Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Prediction of Seismic Earth Pressure on Basement Walls of Buildings with Rigid Base Conditions","authors":"Quang Thien Buu Nguyen,&nbsp;Tae-Hun Hwang,&nbsp;Sung-Ryul Kim","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02538-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02538-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seismic increment of earth pressure during earthquake excitation is a key parameter in the seismic design of building basement walls. However, most previous studies have neglected the effects of soil–structure interaction and building inertia in evaluating seismic earth pressure. This study employs a direct numerical approach to simulate a building situated on a rigid rock base, with its basement walls embedded in the surrounding soil. A comprehensive parametric study was conducted to examine the influence of building and input motion characteristics on the seismic earth pressure under both rigid and compliant base conditions. Based on the results, a new analytical solution is proposed by extending previous approaches to account for rigid base conditions. The findings indicate that the normalized seismic thrust increases with the building’s height-to-depth and width-to-depth ratios, as well as with the peak ground acceleration and Arias intensity of the input motion. Moreover, the resultant seismic thrust acts approximately at mid-height of the wall. Comparative analysis confirms that the proposed solution achieves improved prediction accuracy compared to existing analytical models. Finally, a practical design procedure is presented to estimate the seismic earth pressure on basement walls under rigid-base conditions, providing a reliable and efficient approach for engineering applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"8229 - 8261"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization-based seismic design for tall timber buildings with hybrid cross-laminated timber walls coupled with steel link beams and hold-down dampers","authors":"Yuji Miyazu,&nbsp;Cristiano Loss","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02545-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02545-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Coupled walls (CWs) composed of cross-laminated timber (CLT) walls and steel link beams (SLBs) represent a high-performance option for lateral force-resisting systems in tall timber buildings. This paper proposes a computationally feasible optimization-based seismic design framework for tall timber buildings equipped with CLT walls coupled with SLBs, and hold-down dampers (HDDs) developing flag-shaped hysteresis behavior. The seismic design was formulated as a combinatorial multiobjective optimization problem in which the cross-section sizes of the SLBs and the capacity of the HDDs were set as design variables. A simulated annealing algorithm was employed to minimize the multiple objective functions, including the maximum section force in the CLT panel and the maximum SLB’s cross-section size and HDD’s uplift capacity. 18-story, 15-story, and 12-story tower-type buildings modeled as two-dimensional finite-element systems were optimized through nonlinear time-history analysis. Seismic performance was evaluated based on the fragility function generated by incremental dynamic analysis. The selected optimal solution showed a non-uniform SLB distribution reduced CLT’s section demand while maintaining the inter-story drift limits. Although the numerical model ignored the flexibility of diaphragms and the torsional modes of the system’s response, this research has displayed an implementation procedure for a heuristic-based performance-based seismic design approach for tall timber buildings with CLT-CW systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"9145 - 9171"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-026-02545-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic behavior of precast concrete beam-column joints with an innovative non-porous grouted sleeve connection","authors":"Hong Chang,&nbsp;Yi Yuan,&nbsp;Guanda Liu,&nbsp;Da Xu,&nbsp;Renwei Ma","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02514-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02514-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aiming at the quality bottlenecks of traditional grouting sleeves in construction, such as insufficient grouting compactness and duct blockage, this paper proposes a new type of non-porous structural grouting sleeve connection technology. Through refined numerical simulation, a systematic comparative study is conducted on the seismic performance of prefabricated beam-column joints using this connection technology and traditional cast-in-situ joints. The research results show that the new connection joints and cast-in-situ joints exhibit highly equivalent mechanical properties in terms of hysteretic characteristics and skeleton curve features, with displacement ductility coefficients all greater than 3.0, indicating favorable deformation capacity. Although the ultimate bearing capacity and cumulative energy dissipation of the prefabricated joints are slightly lower than those of the cast-in-situ joints, their overall mechanical performance meets the design requirement of “equivalence to cast-in-situ structures”. Damage evolution analysis reveals that the joints eventually present a shear failure mode, and the propagation of vertical cracks at the beam ends towards the core zone is the main cause inducing bearing capacity degradation. Parametric analysis further demonstrates that appropriately reducing the axial compression ratio, increasing the strength grade of longitudinal reinforcement, and enhancing the anchorage performance of grouting materials can significantly improve the energy dissipation capacity and bearing reserve of such joints. This study verifies the seismic reliability and engineering applicability of the new non-porous sleeve connection in precast frame structures, providing a new technical approach for the connection design of prefabricated concrete structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"8521 - 8564"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of bidirectional shaking on excess pore water pressure generation for liquefaction triggering evaluation","authors":"Cheng-Hsu Yang,&nbsp;Wenyang Zhang,&nbsp;Yu-Wei