Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Development of magnitude estimation relations from P-wave onset parameters for earthquake early warning applications in Iran","authors":"Bita Niazpour,&nbsp;Zaher Hossein Shomali,&nbsp;Ali Moradi,&nbsp;Iman Soltani Mohammadi","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02380-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02380-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Reliable magnitude estimation is essential for earthquake early warning systems. This study develops empirical magnitude estimation relations for Iran, based on frequency, amplitude, and energy characteristics of the P-wave onset using earthquakes waveforms recorded across the country. The P-wave parameters of characteristic period (τ_c), dominant period (τ_p^max), peak displacement (P_d), velocity, and acceleration, cumulative absolute velocity, integral of velocity squared, and integral of absolute velocity are calculated within initial P-wave windows of 1–8 s. Linear regression models are developed and tuned based on 80% of the dataset and then validated on the remaining 20%. The analysis of the P-wave time window effect shows that the conventional 3-second window is the shortest duration at which errors noticeably decrease and model performance improves, while for τ_c, the scatter reduces more from the 5-second window. The results indicate that magnitude estimation relations based on amplitude- and energy-related parameters generally provide more stable and accurate performance, with lower standard deviation and scatter, compared to those based on frequency parameters. Among all parameters, relations derived from P_d exhibit the smallest errors and scatter, whereas those based on τ_p^max (within the 3-second window) show the least magnitude underestimation for earthquakes larger than M 6.5. Finally, comparisons with global and regional models highlight both compatibilities and also significant differences, particularly for energy-based parameters, underlining the importance of regional calibration.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 4","pages":"1883 - 1904"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hybrid SSA-CNN-SVM model for seismic-induced sand liquefaction discrimination","authors":"Ying Yuan,&nbsp;Yunming Su,&nbsp;Mingyu Zhao,&nbsp;Aihong Zhou,&nbsp;Lei Ren","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02375-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02375-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seismic-induced sand liquefaction represents a high-impact geohazard, rendering the discrimination and prediction of sand liquefaction states essential for geohazard mitigation research. For the rational discrimination of sand liquefaction states, this study proposes an SSA-CNN-SVM model that integrates Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA)-optimized Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) with Support Vector Machines (SVM) for liquefaction discrimination. This model initiates from raw sand liquefaction data, accomplishes layer-by-layer learning to extract liquefaction features and discriminate the states of liquefaction, and employs SVM in lieu of Softmax functions for liquefaction state classification. This study integrated raw sand liquefaction data from the Tangshan earthquake and datasets from two other journal articles, constructing a comprehensive sample set comprising 300 instances. The evaluation metrics—standard penetration test (SPT) blow count, mean particle size, coefficient of uniformity, groundwater table depth, effective overburden pressure, seismic intensity, and cyclic shear stress ratio—were input into the SSA-CNN-SVM model for prediction. The predictions were compared with those from SSA-SVM, SVM, CNN, and Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) models, validated against actual sand liquefaction data. The results indicate that the SSA-CNN-SVM model demonstrates superior performance in sand liquefaction discrimination, achieving an accuracy of 88.33%, a precision of 86.19%, a recall of 89.44%, and an F1-Score of 87.89%—all exceeding the corresponding metrics of the other comparative models. This validates the high precision of the proposed liquefaction discrimination model and provides a novel approach for practical applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 4","pages":"1971 - 1998"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic analysis based on a new interval method with incomplete information","authors":"Shizhong Liang,&nbsp;Yuxiang Yang,&nbsp;Chen Li,&nbsp;Feng Wu","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02372-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02372-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For seismic analysis in engineering structures, it is essential to consider the dynamic responses under seismic excitation, necessitating the description of seismic accelerations. The scarcity of seismic samples leads to incomplete uncertainty information, for which non-probabilistic methods provide a reasonable description. This study employs the minimum interval radius-based interval process (MRIP) based on the convex model to describe the time-variant uncertain seismic acceleration, subsequently conducting uncertainty analysis for seismic structures. However, the Monte Carlo simulation for uncertainty analysis requires extensive deterministic computations to ensure accuracy, exhibiting poor computational efficiency. To address this issue, this paper first improves the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) through the dynamic evolution sequence (DES), proposing DES-ES, whose efficiency is validated to be higher than that of CMA-ES. Furthermore, leveraging the dependency of the responses, a computational framework named DES-ES-SS is proposed. Numerical experiments demonstrate that DES-ES-SS improves computational efficiency while maintaining the accuracy of the interval uncertainty analysis of the seismic structures whether the seismic acceleration is stationary or non-stationary. Furthermore, the proposed method can be extended to other complex engineering systems with time-variant spatial uncertainties, including nuclear reactor safety assessment and spacecraft dynamics.