Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Biaxial seismic interaction of corner reinforced concrete buildings","authors":"Grigorios E. Manoukas,&nbsp;Chris G. Karayannis","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02236-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02236-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of the present paper is the evaluation of the seismic response of reinforced concrete corner buildings interacting with adjacent structures along two orthogonal directions (biaxial seismic interaction). For this purpose, two 8-storey corner buildings, one with soft ground storey and one fully infilled with masonry panels, are designed according to current European standards. The corner buildings under consideration are supposed to be in contact with lower structures in many alternative ways, formulating various cases of biaxial seismic interaction. All structural systems are analyzed by means of inelastic dynamic step by step analysis for concurrent action of two horizontal accelerograms applied with four alternative orientations. The response of the corner buildings is assessed through the calculation of crucial response quantities. The whole study demonstrates the importance of biaxial seismic interaction which might amplify up to about four and ten times the internal forces and deformations, respectively. It also highlights the role of several factors such as the unfavorable soft-storey effect which might increase the column shear deformations twentyfold and the role of the ground motion orientation. Finally, it indicates that the phenomenon is much more severe in comparison with the well-studied uniaxial seismic interaction between adjacent structures since it produces up to nine times larger response quantities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4755 - 4787"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02236-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic performance of dual RC frame-shear wall buildings with nonparallel shear walls: insights and recommendations","authors":"Mohammad Yakhkeshi,&nbsp;Payam Tehrani","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02233-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02233-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) dual frame-shear wall buildings with nonparallel system irregularities under both far-field and near-field ground motions. Utilizing nonlinear time history analysis and Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA), seven six-story RC models—comprising one regular and six irregular configurations—are analyzed to evaluate collapse capacities, torsional responses, and story drift demands. The findings challenge the classification criteria in ASCE 7–22, revealing that minor wall inclinations (up to ~ 14°) have a negligible impact on collapse capacity, whereas more pronounced inclinations (~26.5°) significantly increase local seismic demands and compromise structural performance. The results suggest that local wall inclinations have a more significant impact on collapse resistance than overall torsional irregularity, highlighting the need for refined regularity classifications that consider localized effects rather than relying solely on global torsional behavior. Although enhanced design strategies improved collapse resistance, they failed to ensure secure performance in highly irregular models, even when fully compliant with seismic code provisions. Near-field ground motions intensified structural vulnerabilities, prompting earlier collapse onset and necessitating stricter criteria for distinguishing between regular and irregular models. These findings underscore the challenges posed by short-duration, high-intensity seismic pulses and the limitations of current design provisions in mitigating their effects. This study emphasizes the need for refined classification criteria and performance-based design improvements to better capture the complex behavior of nonparallel system irregularities, offering critical insights for developing more resilient structural design frameworks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4831 - 4869"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic collapse analysis of unreinforced masonry buildings through applied element micro-modelling and crack width-based damage measures","authors":"Ciro Canditone,&nbsp;Fulvio Parisi,&nbsp;Dina F. D’Ayala,&nbsp;Arianna Guardiola-Villora","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02231-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02231-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Unreinforced masonry (URM) structures subjected to moderate-to-severe earthquake ground motion often experience a poor performance, characterised by extensive cracking phenomena and the activation and development of collapse mechanisms. This produces high repair costs and a severe threat to human life. Furthermore, outward projection and accumulation of debris may reduce road serviceability, undermining rescue efforts and increasing post-event downtime. In this study, the suitability of the Applied Element Method – a discrete crack, rigid body and springs-based numerical technique – to capture damage spread, collapse mechanism activation and debris projection phenomena is tested against experimental data. Fracture energy-based softening laws are employed, improving numerical accuracy over the standard brittle failure models commonly implemented within AEM tools. The validated models are then used to assess the seismic performance of URM buildings under varying masonry quality, and hence mechanical properties. The study leverages on the inherent advantage of the AEM, that is, explicit simulation of cracking phenomena and body fragmentation with lower computational demand than other advanced numerical techniques, in order to: (i) simulate complex failure mechanisms, eventually leading up to collapse activation and subsequent stages of debris formation and accumulation; (ii) introduce novel damage measures that are able to explicitly quantify crack propagation and severity in URM load-bearing structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4719 - 4753"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02231-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pushover-based simplified approach for predicting post-earthquake residual displacements in low-rise RC frames","authors":"Ernesto Grande,&nbsp;Maura Imbimbo,&nbsp;Mehmet Yigitbas","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02238-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02238-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The prediction of post-earthquake residual displacements in Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures is crucial for assessing the usability of buildings after seismic events. Even in the absence of significant structural damage, permanent deformations can indeed compromise a building’s functionality, potentially necessitating demolition. This study proposes a simplified method based on nonlinear static analysis to estimate residual displacements of RC frames, thereby avoiding the high computational cost of dynamic nonlinear analyses. The proposed method, structured into four sequential and interrelated phases, is validated considering different case studies consisting of RC frames characterized by both different numbers of stories (two and three stories) and different structural failure mechanisms (strong columns-weak beams and weak columns-strong beams mechanisms). Both dynamic and static numerical analyses were performed using OpenSees software integrated within a MATLAB subroutine. