Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Effect of saddle–cable slippage on seismic performance of a multitower suspension bridge","authors":"Xiaoxian Liu,&nbsp;Yudong Zhang,&nbsp;Nailiang Xiang,&nbsp;Xinchao Guang,&nbsp;Yongtao Zhang,&nbsp;Lili Liu","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02597-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02597-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the effects of saddle–cable slippage on the seismic performance of a three-tower suspension bridge. A refined friction interface was adopted to model the slippage behavior at the saddle and cable interface, which was implemented in nonlinear time-history analysis, incremental dynamic analysis, and fragility analysis. The results of the analysis indicate that compared with the fixed and single-element friction models, the refined model generates more reliable responses and captures the progressive slip propagation from the center of the saddle toward the edges. The parametric analysis shows that reducing the stiffness of the middle tower increases the displacement at the tower top and the saddle–cable slippage. Increasing the stiffness of the central buckle decreases the seismic demand of the middle tower foundation but increases the seismic demand of the side tower foundations. In addition, increasing the damping coefficient of the viscous dampers reduces the seismic responses of both the middle and side towers. The influence of traveling-wave effects cannot be ignored for long-span multitower suspension bridges because they increase the bending moment and curvature of the tower base. The fragility analysis indicates that refined saddle modeling predicts a lower damage probability for the side tower, whereas central buckles reduce the damage probability of the middle tower but increase that of the side towers, and viscous dampers reduce the damage probability of both the side and middle towers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"9451 - 9478"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical and seismic performance analysis of the Tang Dynasty palace-style timber frame: multi-model comparative study and critical component identification","authors":"Juan Wang,&nbsp;Zhiwei Chen,&nbsp;Chong Tu,&nbsp;Xuechun Wang,&nbsp;Na Yang","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02584-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02584-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Tang Dynasty palace-style timber frame, an exemplary ancient Chinese timber structure, is a jewel among global ancient timber architectural heritage. It is distinguished by its unique Puzuo layer construction, clear load-transfer path, and profound cultural essence. This study presents an innovative approach by developing a numerical analysis model of a two-piece, eight-column timber frame, drawing on the structural features and dimensions of the Eastern Hall of Foguang Temple, a quintessential example of Tang Dynasty palace-style architecture. A series of global and local mechanical models (including a single-room model and a single-piece model) were designed. These models enable a comprehensive investigation into the mechanical behavior of transverse and longitudinal connecting members, as well as the structural independence of the individual components within the two-piece system. The results reveal that the two-piece configuration outperforms the single-room model in terms of positive and negative load-bearing capacity, initial stiffness, and cumulative energy dissipation, showcasing its superior overall structural performance. When stress is applied solely on the single-room model, it exhibits limited structural independence and diminished hysteretic behavior, albeit with a slightly enhanced energy dissipation capacity. Conversely, under single-piece loading, it demonstrates better structural independence, with a maximum horizontal load reaching 66.5% and final energy dissipation about 77.0% of those in the global model. This study provides a quantitative analysis and comparative assessment of the mechanical and seismic performance of both the integrated two-piece timber structure and its components, providing valuable insights for the conservation and restoration of such historic timber edifices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"9101 - 9143"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-earthquake seismic assessment of a heritage masonry school: comparative evaluation of field observation and nonlinear FE time-history analyses","authors":"Alper Özmen,&nbsp;Ömer Faruk Taş,&nbsp;Erkut Sayın,&nbsp;Talha Sarıcı,&nbsp;Müslüm Murat Maraş","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02587-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02587-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study evaluates the seismic performance of the historic Gazi Primary School in Malatya, Türkiye, a representative example of early-period masonry architecture damaged during the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6). Reliable post-earthquake assessment of heritage masonry buildings requires the combined interpretation of field damage, material properties, soil conditions, and nonlinear seismic response. Post-earthquake field surveys documented damage patterns and identified critical structural weaknesses. Material properties of the stone and mortar