Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Geotechnical assessment of the 2023 Jajarkot Nepal Earthquake using field observations and remote sensing","authors":"KC Rajan,&nbsp;Richa Pokhrel,&nbsp;Prabin Acharya,&nbsp;Keshab Sharma,&nbsp;Mandip Subedi,&nbsp;Shikshita Bhandari,&nbsp;Kabin Lamichhane","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02108-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02108-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>On November 3, 2023, at 23:47 local time, a <i>M</i>_<i>W</i> 5.7 earthquake struck Barekot in northwest Nepal at a depth of approximately 12 km. Although the region has been predicted to experience a major earthquake, this moderate-sized earthquake was the most severe seismic event in 518 years. Despite its relatively low magnitude, the earthquake caused significant damage, resulting in 154 deaths and the collapse of over 26,557 houses. This underscores the critical need for post-earthquake reconnaissance to identify vulnerabilities and improve mitigation strategies before more severe events occur. Recognizing this importance, a detailed reconnaissance was conducted from November 6 to 9, 2023, focusing on the geotechnical impact of the earthquake. Based on the field observations, this paper discusses several geotechnical issues triggered by earthquakes in the region, including shallow landslides, rockfalls, and structure damage to flexible pavement and retaining walls. The study also explores the potential triggering mechanisms for the rock fall and discusses possible remedial techniques. Additionally, the influence of the local site effect on the extent of damage was examined. Remote sensing techniques were employed to detect post-earthquake ground patterns and land use changes using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images, respectively. The Sentinel-1 images were analyzed using the persistent scattering interferometric synthetic aperture radar (PS-InSAR)-based method, and the Sentinel-2 images were analyzed via the Google Earth Engine (GEE). By assessing these geotechnical impacts, this study aims to enhance earthquake preparedness in the future and provide valuable insights for engineers and policymakers to reduce risks and improve disaster resilience.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 4","pages":"1463 - 1487"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic parametric analysis of capacity, fragility and expected seismic damage of framed reinforced concrete buildings","authors":"L. G. Pujades,&nbsp;Y. F. Vargas-Alzate,&nbsp;N. Lantada,&nbsp;R. González-Drigo","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02066-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02066-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>1160 framed reinforced concrete buildings, holding 3–13 stories, have been modelled in a probabilistic way. Capacity spectra have been calculated and characterized by means of 5 parameters: initial stiffness, ultimate capacity (Sdu, Sau), μ and σ. μ is related to ductility, and σ controls the way the building strength degrades. A strong correlation among these five parameters has been found. Moreover, the also high correlation between the initial stiffness and the number of stories allows to define median and percentile capacity spectra starting from the number of stories. Afterwards, for each number of stories, a fragility analysis is performed for the median capacity spectrum. The Barcelona city, in Spain, is used to depict the expected physical damage for a probabilistic and a deterministic seismic hazard scenario. Two procedures, based on the bilinear form of the capacity spectrum and on the Park and Ang damage index, are used to define damage states thresholds. The probabilistic scenario is more damaging than the deterministic one is and, damage states thresholds based on the capacity spectrum lead to more damages than the ones based on the Park and Ang damage index. Mean damage states close to 2.0 are obtained, being 25% and 6% the probabilities of Severe, and Complete, damage states, which would have significant impact on the number of homeless people and victims. Maps of expected damages depict the physical seismic risk of the probabilistic scenario. These scenarios are very useful for emergency planning and for earthquake protection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 4","pages":"1591 - 1637"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-024-02066-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridge seismic design method incorporating seismic importance adjustment factor and uniform traffic loss risk","authors":"Qiang Lian,&nbsp;Weidong Zhuo,&nbsp;Xinzhi Dang,&nbsp;Qiwei Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02107-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02107-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To assess the importance of bridges in road networks and achieve uniform traffic loss risk in seismic design, this paper introduces a novel bridge seismic design methodology incorporating the Seismic Importance Adjustment Factor (<i>SIAF</i>) and uniform traffic loss risk. The key technical contributions are as follows: (1) defining <i>SIAF</i> and developing an integrated framework that couples seismic design with traffic loss risk assessment; (2) proposing a calculation method for traffic loss risk that accounts for traffic demand variations during different periods of the day, uncertainties in post-earthquake bridge repair times, and dynamic traffic flow reassignment in post-earthquake road networks; (3) establishing design indicators for traffic loss risk and defining five seismic risk design levels based on historical disaster data; (4) validating the methodology through case studies on bridges and road networks, demonstrating how <i>SIAF</i> interconnects seismic design with risk-based design targets and adapt seismic design standards to varying network redundancies. The research demonstrates that <i>SIAF</i> can quantify bridge importance within complex road networks and provide a practical reference for the development of seismic design standards.