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach provides a reliable approximation of post-earthquake residual displacements of RC-frames, offering a computationally efficient alternative to more complex dynamic analyses; at present it applies to two- and three-storey, single-bay frames that are regular in plan and elevation, limits typical of any first-mode pushover method, while further validation on irregular, infilled and taller buildings is underway.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4635 - 4656"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling sliding and rocking freestanding building contents considering multidimensional planar floor motions","authors":"Yiyang Li,&nbsp;Yang Lu,&nbsp;Feng Xiong,&nbsp;Jie Zhong","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02226-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02226-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dynamics of freestanding building contents due to multidimensional planar floor motions is investigated. The building contents are simplified into single-degree-of-freedom rigid blocks allowed only to slide or rock on their supporting floors. Equations governing pure sliding and pure rocking motions of the blocks are derived. Various modes of motion associated with the sliding and rocking blocks are identified, and criteria for transitions between the modes are provided. An event-based solution scheme is adopted to solve the equations of motion taking into account the non-smooth nature of the problem. The proposed methodology is validated using data from existing research studies and Working Model 2D analysis results. Several case studies are performed to examine the effect of the multidimensional floor input motion on seismic response of sliding and rocking contents. It is shown that rotational floor input motion could significantly increase seismic demands on sliding and rocking contents, even altering their failure modes. In addition, seismic responses of freestanding building contents are strongly dependent on their initial positions on rocking floors, which is not the case with only translational floor motions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4657 - 4682"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered frameworks for sustainable seismic retrofitting design: a state-of-the-art review","authors":"Antonio P. Sberna,&nbsp;Marilisa Di Benedetto,&nbsp;Fabio Di Trapani","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02213-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02213-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The pressing need to address seismic risk reduction for built heritage, while ensuring economic and environmental sustainability, highlights the importance of formal design methodologies that achieve prescribed goals. In current practice, the design of seismic retrofitting is predominantly based on the designer’s experience and trial-and-error procedures, primarily focusing on structural performance. However, retrofit interventions have significant social, environmental, and economic impacts that must be integrated into the design process to enable informed decision-making. The absence of formalized criteria, combined with advancements in computational capabilities, has driven the development of structured frameworks to guide the design process. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of engineered design frameworks for seismic retrofitting of existing structures. The state of the art includes Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) frameworks, which rank multiple conflicting design options, and Optimization frameworks, which mathematically formalize the design process by adhering to prescribed constraints. Recent hybrid methodologies are also examined. The review explores these methodologies, traces their research evolution over time, outlines the advantages and limitations of each framework, and identifies gaps that future research must address.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4683 - 4718"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State-dependent life-cycle structural seismic resilience analysis incorporating corrosion and aftershock effects: illustrated with a corroded RC frame","authors":"Zhou Zhou,&nbsp;Kuangyu Dai,&nbsp;Decheng Feng,&nbsp;Xiaohui Yu","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02208-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02208-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The interaction of environmental aggression and seismic events may significantly reduce the seismic capacity, serviceability, and resilience of aged structures. Considering the deterioration caused by corrosion and earthquake events, it is crucial to account for the current structural state in the procedure for assessing seismic resilience. This paper presents an analytical approach for assessing seismic resilience that incorporates the influence of corrosion and mainshock-induced damages. Within this methodology, the conventional structural functionality formula is modified by incorporating a time-variant function that is dependent on mainshock damage states. An aftershock fragility is generated by the grouped damage data. An approach based on the total probability theorem is introduced to estimate the downtime caused by ageing and aftershock loadings. In the downtime estimation process, a color-tagged scheme is employed to differentiate between repair and rebuild scenarios for the damaged building. Subsequently, the seismic resilience can be evaluated using the acquired functionality, fragility, and downtime. The assessment procedure is implemented on a representative reinforced concrete frame structure to demonstrate its applicability. The results indicate that corrosion and aftershocks together cause a considerable drop in resilience index and an increase in downtime. The coupling effect of these two factors on resilience is larger than that of each individual factor. Taking into account the contribution of aftershocks and corrosion, the downtime resulting from structural damage is approximately 2.7 times longer than that associated with the mainshock alone. For the damage state induced by the mainshock, it is estimated that when the mainshock causes moderate damage to the structure, there is an approximate 22% reduction in seismic resilience, which should be considered when evaluating life-cycle resilience. The obtained results underscore the importance of considering aftershocks and corrosion, as neglecting them would lead to an overestimation of seismic resilience.