Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Review: Alternative data collection and analysis methods for disaster reconnaissance","authors":"Yasemin D. Aktas, Emily So","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02274-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02274-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 12","pages":"4975 - 4979"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02274-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145121581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hazard-dependent soil factors for site-specific elastic acceleration response spectra of Italian and European seismic building codes – an update from recorded accelerograms","authors":"A. Famà,&nbsp;G. Andreotti,&nbsp;C.G. Lai","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02200-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02200-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Most seismic building codes worldwide allow the definition of the seismic action (horizontal component of ground motion) using a simplified approach based on modifying the ordinates of an elastic acceleration or displacement response spectrum expected on outcropping bedrock through appropriate soil factors. The procedure is only suitable for geotechnically stable soil sites (i.e. non-liquefiable). The details of the method may differ from code to code but, all share the same idea of classifying soil deposits into a restricted number of categories based on the geotechnical characteristics of the soil deposit and the weighted average of the shear wave velocity of the top 30 m (i.e., V_S30) or a surrogate parameter such as the site’s fundamental period. Finally, specific soil factors are associated with each soil category to scale the ordinates of the elastic response spectrum defined on outcropping bedrock and flat topographic surface. Being a method specifically developed for design, the search for a balance between simplicity and accuracy increases the uncertainty of the results. Recent studies based on analyzing recorded strong motion data and numerical simulations have raised doubts about the reliability of this approach, given the tendency of the current soil factors to either underestimate or overestimate the horizontal acceleration at the free surface of the soil deposit. If, onto one hand, the underestimation of the seismic action is related to the level of safety, on the other hand, the overestimation of the seismic action may lead to overdesign with an increase in construction costs. In 2018 the authors of this paper have published an article on this journal on assessing the reliability of current Eurocode 8 and the Italian building code (NTC18) soil factors using the results of a large number of numerical simulations. In this paper the same authors update their 2018 study by including strong motion data from real recordings. Updated hazard-dependent soil factors for Eurocode 8 and the Italian building code (NTC18) are defined by complementing numerical and real ground motion data. The role of epistemic uncertainty in specifying soil amplification factors is highlighted also through a comparison with soil factors calculated from other international building codes (e.g. 2021 IBC and ASCE 7–16) and recent publications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 13","pages":"5191 - 5227"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145256543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study on the seismic behaviour of aggregate reinforced concrete block masonry buildings","authors":"Sebastian Torres-Olivares,&nbsp;Beatriz González-Rodrigo,&nbsp;Diego A. Hidalgo-Leiva,&nbsp;Nicola Tarque,&nbsp;Erick I. Saavedra Flores","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02262-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02262-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Current seismic codes predominantly focus on isolated structures, despite the widespread presence of building aggregates in urban environments. This issue is particularly relevant in Costa Rica, where partially grouted reinforced concrete block masonry (PG-RCM) buildings are routinely constructed directly adjacent to each other with no separation, forming aggregates through contact between independent walls rather than shared structural elements. These modern aggregate configurations, frequently built on varying ground elevations, represent a common construction practice whose complex seismic interactions are not explicitly addressed in typical design provisions. This study investigates the seismic behaviour of contemporary PG-RCM aggregates through advanced numerical modelling. The research employs non-linear dynamic analysis with bidirectional seismic excitation, using multilayered shell elements with integrated reinforcement and a damage-based material model for masonry components. The numerical model was validated against experimental data from cyclic pseudostatic loading test on individual PG-RCM wall panel. Subsequent analyses examined both isolated and aggregate configurations, with compression-only contact interactions between adjacent units modelled through zero-length elements. A five-unit aggregate model proved sufficient to capture the effects of structural interactions. The results reveal that in level-ground arrangements, damage concentrates in one end unit of the aggregate, which acts as an energy dissipator through contact-based load transfer, thereby reducing damage in adjacent units. When units are built at different elevations, a critical height difference threshold was identified, above which the highest unit consistently experiences the most severe damage, regardless of its position in the aggregate. These findings demonstrate how contact interaction between adjacent structures significantly alters their seismic response, particularly when combined with elevation differences, emphasising that these complex interactions warrant further investigation to inform the potential future development of targeted seismic design guidance.