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 4","pages":"1797 - 1827"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of an innovative seismic resilient superelevation in an archetype, existing soil-structure system","authors":"Davide Noè Gorini,&nbsp;Pasquale Roberto Marrazzo,&nbsp;Elide Nastri,&nbsp;Rosario Montuori","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02050-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02050-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs) can be used for mitigating vibrations in structures caused by ground motion, with an effectiveness significantly increasing with the TMD mass. However, due to spatial constraints, the latter is usually limited to 2–3% of the structural mass. As a remedy, in a novel fashion the TMD can be regarded as a superelevation of the existing layout, potentially having a mass of 30–40% of the structural one. This approach, referred to as Large Mass ratio TMD (LM-TMD), can be particularly advantageous for retrofitting existing buildings. Conversely to earlier studies overlooking the soil compliance, this paper shows numerical evidence about the role of soil-structure interaction on the seismic effectiveness of LM-TMDs in an archetype building designed in accordance with old technical provisions. This is accomplished through the development of a coupled soil-building-LM-TMD model in OpenSees, simulating the nonlinear interactions between soil and structure under multi-directional seismic loading. The results of the nonlinear dynamic analyses shed light on the marked enhancement of the performance of the benchmark building produced by LM-TMDs compared to conventional dampers and, at the same time, the favourable or detrimental role of soil-structure interaction. The latter induces combined deformation modes of the structural system, further magnified by a pronounced nonlinear soil behaviour in case of severe scenarios, pointing out the necessity of a substantial LM-TMD mass for avoiding adverse effects on the superstructure response.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 4","pages":"1677 - 1705"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping site amplification with the dense recording of ambient vibration for the city of Lucerne (Switzerland): comparison between two approaches","authors":"Paulina Janusz,&nbsp;Francesco Panzera,&nbsp;Paolo Bergamo,&nbsp;Vincent Perron,&nbsp;Donat Fäh","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02091-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02091-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reliable site-specific amplification information can be retrieved using earthquake-based methods that involve the deployment of a permanent (or temporary) network of seismic recording stations. Such an endeavour may need to operate for years, especially within regions of high risk but low recurrence rates in seismic activity. Hence, time- and cost-effective approaches using ambient vibrations are gaining popularity. Among such techniques, the canonical correlation approach (CC) collates measured empirical amplification with its indicator computed from ambient vibrations (i.e. horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios) for a training set of seismic stations, to predict site response at locations without earthquake recordings. Another method, the hybrid standard spectral ratio method (SSRh) takes advantage of simultaneous recordings of ambient vibrations that are adjusted using earthquake ground motion data using a limited number of instrumented sites to estimate local seismic soil response. We apply both methods in the Lucerne area (Switzerland), which is located on a soft sedimentary basin, and obtain consistent results that are comparable to amplification estimates derived solely from earthquake ground motion data. These results show significant linear amplification factors (8–10 or more) at the fundamental frequency of resonance of the sediments (0.8–2 Hz). However, both techniques show systematic differences in the spatial and frequency domains. The CC method tends to underestimate the amplification at the fundamental frequency, while the SSRh technique predicts higher amplification in the centre of the basin and lower amplification at the basin edges in comparison to the CC approach. The study discusses the impact of the limitations in the completeness of the calibration dataset, and variability introduced by the choice of the shear wave velocity model of the shallow subsurface and inelastic behaviour treatment for the CC method, as well as the influence of the measurement setup for the SSRh method.