Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Unified force-based design approach for the seismic analysis and design of liquid storage tanks","authors":"Soumitra Chatterji,&nbsp;Christoph Butenweg,&nbsp;Sven Klinkel","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02135-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02135-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Historical observations reveal that Liquid Storage Tanks (LST) have suffered significant earthquake-induced damages. The structural response of LST are sensitive to earthquakes due to dynamic fluid-tank interaction. Since designing with consideration of fluid-tank interaction in the time domain is complex, simplified calculation approaches have been developed to calculate base shear and overturning moments, but not pressure distributions. These approaches distinguish between flexible and rigid tanks, which is difficult to decide prior analysis. This paper presents a unified calculation concept that determines support reactions and pressure distributions independently of the tank’s stiffness by applying static equivalent loads. The research focuses on the distinction between rigid and flexible design approaches, review existing codes, their limitations, and challenges associated with relative acceleration response spectra. It scrutinizes varying definitions of impulsive components and superposition principles. A unified force-based design approach is suggested that integrates rigid and flexible design principles into a unified method. The approach uses standardized pressure curves of individual hydrodynamic pressure components, linked with absolute and relative spectral accelerations and appropriate superposition methods. The unified formulation is validated through a previously conducted experimental and numerical research on above-ground steel tank. The validation and application of the unified approach forms the basis for the new generation of Eurocode FprEN 1998-4 (2025), which is demonstrated for different tank geometries. The practical application is demonstrated on a squat and a slender tank using linear finite element model, and the results are compared with various approaches in the international standards and literature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 5","pages":"2377 - 2420"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02135-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing a dense accelerometer network in Veneto (NE Italy): a support for rapid earthquake impact assessment","authors":"Pier Luigi Bragato,&nbsp;Jacopo Boaga,&nbsp;Giorgio Capotosti,&nbsp;Paolo Comelli,&nbsp;Stefano Parolai,&nbsp;Giuliana Rossi,&nbsp;Helga Siracusa,&nbsp;Piero Ziani,&nbsp;David Zuliani","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02133-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02133-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In 2022, the Italian National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS set up a dense accelerometer network for strong-motion monitoring in Veneto (an Italian region in the north-east of the country), covering 312 sites in over 50% of the region’s municipalities. The network is primarily focused on measurements for rapid damage assessment and the prompt organization of rescue operations. Based on the latest generation of MEMS accelerometers, it is cost-effective and sensitive enough to provide useful recordings (i.e. with a good signal-to-noise ratio) of earthquakes with a magnitude down to 2.5. This feature helps to tune the recording and processing system in less critical situations than a severe earthquake. This paper describes the technical characteristics of the network, the practical solutions for its construction, the management tools currently used and some initial results. The technical and economic sustainability of the network in the long term is a key issue that was taken into account during planning and implementation and is also constantly monitored during normal operation. The aim is to extend the life of the network well beyond the five years envisaged for the original project so that similar solutions can be proposed for other regions of Italy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 5","pages":"1859 - 1884"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02133-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A seismic vulnerability model for masonry buildings in Montenegro","authors":"F. Aloschi,&nbsp;M. Polese,&nbsp;M. Gaetani d′Aragona,&nbsp;G. Tocchi,&nbsp;J. Pejovic,&nbsp;N. Serdar","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02121-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02121-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many European countries benefit from risk-informed mitigation and prevention tools, including seismic vulnerability models (VMs) that express the susceptibility of structures to earthquake damage. However, in the Balkan countries including Montenegro, comprehensive seismic risk investigations are still lacking, despite being a region affected by moderate seismicity. In this paper, we propose a novel heuristic approach to evaluate the VM for masonry buildings in Montenegro. Based on previous studies on the seismic exposure of Montenegro and accounting for additional vulnerability factors, we classify masonry buildings into three categories: unreinforced stone masonry (URM-St), unreinforced brick masonry (URM-Br), and confined masonry (CFM). These typologies are firstly compared with reference vulnerability models (RVMs) found in the literature for neighboring countries. The RVMs are then weighted using an expert-based approach, considering their similarities and differences with Montenegrin building classes, to create hybrid VMs for each class. These hybrid VMs are finally combined using a heuristic approach based on real damage data from two historical reports on the 1979 Montenegro earthquake.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 5","pages":"2347 - 2376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02121-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic upgrading of RC frames using new hybrid dampers with recentering capability applying the second-generation of eurocode 8","authors":"Amadeo Benavent-Climent,&nbsp;Ronnie Chtcot-Brito","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02132-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02132-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper investigates the seismic upgrading of existing RC frames whose design was governed by the gravity loads in earthquake-prone regions, using new hybrid energy dissipation devices with recentering capability and applying the analytical methods of the second-generation of Eurocode 8. The energy dissipation devices combine in parallel three components (viscoelastic, elastoplastic and superelastic) that control the response under frequent (viscoelastic) and severe (elastoplastic) earthquakes, and minimize the permanent deformations (superelastic). Frames representative of residential buildings having short, medium and long fundamental periods are considered. Beams, columns and joints with brittle shear failure or insufficient ductility are first upgraded, applying local measures to attain a lateral deformation capacity of 2% of story height that ensures cost-effective strengthening with the hybrid energy dissipation devices. It is shown that the RC frames seismically upgraded with the proposed approach can endure the maximum earthquake foreseen in a high seismicity region with moderate (economically feasible to repair) damage and negligible permanent deformations. It is also shown that the energy-balance-based analysis implemented in the second-generation of Eurocode 8 for displacement-dependent dampers, with elastoplastic restoring force characteristics, can be applied with some limitations to design and verify structures featuring energy dissipation devices that include a superelastic component.