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 13","pages":"5861 - 5894"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02262-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145256826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of seismic indices for identifying vulnerable reinforced concrete wall buildings in Chile","authors":"H.A. Gálvez,&nbsp;M.A. Hube,&nbsp;R. Jünemann","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02260-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02260-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Past earthquakes have shown that reinforced concrete (RC) wall buildings are vulnerable to seismic damage. Identifying vulnerable buildings before future events enable the implementation of prevention strategies, such as retrofitting vulnerable structures. Assessing the seismic vulnerability of a large building stock is complex, and a rapid and effective evaluation is necessary to identify vulnerable buildings. Different methods have been proposed to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of buildings, ranging from complex analytical methods to simplified empirical methods that rely on the statistical treatment of observed damage after past earthquakes to calculate seismic indices. However, limited studies have been conducted to relate seismic indices to observed damage for Chilean buildings. The main objective of this research is to evaluate seismic indices to assess the seismic vulnerability of RC wall buildings using empirical data from the 2010 Maule earthquake. A database of 158 undamaged buildings and 30 damaged buildings following the 2010 Maule earthquake is considered. For each building, three capacity-based indices, two demand-based indices, and six demand-to-capacity indices are calculated. The demand-based indices are calculated using both the actual seismic demand and the seismic design demand. The ability of each seismic index to identify undamaged and damaged buildings is quantified using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results suggest that capacity-based indices alone are not adequate to identify damaged buildings, while demand-based and demand-to-capacity based indices are more accurate at identifying damaged buildings. Although demand-based indices using seismic design demand are less accurate than those using the actual seismic demand, they remain practical when detailed seismic data is unavailable.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 13","pages":"5837 - 5859"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145256195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic seismic demand models developed with two-criteria ground motion scaling for reliable risk assessment","authors":"Hossein Ahmadie Amiri,&nbsp;Vahid Jahangiri","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02261-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02261-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present study aims to identify the optimal criteria for the Normalization Measure (NM) and Intensity Measure (IM) in the two-criteria scaling process of earthquake Ground Motions (GMs) to reduce uncertainty in the development of Probabilistic Seismic Demand Models (PSDMs) for more reliable seismic risk assessment. For this purpose, five 2-, 4-, 8-, 12-, and 20-story steel buildings with a seismic force-resisting system consisting of perimeter Special Moment-resisting Frames (SMFs) located in Los Angeles, California, are selected as the case study. Four sets of GMs including 160 real GMs with mid to large magnitudes at near to moderate distances are selected from Baker’s GM database. The maximum values of transient and residual inter-story drift ratios and peak floor accelerations are considered as Engineering Demand Parameters (EDPs). A total of 85 potential candidates for selecting suitable NM and IM are investigated, categorized into four groups: (I) acceleration-related, (II) velocity-related, (III) displacement-related, and (IV) hybrid criteria. Accordingly, each set of GMs is normalized and scaled with 85 × 85 different combinations for NM and IM. Then, PSDMs for each investigated building are developed using Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) on 2D nonlinear frame models under the scaled GM sets. The developed PSDMs with different NMs are employed for probabilistic seismic risk analysis and the estimation of seismic demand hazard curves. The optimal criteria for developing PSDMs are identified based on efficiency, practicality, proficiency, sufficiency, and reliable seismic risk assessment. The obtained results reveal the high sensitivity of the optimal NM to the building vibration period, the selected set of GMs, and the EDP under study. For instance, while Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) is the optimal NM for estimating the risk of the acceleration response parameter, a unique criterion cannot be proposed for the transient and residual drift response parameters that would perform optimally under most conditions; however, I_Np is the best NM for most short-period (2-story) SMFs, and Sv_avg and MVSI are the two superior NMs for most long-period (4- to 20-story) ones. This study provides valuable insights into the impact of the mentioned factors on the selection of the optimal criteria.