Hwang","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02550-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02550-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Current seismic design practices for numerical or experimental simulations are mainly based on unidirectional (UD) conditions. These methods did not consider the effects of bidirectional shaking on soil deposits with stratigraphic variability, potentially underestimating the excess pore water pressure generation and the resulting ground damage. This study performed three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear site response analyses to assess the effects of bidirectional and unidirectional shaking on excess pore water pressures in liquefiable soil deposits. The finite element model was validated through a free-field centrifuge test and a downhole array at the Lotung Site. The two horizontal components of each selected motion were rotated to find the maximum rotated peak ground acceleration (PGA). These two horizontal components, along with the RotD100 component, were applied to the base of each soil column for site response analysis under Bidirectional (BD) and Unidirectional (UD) shaking scenarios. A modified bidirectional shaking factor (BSF) for the factor of safety against liquefaction was proposed to account for increased excess pore water pressure due to bidirectional shaking. In summary, this study highlighted the importance of considering bidirectional shaking in liquefaction risk assessments. The proposed BSF framework was particularly valuable when cyclic resistance was derived from laboratory tests under UD loading.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"8107 - 8133"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cumulative fragility curves for seismic vulnerability assessment of damaged masonry buildings subjected to differential settlements","authors":"Marina Serpe,&nbsp;Alberto Barontini,&nbsp;Valentina Tomei,&nbsp;Ernesto Grande,&nbsp;Paulo B. Lourenço,&nbsp;Maura Imbimbo","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02543-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02543-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The seismic vulnerability of existing unreinforced masonry buildings is often assessed by considering a single external hazard. However, real-world scenarios frequently involve multiple hazards acting sequentially or simultaneously, leading to cumulative damage effects. Among these, differential foundation settlements and seismic actions, although moderate in intensity, can critically compromise structural performance when combined. This study investigates the influence of prior settlement-induced damage on the seismic capacity of unreinforced masonry façades. A comprehensive parametric analysis is performed using finite element modelling and nonlinear static analysis to develop fragility curves that capture the incremental seismic vulnerability associated with settlement damage. Various façade configurations are analysed under different geometric and structural conditions, considering a range of settlement scenarios in terms of intensity, location, and extent. The numerical framework is implemented through a Python-driven routine in Abaqus software, employing a homogenized model under plane-stress conditions. Each case studied involves two main analyses. First, a pushover analysis of the undamaged façade is performed to obtain the baseline capacity (i.e. without settlement). Subsequently, the same façade is subjected to foundation settlements and a second pushover analysis is carried out on the resulting damaged configuration, compared with the pushover response of the façade without settlements. The fragility curves for both intact and damaged façades allow for a quantitative assessment of seismic vulnerability degradation due to ground movement effects. The results indicate that even moderate settlements can substantially reduce seismic capacity, highlighting the interplay between settlement characteristics and façade properties and the importance of multi-hazard assessment for masonry structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"8885 - 8915"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic design approach for reinforced concrete frames infilled with sliding joint ductile infills","authors":"Simone Pelucco,&nbsp;Van Sang Doan,&nbsp;Marco Preti","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02515-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02515-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) frames infilled with deformable masonry panels that include horizontal sliding joints. These innovative infill systems are designed to mitigate the seismic deficiencies commonly observed in conventional RC buildings with rigid infills, where the strong interaction between the frame and the infill often causes brittle and undesirable failures. The study analyses the response of three RC structural frames with three, five, and seven storeys, by varying the infill properties and the design ductility classes, to evaluate how these parameters influence the overall seismic response. A further case study is introduced to reflect the common practice of including an opening, such as a door or window, in the masonry infill, leading to a reduced infill stiffness. The structural performance is assessed through linear, non-linear static, and non-linear dynamic time-history analyses, considering different seismic performance limit states. Particular attention is given to ductility verification, collapse mechanisms, and the evaluation of the behaviour factor capacity. Comparative results demonstrate that deformable infills incorporating sliding joints can effectively enhance structural performance and energy dissipation under seismic loading. The findings support their possible integration into performance-based seismic design methodologies and confirm that simplified analyses, such as response spectrum and pushover analyses, can provide reliable estimates of seismic demand when such ductile infill contributions are properly accounted for.