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 4","pages":"2475 - 2493"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extended domain reduction method for near-fault structures with coupling effect of ground motion and fault dislocation","authors":"Haitao Yu,&nbsp;Qingyu Yang,&nbsp;Antonio Bobet,&nbsp;Hualin Xu","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02391-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02391-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Field seismic observations demonstrate that the permanent ground displacement and near-fault ground motions are usually recorded simultaneously during an earthquake. It is thus crucial for the seismic analysis of near-fault structures to consider the coupling effect of fault dislocation and near-fault ground motion. However, such approach has been neglected in current design due to the lack of available coupled seismic design methods. This paper proposes an Extended Domain Reduction Method (XDRM) for near-fault structures to address the current shortcomings. The proposed method consists of two steps, which covers the entire earthquake process, from the seismic source to the Region of Interest (ROI), where the segment of the fault that ruptures is located. In the first step, the fault rupture generates the seismic motion near the ROI. In the second step, the XDRM is used to convert the seismic motion into an equivalent input for the ROI. The method is verified by comparing its results with those from a free-field model. The comparison shows that the proposed method effectively captures the coupled phenomena of fault dislocation and near-fault ground motion. Additionally, the seismic response of a near-fault tunnel is analyzed. Parametric analyses are presented where the effects on the tunnel-to-fault distance, tunnel burial depth and fault rupture velocity are investigated.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 4","pages":"2391 - 2418"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hysteretic behavior of reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete columns under combined axial and flexural loads","authors":"Qiwu Wang,&nbsp;Zhi Fang,&nbsp;Wenjie Zheng,&nbsp;Fei Peng,&nbsp;Yawei Fang,&nbsp;Jiaxing Chen,&nbsp;Hua Huang","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02367-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02367-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ultra-high-performance concrete is a promising material for structures in earthquake-prone regions due to its high compressive strength, excellent ductility, and superior energy dissipation capacity. Although extensive research has investigated the monotonic or cyclic behavior of reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete members under combined axial and flexural loads, direct comparisons between their monotonic and cyclic responses remain limited. Furthermore, the flexural strength prediction model for cyclically loaded reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete columns under combined axial and flexural loads has not been well-addressed in the available technical literature. To address these gaps, six reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete specimens with different steel fiber volumes and axial load ratios were tested, including three specimens subjected to monotonic loading and the remaining three subjected to cyclic loading. The results indicate that the specimens with 2% steel fiber in volume exhibited flexural failure, whereas those without steel fiber failed in shear. Compared with the monotonically loaded reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete specimens, cyclic loading reduced the fiber-bridging capacity of ultra-high-performance concrete, leading to reductions of up to 11.1% in load-carrying capacity and 21.1% in the ductility factor, respectively. An increase in the steel fiber volume or a decrease in the axial load ratio had a favorable effect on the ductility and energy dissipation capacity. Finally, a new flexural strength prediction model for cyclically loaded reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete members, incorporating both the second-order effects from axial load and the cyclic degradation of steel fiber-bridging effect in the tensile zone, was proposed and verified with available experimental data.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 4","pages":"2419 - 2449"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic nonlinear 3D analysis of ground improvement effects on soil–pile interaction considering advanced soil constitutive model","authors":"Sajjad A. Borzeshi,&nbsp;Sadjad Hadei,&nbsp;Mohammad M. Ahmadi,&nbsp;Arash A. Lavasan","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02366-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02366-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pile foundations are widely used to transfer loads through weak soil layers to stiffer strata to ensure overall stability. Given their critical role in buildings, offshore and transportation infrastructures, especially in seismic-prone areas, it is essential to understand the seismic behavior of pile-supported systems. In modern geotechnical practice, ground improvement is increasingly adopted to enhance subsoil performance. However, the effectiveness of ground improvement in terms of system seismic response, particularly in clayey soils, remains underexplored. In this regard, this study employs three-dimensional nonlinear time-domain numerical analyses to evaluate the seismic performance of pile foundations. The model incorporates a nonlinear advanced constitutive framework that accounts for stress-dependent stiffness and strength, as well as cyclic degradation captured via a nonlinear kinematic hardening model to realistically simulate soil behavior. A parametric study investigates how the use of ground improvement influences seismic performance across varying earthquake frequencies. Results of this study indicate that for earthquakes with low frequency content, ground improvement significantly enhances seismic performance by reducing pile bending moments, lateral displacements, and shear forces. However, for earthquakes with high frequency content, the increased soil stiffness and strength due to improvement can amplify these pile response parameters, potentially compromising seismic performance. Additionally, the influence of pile diameter on peak bending moment was also discussed. These results provide practical guidance for the effective use of ground improvement in seismic foundation design and highlight the importance of material selection and behavior in enhancing infrastructure resilience in seismic-prone areas.