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 5","pages":"2265 - 2307"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02132-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A two-phase seismic design methodology for reinforced concrete frame- corrugated steel plate shear wall connected to beam only","authors":"Shengchao Yang,&nbsp;Shuangshuang Jin,&nbsp;Mengyi Li","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02124-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02124-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Based on the energy balance mechanism and the ideal failure mode, this study proposes a novel two-phase seismic design method that accommodates both minor and major seismic events, meeting structural strength and deformation requirements. The reinforced concrete frame—corrugated steel plate shear wall connected to beam only (called RC-CSPSW) is decomposed into the CSPSW system and RC frame system. Using the energy balance relationship, base shear forces for both elastic and plastic designs are calculated. Initially, using the elastic stiffness ratio of the two systems, combined with lateral force distribution coefficients, the lateral forces for elastic design are allocated among the structural floors, thus completing the minor seismic elastic design for the CSPSW system. Subsequently, lateral forces for plastic design are allocated to the RC frame system using the shear ratio calculated from elastic stiffness ratio, completing the plastic design for non-CSPSW span frames. Finally, by adding the additional forces from the CSPSW system to the RC frame system, the plastic design of the CSPSW span frames is completed. The two-phase seismic design method proposed in this study is applied to three RC-CSPSW structures through pushover and nonlinear time-history analysis to evaluate their seismic performance and failure modes. The results demonstrate that all three structures achieve controlled damage and adhere to maximum inter-story drift limits, with small residual inter-story drift ratio, indicating excellent post-earthquake reparability. This achievement fulfills the dual seismic performance goals, confirming the applicability and efficacy of the proposed design method.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 5","pages":"2309 - 2345"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of the impact of nonuniform corrosion on dynamic characteristics and nonlinear cyclic behaviour of circular RC bridge piers","authors":"Ziliang Zhang,&nbsp;Hammed O. Aminulai,&nbsp;William Powrie,&nbsp;Mohammad M. Kashani","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02131-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02131-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Insufficient detail in the numerical modelling of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers can lead to oversimplification between simulated and real column behaviour under seismic loading. This paper describes the development and validation of an advanced and computationally efficient numerical model for circular RC bridge columns. First, the lateral stiffnesses, natural frequencies and damping ratios of three differently configured RC columns at various stages of degradation were evaluated by means of quasi-static cyclic and sledgehammer tests in loading cycles of increasing lateral drift amplitude. Normalised column lateral stiffness and first mode natural frequency were found to reduce nonlinearly with increasing column drift ratio. The two variables were also correlated to link RC column degradation with natural frequency reduction, which could allow rapid post-earthquake assessment of residual capacity. RC columns suffering from heavy corrosion were found to have a higher natural frequency and a tendency to fail prematurely under cyclic loading, whereas the damping ratio was generally unchanged. A set of nonlinear beam-element models employing fibre-discretised cross-sections was then developed and validated against experimental measurements. The model simulates buckling, fracturing, low-cycle fatigue, and bond-slip of vertical reinforcements, as well as nonuniform geometrical and mechanical deterioration of critical column sections. Individual fibre responses in the numerical model offered explanations for specific features of the experimental column stiffness and natural frequency reduction curves. Underlying mechanisms included the redistribution of compressive stress between concrete and rebars during cyclic loading, crushing of cover concrete, and yield of vertical reinforcements. Overall, the model accurately simulates the hysteresis response of the differently configured RC columns, without the need for column-specific adjustments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 5","pages":"2233 - 2264"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02131-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A simplified holistic framework to understand the sensitivity of seismic risk to hazard variability","authors":"Athanasios Gkimprixis","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02098-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02098-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seismic risk models are essential for assessing earthquake impacts, yet frequent hazard model updates create challenges for understanding their effects on risk estimates. This paper presents a simplified holistic framework to evaluate seismic risk sensitivity to hazard variability. Using two versions of the European Seismic Hazard Model, hazard variability is analyzed, revealing non-uniform changes across different return periods and shifts in the slope of the hazard curves. Statistical analyses show correlation of the two versions but also notable data spread, and thus alternative techniques to tighten the relations of the compared variables are discussed. The variability introduced in risk estimates is found increased compared to that of the hazard input, with the effects of the non-uniform variation of hazard across different periods being quite noticeable on the risk change. Also, risk sensitivity is amplified with increasing hazard and