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 4","pages":"1431 - 1462"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-024-02091-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of shallow rocking foundation supporting RC shear wall frame structure: a numerical study","authors":"R. M. Kannan,&nbsp;P. Haldar,&nbsp;N. James","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02099-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02099-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, researchers have taken advantage of the nonlinear characteristics of the underlying soil to mitigate the excessive seismic force demands on the superstructure under earthquake excitation. For this purpose, the conventionally designed foundation can be replaced with rocking foundation. This is achieved by under proportioning the shallow foundation. Although the mechanism of rocking foundations has been well documented, there remains a gap in developing a methodology for reduction of foundation sizes in multi storey Reinforced Concrete (RC) shear wall framed structure. Therefore, this study focuses on the seismic responses of a shallow foundations supporting a multistorey RC shear wall framed structure. The foundation for RC shear wall is proportioned by gradually reducing the earthquake load considered for the foundations to enhance the increased rocking effect and to mitigate seismic force demands. Thereafter, key parameters responsible for seismic behavior of sub-structure are being compared with conventionally designed foundation with increasing foundation rocking, by varying type of underlying soil and with increasing height. Seismic behavior obtained by implementing a series of nonlinear time history analyses indicates that the foundation rocking greatly influences the dynamic properties. With increasing degree of foundation rocking, natural fundamental period of the overall structure gets lengthened, with decreasing peak roof acceleration, thereby mitigating the peak base moment and base shear experienced at the shear wall compared to conventionally designed foundation. On the other hand, it is observed that there is an increase in roof displacement and shear wall settlement at the foundation level. It is found that the foundation of shear wall can be designed by considering 40%, 60% of earthquake loads for zone V and zone II structural designs, respectively without encountering excessive settlements. From the sensitivity analysis it is highlighted that the foundation size and design seismicity impact the base shear contribution ratios between shear wall and column members, fundamental natural period and foundation settlement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 4","pages":"1489 - 1511"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance-based seismic design optimization of reinforced concrete structures with multiple ground motions via surrogate model","authors":"Yue Feng","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02102-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02102-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To address the challenge of designing structures that can withstand seismic loads and simplify the design process, a novel optimization formulation considering performance targets is defined in this paper. Multiple ground motions are considered to optimize structures under earthquake excitations. Single and seven ground motions are employed to perform nonlinear time history analysis, and the resulting responses are utilized as the objective function for the optimization problem. Subsequently, a Kriging model is adopted to approximate the objective function. During the model construction process, an enhanced Latin hypercube sampling strategy with mutation and evolutionary operation is employed, conditional likelihood approach is used to update the kriging model, and genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to search for the optimal solution. Finally, the methodology is applied to three 2-dimensional (2D) examples and a 3-dimensional (3D) example to demonstrate its effectiveness. The results show the Kriging model-assisted methodology can significantly reduce the computational burden associated with function evaluations, while simultaneously identifying optimum designs that improve the dynamic responses of structures. This highlights the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in mitigating the effects of earthquakes and reducing dynamic responses, which is crucial for preventing structural damage and collapse. Furthermore, the results emphasize the importance of considering multiple ground motions when optimizing structures under earthquakes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 4","pages":"1513 - 1540"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RC-columns subjected to lateral cyclic force with different FRCM-strengthening schemes: experimental and numerical investigation","authors":"Shaise K. John,&nbsp;Alessio Cascardi,&nbsp;Salvatore Verre,&nbsp;Yashida Nadir","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02100-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02100-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The vulnerability of <i>Reinforced Concrete</i> (RC) structures against seismic events has prompted extensive research into retrofitting techniques aimed at enhancing their seismic performance. Among these, <i>Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix/Mortar</i> (FRCM) systems