Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Axial cyclic earthquake loading protocol for idealized RC wall boundary zones","authors":"Rohit A. Gokhale,&nbsp;Rajesh P. Dhakal","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02158-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02158-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seismic performance of a flexurally-dominated reinforced concrete wall is dependent on the response of its end boundary zones. In order to evaluate the performance of structural walls, a common practice adopted in laboratories is to test reinforced concrete columns representing the corresponding wall boundaries under uniaxial cyclic loading. This paper presents a numerical investigation leading to the development of a quasi-static uniaxial cyclic loading protocol based on the inelastic strain demands at the wall boundaries, when the corresponding structural wall is subjected to earthquake ground motions of various characteristics. With an increasing emphasis on performance-based design, the proposed loading protocol is structured around inelastic strain demands generated at the performance-based drift limits of structural walls. Non-linear time history analyses are carried out on a numerical wall model to obtain the average strain histories at the wall boundaries. A statistical evaluation of the number of inelastic cycles and the corresponding strain ranges forms the main basis for deriving the loading protocol. As damage is predominantly caused due to repeated large inelastic strain excursions, the rain flow cycle counting method is utilized for counting and sorting of the inelastic cycles. The proposed uniaxial cyclic strain histories are more representative of the cumulative demands imposed by moderate-to-large magnitude earthquakes, and their application would facilitate a more rational assessment of the seismic performance of flexurally-dominated RC walls than the current approach of testing boundary zones under arbitrarily decided tension-compression cycles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 6","pages":"2899 - 2929"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic fragility assessment of existing masonry buildings in aggregate located in Zagreb","authors":"Silvia Pinasco,&nbsp;Marija Demšić,&nbsp;Ante Pilipović,&nbsp;Marta Šavor Novak,&nbsp;Mario Uroš,&nbsp;Sergio Lagomarsino,&nbsp;Serena Cattari","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02156-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02156-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The historic center of Zagreb’s Lower Town presents a moderate seismic hazard but high exposure and vulnerability. This vulnerability was also demonstrated by the earthquake that struck Zagreb on March 22, 2020 (M_L=5.5), which led to significant socio-economic repercussions and damage to the historic buildings. The paper analyses the residential buildings in Zagreb’s historic downtown and aims to develop tools useful for urban-scale seismic risk assessment. To this end, the seismic response of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings in aggregate representing the city’s construction was numerically analyzed using the equivalent frame approach implemented in Tremuri software. Special attention was given to evaluating the aggregate effect by analyzing the Structural Unit (SU) both in isolation and aggregate configurations. Another aspect analyzed is the evaluation of out-of-plane (OOP) mechanisms and how they impact the development of global fragility curves. The analysis of local mechanisms was carried out using the rigid block model assumptions, with seismic input from accelerograms derived from the 3D model. For this purpose, a detailed analysis was conducted on the structure’s dynamic response variation with increasing damage and on the related floor spectra. For the reference building, it was found that the aggregate effect is beneficial for the single SU, while the OOP mechanisms lead to a considerable setback of the fragility curves due to the reduced in-plane (IP) vulnerability of the building, and thus the lack of a filtering effect by the structure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 6","pages":"2715 - 2741"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02156-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of strong seismic response of single-layer cylindrical lattice shell considering infill wall effects","authors":"Gui-bo Nie,&nbsp;Yu-jie Shi,&nbsp;Wen Bai,&nbsp;Yu-zhu Shang,&nbsp;Hui Li,&nbsp;Zhi-nan Xie,&nbsp;Xu-dong Zhi","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02151-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02151-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Numerical simulations and physical experiments stand out as the two most effective approaches for scrutinizing the seismic performance of single-layer cylindrical shell structures in large-span spaces. Given the substantial demands on labor and material resources entailed by experiments, numerical simulation has progressively emerged as the predominant method for probing the robust seismic response behavior of structures. In this study, ABAQUS was employed to construct finite element models for both the shaking table tests of shells, one without an infill wall and the other with an infill wall. The analysis encompassed self-oscillation characteristics and dynamic time courses. The findings indicated a commendable alignment between the numerical simulation results and the experimental outcomes. Furthermore, a judicious equivalent modeling method for the infill wall was introduced. The dynamic response analysis revealed that the seismic-induced damage to the infill wall significantly impacts the dynamic characteristics of the single-layer cylindrical shell, resulting in diminished structural ductility and ultimate bearing capacity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 6","pages":"2839 - 2865"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of residual performance of damaged RC frames considering their actual damage distribution: a methodology and a case study","authors":"Lei Li,&nbsp;Jing Chen,&nbsp;Zhe Qu","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02157-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02157-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Evaluating the residual performance of post-earthquake damaged buildings is crucial for making informed post-earthquake decisions. However, existing evaluation methods often struggle to capture the actual damage distribution, potentially leading to unreasonable results. In this study, a residual performance evaluation methodology for damaged RC frames based on the fiber beam-column model is proposed. The main feature is its ability to capture the actual distribution of seismic damage at both the structural and component levels. In the proposed methodology, the damage index of components within the structure is first quantified based on visual inspection. Then, the spatial