scenario in a historical area","authors":"G. Mascheri,&nbsp;N. Chieffo,&nbsp;P. B. Lourenço","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02029-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02029-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seismic events have shown to be exceedingly damaging to structures over time, with serious social and economic consequences. As a result, large-scale seismic risk assessments are essential for reducing the potential damage from future earthquakes. Therefore, the proposed study attempts to examine the vulnerability and risk of unreinforced masonry buildings (URM) placed in aggregate conditions in a historical area of the city centre of Lisbon. To this purpose, a comprehensive exposure model was developed combining satellite remote sensing, GIS software, and census data. Subsequently, seismic hazard was evaluated in the area, considering both Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and macro-seismic intensity for different return periods (i.e. 2-50-100-475-975-2500-5000 years). Vulnerability was assessed by introducing a novel approach to earthquake risk assessment using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methodologies. Specifically, the method employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) computational methods to evaluate parameter weights and vulnerability index. Damage scenarios, fragility curves and mean damage ratios curves were provided to offer an overview of the vulnerability of the assets exposed to risk. Finally, the expected consequences were evaluated in terms of direct economic losses showing an economic loss of 595 M€ for a 475-years return period, while 1108 M€ for 5000-years. This study significantly enhances seismic analysis for urban areas by introducing a Multi-Criteria Approach. This method simplifies vulnerability assessment, ensuring ease of application and reproducibility. Its insights offer valuable support for disaster risk management decisions, facilitating the implementation of resilience and risk-reduction strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"22 15","pages":"7323 - 7358"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-024-02029-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}