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4609 - 4634"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic retrofitting of built-up battened columns through CFRP wrapping and grouting","authors":"Abdul Waheed,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Vafaei,&nbsp;Sophia C. Alih,&nbsp;Rafiq Ullah","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02222-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02222-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Built-up battened columns have been widely used in steel structures mainly because of providing a higher moment of inertia than solid sections with a similar weight. However, previous earthquakes and recent studies have demonstrated the poor seismic performance of these columns. This study proposes a strengthening method for deficient built-up battened columns through chord grouting and wrapping with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). Experimental works and numerical simulations were employed to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. The experimental works included quasi-static cyclic testing of four strengthened built-up battened columns with different batten spacing and chord distances. A comparison was made between the experimental results of the strengthened columns and four similar un-retrofitted built-up battened columns. Besides, the ABAQUS program was used to simulate 54 built-up battened columns with various batten spacing, chord distances, axial stresses, CFRPs layers, and strengthened panels. The results indicated that the proposed method prevented the buckling and bulging of flange and webs, respectively. Besides, the retrofitted columns exhibited a larger lateral strength and displacement capacity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4525 - 4563"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02222-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of steel buildings under multicomponent near-field ground motions and nonlinear soil-structure interaction","authors":"M. Farazmand,&nbsp;F. Behnamfar,&nbsp;A. Aziminejad","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02225-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02225-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Common building regulations typically establish the seismic design criteria based on earthquake movements occurring in far-field regions. For the areas close to faults, the codes have introduced specialized criteria or coefficients aimed at incorporating the influence of the related seismic effects into the design spectrum. While the application of these criteria is straightforward, the inherent uncertainty associated with the proposed methodologies hinders the ability to conduct a precise evaluation of the seismic performance of structures. This challenge is more pronounced concerning the distribution of drift and inelastic behavior of buildings in these regions, especially when they are influenced by the concurrent effects of three translational components of an earthquake and the flexibility of the foundation. Consequently, there is a necessity for more comprehensive investigations. In light of this, the present study conducts three-dimensional nonlinear time history analyses of 32 steel building models in OpenSees software, varying in the number of stories (ranging from 3 to 12), structural system types (special cross braced frames, SCBF and special moment resisting frames, SMRF), soil classifications (D and E based on ASCE 7–22), and base conditions (fixed and flexible). The analyses consider the simultaneous influence of three translational components of suitably selected near-field earthquake ground motions. Modeling of the soil flexibility is conducted using the Winkler approach. The comparative study of the fixed- and flexible-base structures indicates that soil-structure interaction significantly contributes to increased inter-story drifts, particularly in taller braced frames, with the first story experiencing increases of as much as 80%. Despite the decrease in the base shear due to the consideration of soil-structure interaction, it is responsible for increasing the plastic hinge rotations and the permanent displacement of the stories, particularly in the SCBF buildings. In the worst-case scenario, for the braces which are the key elements to controlling the seismic performance of the SCBF buildings, the plastic hinge rotations increase by as much as 5 times. Moreover, the permanent lateral displacement of the models can also increase by a factor of 3. In most cases, the maximum increase of the story drift due to base flexibility corresponds to the story where the story drift is the lowest in the fixed-base condition. Using the obtained results, an equation is proposed to convert the lateral displacements of a fixed-base building to those for the flexible-base case.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4871 - 4914"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic retrofitting of substandard RC frames using tube-in-tube buckling-restrained braces: shake table evaluation and field insights","authors":"Evrim Oyguc,&nbsp;Resat Oyguc,&nbsp;Abdul Hayir,&nbsp;Onur Seker,&nbsp;Jay Shen,&nbsp;Bulent Akbas","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02229-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02229-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of an all-steel Tube-in-Tube Buckling-Restrained Brace (TnT-BRB) system designed for the seismic retrofitting of substandard reinforced concrete (RC) frames. A significant portion of existing RC buildings, particularly those constructed prior to the adoption of modern seismic design codes, suffer from inadequate ductility, poor joint detailing, and insufficient lateral load resistance. To address these vulnerabilities, this research integrates large-scale cyclic testing of TnT-BRB components with shake table experiments on one-third scale, single-story RC frame specimens. The experimental program involved two geometrically identical frames: one unretrofitted and one equipped with the TnT BRB system. Subjected to progressively scaled horizontal ground motions, the retrofitted frame exhibited pronounced improvements in lateral stiffness, deformation capacity, and energy dissipation. By contrast, the bare frame sustained brittle joint failures, diagonal shear cracking, and considerable residual drift at moderate excitation levels. When subjected to ground motions scaled to replicate the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake, the retrofitted specimen remained structurally intact and stable, with the brace yielding in a controlled manner as intended. These outcomes were validated through detailed strain, acceleration, and displacement histories, as well as through post-test inspections. Field observations from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake further reinforce the system’s practical feasibility. Collectively, the findings demonstrate the TnT BRB system’s capacity to transform vulnerable RC frames into ductile, seismically resilient structures. The study supports the integration of such systems into performance-based retrofitting frameworks, offering a scalable and repairable solution for improving the seismic safety of existing RC buildings in high-risk regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4565 - 4608"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}