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 4","pages":"1931 - 1970"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating damping schemes for the discontinuum seismic analysis of masonry cross-vaults","authors":"Yopi P. Oktiovan,&nbsp;José V. Lemos,&nbsp;Bora Pulatsu,&nbsp;Francesco Messali,&nbsp;Jan G. Rots,&nbsp;Daniele Malomo","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02379-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02379-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Simulating the seismic behaviour of unreinforced masonry (URM) is challenging due to large deformations and severe damage. Capturing this highly nonlinear response requires advanced numerical modelling strategies that represent block separation, debonding, friction, and impact. Discontinuum-based modelling strategies, such as the Distinct Element Method (DEM), are well suited, as they explicitly represent bond failure and damage progression from cracking to collapse. DEM relies on the explicit time integration scheme of motion equations; hence, the choice of the damping scheme becomes critical. Typically, mass-proportional damping is used in dynamic analysis, often without complementing it with stiffness-proportional damping which requires unpractical reduction of the time steps to ensure numerical stability. Yet relying solely on mass-proportional damping can overdamp low frequencies and underdamp high frequencies. This study implements and validates an alternative damping approach, Maxwell damping, where multiple spring-dashpot elements are introduced at unit-mortar interfaces within a simplified micro-model. This work introduces an optimization algorithm to tune the Maxwell elements without heuristics, targeting near-uniform damping over a broad frequency range. Effectiveness is assessed against shake-table tests on a full-scale cross-vault URM specimen. Predicted displacements, accelerations, damage evolution, and computational efficiency is compared with mass-proportional and zero-viscous damping models. This study investigates Maxwell damping as a practical relaxation scheme for the seismic analysis of complex masonry systems using DEM, building on prior formulations in the literature and extending them to the present modelling and validation context.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 4","pages":"2349 - 2389"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-026-02379-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy-based displacement demand predictions for SDOF systems verified by shaking table tests","authors":"Furkan Çalım,&nbsp;Ercan Yüksel","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02387-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02387-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Accurate estimation of displacement demands is crucial for evaluating seismic performance and designing structural systems. This study introduces an energy-based methodology for predicting displacement demands utilizing the imparted seismic input energy (E_I). After conducting comprehensive linear and nonlinear time-history analyses of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems using a custom Python-based code, the relationship between seismic input energy and displacement demands is investigated, focusing on key parameters such as impulsive characteristics, ductility demand, damping ratio, and soil properties. Additionally, the shaking table test results on several SDOF cantilever columns are used to validate the derived numerical relationships. Based on these findings, empirical formulations are proposed to estimate displacement demands from the imparted seismic input energy. The proposed methodology enhances the predictive capability of displacement demands, offering a robust alternative to existing prediction methodologies. Its validation through inclusive numerical and experimental studies ensures the reliability and practicality of seismic performance evaluation for structural systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 4","pages":"2451 - 2474"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-026-02387-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity of urban seismic damage predictions to input data detail: an application to Sanremo, Italy","authors":"Margherita Gabriella Bruna Merani,&nbsp;Daniele Sivori,&nbsp;Sergio Lagomarsino,&nbsp;Simone Barani,&nbsp;Serena Cattari","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02371-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02371-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The accuracy of seismic damage scenarios is of paramount relevance for various objectives inherent to disaster risk management and particularly critical to support effective emergency response and to address seismic mitigation policies. When transitioning from large-scale studies – such as national ones – to urban scale applications, the assessment does not often reflect a downscaling in the detail level of exposure, vulnerability, and hazard data, leading to inaccurate evaluations of damage and loss, as well as of the related uncertainty. While the value of local, high-resolution data is widely acknowledged, its quantitative impact on final damage predictions remains poorly constrained. This study addresses this gap by quantifying the sensitivity of urban damage predictions to varying levels of detail in hazard, vulnerability, and exposure data. Specifically, the study compares estimates derived from large-scale datasets against those based on refined, local information acquired on-site. To this aim, a multi-level comparative framework is applied to the Sanremo Municipality (Northwestern Italy), simulating ground-motion scenarios consistent with the 1887 M6.3 Ligurian Sea earthquake. Within this framework, ground shaking is estimated using ground-motion prediction equations, which are amended to account for site-specific amplification effects. This critical step compares results derived from national soil classification maps against detailed seismic microzonation studies. Building damage and consequences are then assessed using fragility curves. Outcomes from vulnerability models based on standard aggregated census-level data are compared to those derived from refined inventories and field inspections. The results show substantial discrepancies between the predicted scenarios. The use of local data, particularly site-specific amplification effects and building characteristics, leads to significant differences in damage intensity and, especially, its spatial distribution. This study underscores the critical importance of improving knowledge through acquisition of local data and provides a robust general framework to improve decision-making for disaster risk management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 4","pages":"2317 - 2347"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-026-02371-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Far-field ground motion characteristics of the Bangkok Basin, Thailand, in the 2025 Mw 7.7 Mandalay earthquake: initial insights","authors":"Teraphan Ornthammarath,&nbsp;Pennung Warnitchai,&nbsp;Yoshihisa Maruyama,&nbsp;Patinya Pornsopin,&nbsp;Fumio Yamazaki","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02368-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02368-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 4","pages":"2495 - 2495"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-026-02368-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}