were established through a combined program of non-destructive and destructive tests. Using these parameters, a detailed three-dimensional finite element model was developed, and nonlinear time-history analyses were performed with recorded strong-motion data to reproduce the building’s seismic response and identify the most vulnerable zones. The predicted numerical damage distribution was compared with observed field damage to evaluate agreement between simulations and actual behavior. Overall, the study offers practical insight into the seismic response of heritage masonry school buildings and supports more reliable post-earthquake damage assessment and decision-making for cultural heritage structures. The analyses showed that the 2023 Elbistan record produced the maximum displacement demands, while the numerical tensile damage patterns were generally consistent with the observed in-plane and out-of-plane damage zones.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"9067 - 9100"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and mechanical behavior investigation on self-centering braces with multi-stage yield energy dissipation","authors":"Chen Chen,&nbsp;Wei-hui Zhong,&nbsp;Shi-chao Duan,&nbsp;Xuan Zhang,&nbsp;Zheng Tan,&nbsp;Wen-hao Fang","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02574-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02574-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A self-centering multi-stage yielding energy-dissipating brace (SC-MYB) is proposed, and its fundamental configuration and operating mechanism are presented. A theoretical analysis of the mechanical behavior of the SC-MYB is conducted, and a corresponding restoring force model is established. Through low-cycle loading tests, the experimental phenomena, hysteretic behavior, characteristic loads, and energy-dissipation capacity of the brace are systematically investigated. Results indicate that the brace exhibits full flag-shaped hysteretic characteristics with stable energy-dissipation capacity and excellent self-centering capabilities. The hysteretic behavior is influenced by factors such as the stiffness of combined disc springs, pre-compression displacement, and width of metallic energy-dissipating plates. The predicted results from the restoring-force model are consistent with experimental data, validating the effectiveness and accuracy of the theoretical model. Based on these findings, design recommendations are proposed for the specimen, providing valuable references for engineering applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"9203 - 9231"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149188983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An ambient-noise-based physics–data integrated framework for far-field basin ground motion simulation","authors":"Zheqian Wu,&nbsp;Jinkun Sun,&nbsp;Yingmin Li","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02559-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02559-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Modeling far-field basin ground motions remains challenging due to strong geological heterogeneity and the limited availability of site-specific seismic records. This study introduces an efficient and transferable hybrid simulation framework that integrates ambient-noise-derived empirical Green’s functions (GFs) with physics-based and empirical constraints. Compared with conventional deterministic or fully empirical approaches, the method reconstructs basin-specific propagation and amplification effects by exploiting ambient-noise GFs, substantially reducing the need for new large-scale numerical simulations. Continuous ambient seismic noise is processed through an unsupervised DTW-Kernel PCA-GMM workflow to extract stable and coherent empirical GFs that characterize large-scale basin responses. These empirical GFs are incorporated into a kinematic finite-fault model, and Bayesian updating is applied to optimize rupture and slip parameters to maintain consistency with ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs). Application to the Kanto Basin, Japan, demonstrates that the framework reproduces the main long-period response spectra and time-frequency characteristics of observed basin motions and achieves FDM-like long-period intensity-measure trends at a computational cost roughly three orders of magnitude lower than conventional 3-D numerical simulations under the tested scenario. The results demonstrate that combining ambient-noise observations with physics-based and empirical models provides a practical and physically consistent means for simulating far-field basin ground motions and for developing site-specific ground-motion inputs applicable to performance-based earthquake engineering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"8077 - 8106"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blind-prediction of the dynamic behavior of 3D-printed masonry-like structures under shake-table loading via a high-fidelity numerical modeling approach","authors":"Amirhossein Ghezelbash,&nbsp;Abide Aşıkoğlu,&nbsp;Antonio Maria D’Altri,&nbsp;Satyadhrik Sharma,&nbsp;Francesco Messali","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02565-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02565-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents a modeling approach for high-fidelity blind-prediction