distribution of damage to concrete and reinforcement steel within the components is quantified. Finally, using the quantified structural damage distribution, stress-strian curve for the damaged materials and a numerical model for the overall damaged structure are developed, which are then used for subsequent nonlinear dynamic/static analysis to assess the residual performance. The reliability of the proposed methodology is verified through its application to both a pseudo-static test and a shaking table test. The verification results show that the proposed methodolody accurately simulates the stiffness degradation of the test frames, and the quantified damage distribution effectively maps the actual damage phenomena, providing an explanation for the degradation mechanisms at the material level. Finally, the methodology is applied in a case study of a four-story RC frame building damaged in the Luding earthquake. The evaluation outcomes obtained in this study align with the expert assessments, while also accurately predicting the building’s collapse safety under aftershocks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 6","pages":"2867 - 2898"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic vulnerability model development based on Bayesian parameter estimation: Application to the South Iceland loss data","authors":"Mojtaba Moosapoor,&nbsp;Bjarni Bessason,&nbsp;Birgir Hrafnkelsson,&nbsp;Rajesh Rupakhety,&nbsp;Atefe Darzi,&nbsp;Jón Örvar Bjarnason,&nbsp;Sigurður Erlingsson","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02145-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02145-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Assessment of the seismic fragility and vulnerability of buildings is crucial in the evaluation of seismic risk. Our study employs a vulnerability model that is specifically developed and calibrated for the target building portfolio, providing a comprehensive and accurate representation of underlying behavior and characteristics of the buildings. This article presents the first application of a Bayesian Markov-Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to quantify the seismic vulnerability of buildings using zero-inflated beta regression (ZIBR) models. Losses inflicted by the South Iceland earthquakes of June 2000 and May 2008 to low-rise residential buildings, registered in two independent building-by-building datasets, are investigated. Effects of different factors such as construction material, building height, and the status of seismic design code at the time of construction in overall performance of the buildings affected are explored and discussed. Although ZIBR models have previously been calibrated for these two datasets, the MCMC method applied in this work presents an added value in improving error estimates and determining posterior distributions of the model parameters and the predicted seismic vulnerability. The calibrated models provide distributions of damage factors of the affected buildings as functions of ground shaking intensity measures (IMs), which in this study are taken as the peak ground acceleration (PGA), as in previous studies; in addition, the average spectral acceleration (AvgSa) is also tested as an IM for the loss data. The comparison of the two datasets revealed substantial differences in the mean losses between 2000 and 2008 earthquakes. The average losses from the 2000 dataset were found to be approximately double those from the 2008 dataset for a given IM. The results also revealed that the seismic performance of the building stock was improved with the introduction of stronger seismic codes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 6","pages":"2765 - 2803"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A simplified design procedure for seismic retrofitting of RC frames with setbacks using eccentric steel braces having vertical shear link elements","authors":"Amar Louzai,&nbsp;Ahmed Abed","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02163-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02163-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The main aim of this study is to derive a simple design procedure to determine the required sizes of vertical shear links and eccentric steel braces for the seismic retrofitting of an existing reinforced concrete frame structure with in-elevation irregularities due to setbacks designed for gravity load only. The proposed procedure distributes the vertical shear links and eccentric steel braces over the height of the structure to dissipate seismic energy away from the main structural members without any numerical iterative strategy. In fact, the capacity curve through the extension of the improved upper-bound pushover analysis method, adapted to the frame structures with setbacks, and the capacity spectrum method are the only required input parameters. A six-story RC frame structure with a towered type of setback at the second story is used in a numerical investigation to assess the effectiveness of the proposed design procedure. The structure has to be retrofitted to withstand the seismic demand imposed by the current Algerian seismic design code in a high-risk area. Nonlinear time-history analyses of original non-retrofitted and retrofitted frames are carried out considering a set of seven artificially generated records for obtaining the mean value of structural responses, which corresponds to the specified seismic demand. The results show that the proposed simplified design procedure is effective in significantly reducing both global and local seismic demand parameters and in avoiding structural instability due to the formation of a column-hinging mechanism, which has occurred at the second story where the setback is located.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 6","pages":"2805 - 2838"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional ground motion characteristics and topographic effect in the 2023 December Ms 6.2 Jishishan earthquake and its implication for ground motion model development in Northwestern China","authors":"Ruibin Hou,&nbsp;Jiahao Liu,&nbsp;JunJu Xie,&nbsp;Kewei Li,&nbsp;Hongwei Wang,&nbsp;Hong Wen,&nbsp;John X. Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02162-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02162-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ground motion model (GMM) is an important component of seismic hazard analysis in Northwestern China. The Ms 6.2 Jishishan earthquake in the Lajishan Mountain Fault zone of Northwestern China was well recorded by the densely distributed China Seismic Intensity Rapid Reporting and Earthquake Early Warning System, providing a good basis for GMM development of this region. In this study, we evaluate the applicability of five high-quality GMMs in this seismic zone, including two developed specifically for Southwest China, two from the NGA-West2 project, and one for Japan, using the records from this earthquake. We found that the NGA-West2 models and the Japan model outperform those developed for Southwest China, which exhibit significant underestimation of the attenuation effect and site effect. We examine the regional differences in ground motion attenuation and site response between the Loess region and the nonLoess region. Our findings reveal that the Loess region has significantly slower attenuation rates and stronger <i>V</i>_S30 scaling rates than the nonLoess region at short spectral periods up to about 0.6s. Accounting for these regional differences could substantially reduce ground motion modeling errors. Additionally, a clear correlation between the ground motion residual and the topographic position index (TPI) is identified at periods longer than 0.6s. We interpret it as regional topographic effect and it is probably affected by both the surface topography and the large-scale subsurface structure. Accounting for this effect could further lead to a decrease in model variability. The results are helpful for the improvement of GMMs for Northwestern China or specifically for the Lajishan Mountain Fault zone.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 6","pages":"2489 - 2514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02162-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximum seismic displacement assessment of composite steel-concrete structures from residual deformations","authors":"Panagiota Katsimpini","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02152-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02152-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines the inelastic seismic behavior of composite steel-concrete structures, with a particular emphasis on the correlation between maximum and residual displacements. Firstly, 32 regular composite plane frames are designed, which include a range of structural configurations from 3 to 24 stories. The frames are constructed following Eurocodes and feature concrete-filled steel tube columns along with composite beams. A detailed databank is established by subjecting these frames to a variety of strong seismic records at different scale factors, capturing both maximum and permanent displacements of the upper story and including soil-structure interaction phenomena. Through a statistical analysis of this extensive dataset, an empirical relationship between permanent and maximum displacements is derived. This relationship serves as a significant resource for post-earthquake evaluations of composite structures, facilitating the estimation of maximum seismic displacements based on observable residual deformations. The results enhance the comprehension of the inelastic response of composite structures and contribute to the refinement of seismic performance assessments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 6","pages":"2743 - 2764"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic shaking table test of a structural system made of a braced timber frame and low-density earth infill","authors":"Germán Becerra,&nbsp;Silvia Onnis,&nbsp;Giuseppina Meli,&nbsp;Martín Wieser,&nbsp;Urbano Tejada","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02154-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02154-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is a large deficit of housing and equipment in Latin America, which needs to be addressed with more construction alternatives offering seismic safety, in addition to economical, comfortable, and sustainable solutions. The proposal of a modular system of prefabricated elements of a braced timber frame structure and an infill made of panels of low-density earth is a feasible option for seismic-prone regions. This article describes a shaking table test performed on a proposed timber frame structure with a low-density earth infill and bracing of diagonal timber laths as part of a larger framework that seeks to propose a constructive solution. The test aims to assess the model’s seismic performance, determine its fragilities, and calculate the system’s dynamic properties. The seismic performance showed two stages of damage: an elastic stage during frequent and rare earthquakes, where the immediate occupancy and operational states of the structure were proven, and an over-resistance stage during a very rare earthquake, where life-safety performance with reparable damage was observed. The model’s dynamic properties showed an overall increase in damping related to the reduction of lateral stiffness, with the ability to deform and dissipate energy. Even though the system performed well, the test has shown some limits of the structure that should be considered for the construction of a future dwelling prototype.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 6","pages":"2931 - 2955"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02154-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating site-specific parameters for seismic hazard analysis in Büyükçekmece district of Istanbul: field study and HVSR analysis","authors":"Hakan Süleyman,&nbsp;Eser Çaktı,&nbsp;Emrullah Dar","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02129-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02129-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Büyükçekmece district of Istanbul, situated in a region near North Anatolian Fault, faces significant earthquake risk. This study aims to enhance our understanding of seismic hazards in Büyükçekmece by investigating site-specific parameters. We conducted a comprehensive field study involving seismic ambient vibration measurements at 56 selected locations. The horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method was employed to analyze the recorded data, and to obtain fundamental frequencies and approximate bedrock depths. These parameters offer insights into the local soil conditions and site amplification characteristics. The findings of this study reveal that the region exhibits intermediate to strong site amplification due to the contrast between alluvial deposits and Paleozoic bedrock. Peak frequencies ranged from 1.4 to 2 Hz, with amplification factors typically ranging from 1.5 to 2. Bedrock depths varied from 73 to 108 m, and average shear wave velocities to bedrock (V_Z) showed minimal variation (576 to 608 m/s). Correlations between fundamental frequencies (f₀) and V_S,30 values demonstrate the influence of soil properties on ground motion amplification. This study contributes crucial information for seismic hazard assessment and risk reduction in Büyükçekmece. The results provide valuable input for ground motion simulations and facilitate more accurate earthquake impact predictions. Understanding site-specific characteristics is crucial for improving the resilience of earthquake-prone regions such as Büyükçekmece, Istanbul. Overall, this research stresses the significance of site-specific investigations in improving our understanding of seismic hazard and risk.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 6","pages":"2515 - 2536"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}