reduced vulnerability. Finally, the framework extends its applicability by proposing a practical approach for stakeholders, to prepare for potential future updates of regional hazard models and better inform risk management strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 5","pages":"1917 - 1940"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic behavior of cold-formed steel framed multi-panel and two-story shear walls","authors":"Baris Mert Pehlivan,&nbsp;Eray Baran,&nbsp;Cem Topkaya","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02134-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02134-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents an experimental investigation on the seismic behavior of cold-formed steel (CFS) shear wall systems. Two sets of cyclic lateral loading tests were conducted on OSB sheathed CFS shear wall specimens. The first part of the study deals with walls constructed by connecting multiple individual wall panels with different connection methods. Focus of the second part is the lateral load response of two-story shear walls with different framing details between wall panels in neighboring floors. In both parts, the behavior of wall panels was examined with combinations of one side sheathing and a coarse fastener layout, as well as double-side sheathing and a dense fastener layout. For the multi-panel shear walls, eight full-scale specimens were tested, featuring varying configurations of CFS framing and OSB sheathing. The experiments indicate that the use of different connection details between individual wall segments does not cause any appreciable difference in wall response. Significant excessive base slip was observed in longer walls with double-side sheathing due to increased shear force demand at the base, highlighting the importance of adequate fastener layout. In the investigation of two-story shear walls, eight specimens were tested. Platform and ledger framing details were explored, each with different methods of connecting wall panels between floors. The results demonstrated the influence of framing detail on the overall behavior and failure mechanisms of the shear walls. Notably, the presence of additional OSB sheathing panels between floors enhanced the load capacity and stiffness of the specimens, mitigating damage to CFS members within the connection region. Based on the experimental findings, practical recommendations were presented for multi-panel walls and interaction between wall panels and floor support system in multi-story CFS construction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 5","pages":"2201 - 2232"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02134-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compound-based approach for large scale seismic vulnerability assessment: application to the Garfagnana area in Tuscany","authors":"Vieri Cardinali,&nbsp;Elisabetta Di Rienzo,&nbsp;Marco Tanganelli,&nbsp;Mario De Stefano","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02113-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02113-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, a rapid procedure for vulnerability and risk analysis at urban scale is presented and validated with respect to a homogeneous territorial area. The methodology is aimed at defining fast evaluations by taking advantage of a division of the territory into compounds based on historical evolution and development of the urban clusters. A compound-based taxonomy realized according to the CARTIS methodology has been adopted as exposure model. The vulnerability models have been validated with respect of recent seismic events for both masonry and RC buildings. Hence, a modified macroseismic vulnerability model for compound evaluations has been used. The simplified procedure has been evaluated with respect to a unit-based analysis where every structural unit has been specifically investigated through a macroseismic approach. The comparisons between the compound-based (CB) and the building-by-building (BB) evaluation are obtained in terms of damage scenarios through binomial distributions. The procedure has been validated by assessing two distinct urban centers located in the Garfagnana area, Tuscany (Italy). The results show that the simplified procedure matches the forecasted damage states, limiting the required information and the time of the investigation. The evaluation has been finally extended to the territorial area of Garfagnana and part of the Lunigiana, analyzing a total of 17 municipalities where the CARTIS taxonomy is available. Herein, fragility curves have been derived according to unified classes for a territorial evaluation. The research proves the effectiveness of the procedure in evaluating the seismic vulnerability of large areas, presenting a rapid tool useful for administrators and stakeholders in the management of urban stock.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 5","pages":"1969 - 1997"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02113-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of collapse strength ratio for structures subjected to near-fault pulse-like earthquake ground motions","authors":"Jorge Ruiz-García,&nbsp;José Manuel Ramos-Cruz","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02123-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02123-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper discusses the main results of a statistical study of the collapse strength ratio, <i>R</i>_<i>c</i>, for degrading single-degree-of-freedom systems under near-fault pulse-like earthquake ground motions. The parameter <i>R</i>_<i>c</i> represents the normalized lateral strength required to avoid dynamic instability leading to collapse, which has been incorporated in the Nonlinear Static Procedure of the ASCE/SEI-23 standard for the seismic evaluation of existing buildings as the maximum strength ratio, μ_max. Results of this investigation highlight that the spectral shape of <i>R</i>_<i>c</i> is different to that showed for ordinary far-field earthquake ground motions, and earthquake ground motions recorded at soft soil sites. Particularly, <i>R</i>_<i>c</i> depends on the ratio of the period of vibration to the pulse period, <i>T/T</i>_<i>p</i>, as well as the displacement ductility capacity, <i>μ</i>_<i>c</i>, and the level of negative post-capping slope, defined by parameter <i>α</i>_<i>c</i>, in the system’s backbone behavior. As a result of this study, an equation to predict <i>R</i>_<i>c</i> for the seismic evaluation of buildings under pulse-like earthquake ground motions is introduced in this paper, whose functional form depends on <i>T/T</i>_<i>p</i>, <i>μ</i>_<i>c</i> and <i>α</i>_<i>c</i>, and it can be incorporated on future updates of the ASCE/SEI-23 standard. Additionally, this study introduces an equation to obtain an estimate of the dispersion of <i>R</i>_<i>c</i>, measured by the logarithmic standard deviation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 5","pages":"1999 - 2016"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}