of dynamic responses of 3D-printed masonry-like structures, as part of a contest organized by Pacific Earthquake Research Center (PEER) for simulating shake table tests on 29 identical ⨅-shaped 1:15-scaled sand-based 3D-printed specimens, each subjected to a different earthquake. The contest challenged participants to predict experimental outcomes without access to test results. Leveraging their modeling approach originally developed for regular masonry, the authors proposed an innovative methodology to simulate these structures, implementing extensions to overcome challenges such as representing their continuum nature within a discrete block-and-joint framework and simulating their small-scale response via 1:1-scale counterparts. The numerical model blind-predicted the experimental outcomes with highest accuracy among participants. Parametric studies, before and after access to modal characteristics, showed the importance of such information for simulation accuracy, and the ability of the approach to investigate variability of dynamic responses in complement to physical tests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"8945 - 8992"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-026-02565-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical testing proxies of seismic codes relative to topographic amplification effects: the case study of the Siena urban area (Central Italy)","authors":"M. Ariano,&nbsp;P. L. Fantozzi,&nbsp;D. Albarello","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02580-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02580-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The possible effects of surface topography on the seismic ground motion are addressed in some seismic codes through the use of suitable proxies. In the European seismic code and in its Italian implementation, expected amplification factors are associated to a small set of 2D schematic morphological configurations. These proxies have been assessed based on numerical simulations in the assumption that the respective configurations are representative to 2D morphologies. To test the feasibility of these estimates in a real morphological context, the city of Siena (central Italy) has been considered as test site due to a nearly homogeneous seismo-stratigraphical configuration corresponding to a relatively complex morphology. A multi-step approach has been carried out on purpose, which integrates GIS and DEM-based spatial methods, and numerical modeling to check the reliability of code proxies by preliminarily identifying the real morphologies best fitting the simplified profiles in the norm and corresponding to a 2D morphology. Numerical modelling performed by considering a set of representative profiles indicates that amplification values provided by the norm perform relatively well in the range of periods of structures if discrepances below 0.1 are considered as acceptable. On the other hand, the fact that the proxies are expected to be applied in the case of 2D morphologies significantly reduces the number of cases where these proxies can be applied and increases the number of morphological situations requires advanced numerical modelling. Anyway, this study also puts in evidence that any evaluation of effectiveness of the topographic amplification factors provided by the norm relies on a clearer definition of its aims in terms of expected accuracy and application domain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"7943 - 7958"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic usability-based fragility curves for Italian reinforced concrete buildings using census and post-earthquake data","authors":"Maria Zucconi,&nbsp;Luigi Sorrentino,&nbsp;Marco Di Ludovico","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02578-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02578-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study develops empirical fragility functions for reinforced concrete (RC) residential buildings expressed in terms of post-earthquake usability. The analysis uses more than 10,300 inspected buildings from the 2009 L’Aquila (Italy) earthquake, integrated with census data to represent uninspected constructions. Buildings are classified according to three parameters - construction timespan, state of repair, and number of stories - allowing the derivation of usability-based fragility curves for eight typological classes. A lognormal model is adopted, with parameters estimated by means of maximum likelihood. Among the building attributes, the most influential predictor is the state of repair, which in the AeDES form used for the inspections reflects not ordinary maintenance levels but the actual damage condition of the building prior to the earthquake. This distinction is crucial, as pre-existing damage strongly affects the likelihood of usability loss. Results show that this parameter is a significant factor influencing usability, followed by building height, while the construction timespan exerts a secondary yet consistent effect, with older buildings resulting more vulnerable. Taller and poorly maintained buildings exhibit systematically higher fragility. The strong effect of the state of repair emerges clearly, although the limited occurrence of poorly maintained and/or pre-damaged buildings suggests a cautious interpretation of the curves. Compared with previous usability models