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 13","pages":"5301 - 5339"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145256755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable steel-concrete composite beams with novel demountable shear connections under positive bending moments: experimental behavior and analytical model","authors":"Liquan Xiong,&nbsp;Yuguo Liu,&nbsp;Song Li,&nbsp;Yajuan Li,&nbsp;Xinyong Wang,&nbsp;Daomin Tang,&nbsp;Xiaojian Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02248-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02248-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sustainable structures or structural components as one of the frontiers in civil engineering can solve the problem of construction and demolition waste and also enhance the reuse of structural components at the end of their service life or after damage. In terms of sustainable assessment, steel-concrete composite beams with or without novel demountable shear connectors were performed in this work. Structural configuration and mechanical properties of proposed sustainable steel-concrete composite beams were firstly presented and then the nonlinear analysis of this composite beams using the Abaqus software was validated. Three specimens with different types of shear connectors were designed and tested under two-point loading to investigate the flexural behavior and deconstructability. Results from this research showed that these composite beams exhibited a flexure-shear or flexural behavior, presenting the typical failure modes of yielding of steel beam, slab concrete split or concrete crushing of plug. Compared to that of traditional composite beam with embedded welded bolts, specimens with demountable shear bolts and demountable shear connections experienced reduced initial flexural stiffness (about 29.8% and 37.2%), yield strength (by about 18.3% and 32.1%) and ultimate strength (about 12.9% and 24.9%) due to the relative slip between the steel beam and precast concrete slab, respectively. Whereas these of composite beams developed a better deformation capacity and ductility coefficient. Additionally, sustainable steel-concrete composite beam with demountable shear connections could easily allow for easy installment and disassemble to achieve the recycle of these structural members and also replacement with new plugs to permit a quick seismic rehabilitation after earthquake. Finally, some suggestions of this sustainable composite beam and demountable shear connections were proposed to provide references for the design in practice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 13","pages":"5807 - 5836"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145256745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of ground motion record selection on higher-mode responses in RC wall buildings: comparing uniform hazard and conditional spectra approaches","authors":"Jose Poveda,&nbsp;Gerard J. O’Reilly","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02259-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02259-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reinforced concrete (RC) wall buildings are multi-storey structures comprising several modes of response that contribute to both the displacement-based and force-based demands acting on them during seismic shaking. This research investigates how code-specified methods for selecting ground motion records affect this response, with particular attention to higher-mode contributions. The study contrasts two target spectra: the uniform hazard spectrum (UHS) and the conditional spectrum (CS), both now permitted in the upcoming Eurocode 8 revision. It examines the influence of their choice for several shear wall buildings designed using Eurocode 8 (EC8). By assessing record selection strategies, including UHS alone and different CS with conditional periods beyond the primary mode, T₁, impacts on engineering demand parameters (EDPs) such as peak-storey drift, wall shear demand, and overturning moment are quantified. The findings indicate that the UHS approach generally leads a more conservative higher structural demand estimate across all EDPs, which is not always very cost-effective. Not surprisingly, using the more advanced CS approach tends to yield much lower demands, but is found to be heavily dependent on the conditioning criteria used. While drift demands can be well-represented when conditioning to the first mode period, <i>CS</i>(<i>Sa</i>(<i>T</i>_<i>1</i>)), EDPs such as shear forces and bending moments can be severely underestimated. More critically, when other conditional selection strategies are used (e.g., <i>CS</i>(<i>Sa</i>(<i>T</i>_<i>2</i>)), <i>CS</i>(<i>Sa</i>(<i>T</i>_<i>3</i>)), etc.), these EDPs increase notably, which could lead to uncon servative designs. This study emphasises the importance of understanding the trade-offs between the presumed increase in accuracy when using the CS versus the UHS for RC wall buildings. It is also an important clarification for the next generation of Eurocode 8 that engineers must be aware of.