have gained prominence as promising solutions for strengthening RC-columns. This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the seismic strengthening of RC columns using FRCM, combining experimental and numerical approaches to assess their effectiveness. The experimental phase of this research involved the fabrication of scaled RC-column specimens representing real-world conditions. These columns were subjected to a series of cyclic loading tests to simulate seismic forces. Multiple FRCM configurations, including different fiber types and dosages, were applied to these specimens. The experimental results revealed a substantial increase in the ductility, stiffness, and ultimate strength of the strengthened RC-columns, indicating the potential of FRCM systems as effective seismic retrofit solutions. In parallel, a numerical analysis was conducted using <i>Finite Element Modeling</i> (FEM) to simulate the behavior of the strengthened RC-columns under seismic loading conditions. The FEM simulations were validated against the experimental data, demonstrating good agreement. This numerical investigation allowed for a more in-depth understanding of the stress distribution and deformation patterns within the strengthened columns, aiding in the optimization of FRCM reinforcement strategies. The integrated experimental and numerical investigation presented in this study contributes valuable insights into the seismic strengthening of RC-columns using FRCM systems. It provides a holistic understanding of their performance, including their enhanced load-carrying capacity, as well as improved ductility guiding the adoption of FRCM systems as a viable solution for mitigating seismic risk in existing RC-structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 4","pages":"1561 - 1590"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling low-cycle fatigue behaviour of structural aluminium alloys","authors":"Evangelia Georgantzia,&nbsp;Paul J. Vardanega,&nbsp;Mohammad M. Kashani","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02097-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02097-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recently, use of 6000 series aluminium alloys in braced frame structures has been increased due to their superior structural properties. Fracturing of braces as a result of low-cycle fatigue has a major impact on nonlinear behaviour of structures under earthquake loading. Therefore, modelling low-cycle fatigue life, i.e., number of reversals to failure, is important to understanding braced-frame structural performance. To date, there are no readily available methods for predicting the low-cycle fatigue behaviour of 6000 series aluminium alloys. This research study aims to provide structural engineers with a computationally efficient approach to assess aluminium alloy structures in the context of potential low cycle fatigue. For this purpose, 18 low-cycle high amplitude fatigue tests (up to ± 6% strain amplitude) were conducted to establish strain − life relationships for 6082-T6, 6063-T6 and 6060-T5 aluminium alloys. The obtained experimental results were then used to calibrate a low-cycle fatigue life model to capture the fracture behaviour of the studied materials. The comparison of experimental results and predicted fatigue behaviour shows the capability of the proposed model to predict to a high degree of precision the onset of fracture and the overall low-cycle fatigue behaviour of material.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 4","pages":"1737 - 1758"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02097-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143638572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Earthquake-proofing history: seismic assessment of Caserta Vecchia medieval bell tower","authors":"Elide Nastri,&nbsp;Annachiara D’Apice,&nbsp;Paolo Todisco","doi":"10.1007/s10518-024-02093-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-024-02093-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents an integrated approach for the seismic assessment of the 13th-century San Michele Arcangelo Cathedral Bell Tower in Caserta Vecchia, Italy, utilizing a detailed photogrammetric survey and Finite Element (FE) modelling. The analysis focuses on the structural vulnerability and seismic response of the historical masonry tower to assess its response against earthquake-induced damage. By employing Ambient Vibration Tests (AVTs) present in literature and calibrating the FE model accordingly, the research identifies the principal vibrational modes and natural frequencies of the tower, enhancing the model's accuracy. Various earthquake intensities were inputted to the structural model to evaluate the bell tower's structural performance and potential collapse mechanisms. The findings reveal a significant susceptibility of damage under severe seismic conditions, emphasizing the critical need for tailored conservation strategies to preserve such irreplaceable cultural heritage. The study underscores the importance of integrating historical documentation, structural analysis, and modern engineering techniques to safeguard historical architecture in seismically active areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 2","pages":"833 - 857"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143108351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}