for masonry buildings, the RC curves show both common and material-specific patterns: the state of repair remains the dominant factor in both systems, while height plays a much stronger role in RC. This new usability-based RC-building model complements the existing masonry-building one, providing a coherent framework based on an operational metric aligned with inspection outcomes, allowing for large-scale seismic risk analyses, supporting loss estimation, recovery planning, and national-level assessments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"8397 - 8427"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-026-02578-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated seismic and slope stability evaluation of reinforced concrete buildings constructed on sloping ground","authors":"M. S. Ujwal,&nbsp;N. C. Sanjay Shekar,&nbsp; Vibhashree,&nbsp;H. N. Sridhar,&nbsp;Raghavendra Mahesh,&nbsp;K. Sahana,&nbsp;G. Shiva Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02555-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02555-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rapid urbanization in seismic-prone hilly regions has led to an increasing demand for reinforced concrete (RC) buildings constructed on sloping ground, where structural irregularity and slope instability jointly govern safety. This study presents an integrated assessment of the seismic performance and slope stability of step-back (SB) and step-back–setback (SSB) RC buildings in hilly terrain. Eight structural configurations incorporating basements, shear walls, and bracing systems were analysed at slope angles of 20° and 25° in accordance with IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016. Structural response was evaluated using response spectrum analysis in ETABS, while slope stability was assessed using the Morgenstern–Price limit equilibrium method implemented in GeoStudio (SLOPE/W), enabling simultaneous consideration of structural demand and ground safety. Results indicate that maximum top displacements (approximately 35–47 mm) for all models remain within the code limit, although simple step-back buildings on 20° slopes approach borderline safety. Inter-storey drift ratios for all configurations remain below the permissible limit of 0.004, with shear wall systems exhibiting localized drift concentration in upper storeys due to stiffness irregularity. Base shear demand is strongly influenced by structural stiffness, increasing from about 2–3 kN in flexible step-back frames to 17–18 kN in step-back–setback buildings with combined shear wall–basement systems, thereby imposing higher foundation demands. Soil–structure interaction analysis reveals that setback configurations promote more uniform base reaction distribution compared to step-back buildings. Slope stability results demonstrate high sensitivity to slope angle in weak soils, with factors of safety reducing to near-critical values at 25°, while stronger residual soils maintain adequate stability. The study highlights critical trade-offs between seismic safety, soil response, and construction economy, providing practical guidance for the design of RC buildings in seismic hilly regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"8301 - 8333"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Running speed limits of railway vehicles on simply-supported bridge subjected to strike-slip faulting","authors":"Tuo Zhou,&nbsp;Yuntai Zhang,&nbsp;Lizhong Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02563-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02563-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During seismic events, imposing speed restrictions on vehicles crossing bridges often serves as the last line of defense for operational safety. However, the relative spatial relationship between fault and bridge, coupled with the fling-step and forward-directivity effects, presents significant challenges in determining speed limits for vehicles under strike-slip faulting. To address this issue, this study develops a nonlinear coupled vehicle-bridge model with the adoption of non-uniform seismic excitation input method to systematically investigate the impact of strike-slip faulting on safe running speeds. The study analyzes 264 computational cases, incorporating two spatial parameters—Fault-Bridge Angle (FBA) and Fault-Crossing Position (FCP)—along with synthesized permanent displacement to comprehensively characterize the distinctive effects of strike-slip faulting. Furthermore, a novel speed-limit assessment framework employing the geometric derailment criterion is proposed for vehicles on simply-supported bridges subjected to strike-slip faulting. Within the scope of this study and based on the four typical strike-slip faulting records, the results reveal pronounced angular and positional dependencies in both structural and vehicular responses, with derailment risk increasing as vehicle speed rises and the FBA approaches 90°. Additionally, permissible running speed limits are found to vary significantly based on spatial parameters, with a trend toward higher allowable speeds at larger FBAs. These findings offer valuable insights for the seismic design and operational safety of railway simply-supported bridges in active fault zones.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"9423 - 9449"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}