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 13","pages":"5379 - 5398"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145256771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of the seismic microzonation amplification factors from the GMMs site-to-site residuals: an application to the Italian strong-motion stations in ITACA 4.0","authors":"Giovanni Lanzano,&nbsp;Giulio Brunelli,&nbsp;Sara Sgobba,&nbsp;Francesca Pacor","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02249-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02249-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The use of non-ergodic approaches for calibrating ground-motion prediction models is increasingly well established in the seismological and engineering literature. Specifically, the residuals (logarithmic difference between observed and predicted intensity measures) obtained from the calibration of a parametric model are decomposed to identify repeatable effects related to event, station and any other recurring properties (e.g. source and propagation effects). For the empirical estimation of the site effect, we refer to the repeatable station term, usually called δS2S (site-to-site), which measures the systematic deviation of seismic motion at a station from a reference ground motion prediction for that site category. In order to obtain an amplification function from δS2S estimates, the prediction of a rock site, real or modeled on the basis of a Ground Motion Model, can be taken as a reference prediction. In this work, we discuss our experience in estimating empirical amplification functions from δS2S of permanent and temporary recording stations in Italy, highlighting limitations and advantages of this approach. The results are also discussed in the perspective of the estimation of the amplification factors, useful for the seismic microzonation studies. The values of δS2S (with associated aleatory uncertainty) are published on the ITACA (ITalian ACcelerometric Archive) web page for 916 recording stations for PGA, PGV, 36 ordinates of the acceleration response spectrum (damping 5%) in the range T = 0.01–10 s.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 13","pages":"5229 - 5257"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02249-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145256770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building typology classification in Bosnia and Herzegovina","authors":"Naida Ademović","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02247-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02247-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent seismic events in Turkey, as well as in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, have underscored the region’s vulnerability to earthquakes and the need for comprehensive seismic risk assessments. Determining seismic risk requires the integration of three key components: seismic hazard data, structural vulnerability assessments, and population exposure analysis. However, accurately conducting structural vulnerability assessments depends on the identification of building typologies and the development of a corresponding database. This study addresses the lack of a standardized building typology for residential structures in BiH, a critical component for accurate seismic vulnerability evaluations. A key contribution of this study is the development of a residential building classification system, considering historical construction practices, regulatory frameworks and standards, and regional characteristics. Additionally, thermal imaging technology was utilized to validate construction systems, improving the accuracy of structural assessments. The findings emphasize the importance of aligning local typologies with broader regional frameworks while addressing BiH’s unique architectural landscape. The study contributes to national disaster risk management efforts by proposing a standardized exposure model aligned with European guidelines. Future research should expand the building typology database to include commercial and public structures, further enhancing seismic risk mitigation strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 13","pages":"5773 - 5805"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145256719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural behavior of geopolymer reinforced concrete beams: experimental, numerical, and code-based assessment","authors":"Ahmet Özbayrak,&nbsp;Hurmet Kucukgoncu","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02257-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02257-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study experimentally investigates the flexural performance of heat-cured low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (GPC) beams reinforced with ribbed steel bars, focusing on the effects of reinforcement ratio, alkaline activator concentration (SS/SH), and curing regime. Fifteen full-scale beams, including twelve GPC and three OPC specimens, were tested under four-point loading to evaluate load-deflection and moment-curvature behavior. Despite a lower compressive elastic modulus, the results showed that GPC beams exhibited comparable or superior cracking and ultimate moment capacities relative to OPC beams. Increasing the reinforcement ratio enhanced load capacity but reduced ductility in both systems, with GPC beams showing more brittle post-yield behavior. Numerical models based on OPC parameters were developed in SAP2000 to compare with experimental GPC moment-curvature data, revealing good agreement in the linear range but notable differences in post-yield response. The study also examined the microstructure of failed GPC beams via SEM, XRD, and EDX analyses to correlate matrix morphology with mechanical behavior. Finally, moment capacities calculated according to ACI 318 and TS 500 provided conservative estimates, supporting the safe applicability of current design codes to heat-cured GPC beams. These findings demonstrate that GPC, when properly proportioned and cured, is a viable structural alternative to OPC for reinforced concrete members.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 13","pages":"5741 - 5772"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145256720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}