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"8363 - 8396"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-026-02515-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Centrifuge model tests for distinguishing kinematic and inertial loads on single piles in liquefiable sloping ground","authors":"Chunhui Liu,&nbsp;Yida Xing,&nbsp;Lijun Deng,&nbsp;Arash Khosravifar,&nbsp;Qinghe Fang,&nbsp;Yongzhi Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02542-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02542-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Existing design guidelines for considering the kinematic and inertial effects on piles and their combination in seismic design of piles in liquefaction-induced lateral spreading ground provide conflicting recommendations, partly because experimental data on the phase relationship between the kinematic load and the inertial load on piles is limited. In this study, a centrifuge shaking table test was conducted on single piles embedded in a half sloping liquefiable ground. Two single piles with and without superstructure mass at pile heads were used to represent pile foundations with different loading combinations. The pile with a superstructure was used to simulate the seismic response under the combined effects of kinematic and inertial loads, while the pile without a superstructure simulated the response dominated by kinematic loads. The soil model consisted of a clay crust overlying a saturated loose sand layer, which was underlain by a saturated dense sand layer. The results showed that the depth of the maximum bending moment of the pile with a superstructure was shallower than that of the pile without a superstructure. The bending moment response of piles may be predominantly governed by inertial loads, even when the kinematic load was substantial. For the pile with a superstructure, the kinematic and inertial loads were out-of-phase, whereas for the pile without a superstructure with negligible inertial effect, the two loads were in-phase. The kinematic and inertial loads were out-of-phase when the natural period of pile was greater than that of the ground; otherwise, the two loads acted in-phase.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 10","pages":"8163 - 8186"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilience assessment of the urban and major roads endangered by earthquake-induced landslide","authors":"Dung Thi Phuong Tran,&nbsp;Muhammad Irslan Khalid,&nbsp;Jianbo Fei,&nbsp;Xiangsheng Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02539-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02539-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seismic resilience assessment of transportation infrastructure is a critical aspect of enhancing the disaster adaptation capacity of lifeline systems. As a key performance-based indicator, seismic resilience represents the next-generation design concept of performance-based seismic design. This study presents a quantitative framework for assessing the resilience of urban and major roads affected by earthquake-induced landslides. A detailed two-dimensional numerical model was developed in PLAXIS^2D, incorporating eight slope geometries defined by two slope heights (30 m and 45 m) and four slope angles (15°, 25°, 35°, and 45°). The seismic response of slopes was analyzed under 300 recorded ground motions. Seismic fragility curves for roads were generated using permanent displacement to capture the influence of the peak ground acceleration (PGA). By integrating fragility functions with restoration models, resilience curves were derived to quantify the ability of roads to withstand seismic damage and recover functionality. The resilience index curves were developed and evaluated. The findings show that both slope geometry and PGA exert significant influence on road functionality and recovery performance. The result indicates that at lower slope (e.g. 30 m) the functionality of roads recovers faster than those of higher slope (e.g. 45 m) around 7% after three days at PGA of 0.5 g. Additionally, under the increasing of PGA (e.g. from 0.5 g to 0.7 g), the functionality decreases by around 11% for urban road, and 5% for major road at one slope geometry. Furthermore, the proposed framework provides a quantitative methodology for resilience assessment and offers theoretical support for resilience design, optimization, and post-earthquake recovery planning of transportation infrastructure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"6919 - 6945"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A decoupled generative framework for physics-constrained non-stationary ground motion simulation","authors":"Jinping Wang,&nbsp;Zekun Xu,&nbsp;Jun Chen,&nbsp;Rongxin Zhao,&nbsp;Huayong Wu,&nbsp;Mengjie Xiang","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02548-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02548-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Earthquake ground motions demonstrate inherent non-stationarity and significant intensity variability due to the complex interaction of source mechanisms, propagation paths, and site conditions. This presents dual challenges for existing modeling approaches, including data scarcity in extreme scenarios and coupling of time-frequency-amplitude features. This paper proposes an innovative decoupled generative framework by hierarchically separating three stages: time-frequency generation, amplitude prediction, and time history reconstruction. First, leveraging a conditional generative model, peak-normalized acceleration time-frequency spectra are generated randomly based on key physical parameters as constraints, revealing temporal variations in frequency and amplitude. Then, a cross-attention mechanism is employed to fuse parameters and spectral representations, enabling precise prediction of peak ground acceleration (PGA). Lastly, a phase recovery algorithm is applied to reconstruct the time-frequency spectra into time-domain signals, with amplitude scaled by PGA to produce realistic waveforms. Additionally, data augmentation strategies are proposed to improve physical consistency, alongside a gradient field analysis method to quantify the impact of physical constraints and improve interpretability. To validate its extrapolation capabilities, comparative experiments with the end-to-end simulation method were conducted in cross-regional earthquake scenarios. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves better performance in both the accuracy of response spectra prediction and the fidelity of time-frequency detail restoration. This study provides a novel approach for stochastic simulation of strong earthquakes in data-scarce scenarios.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"6759 - 6786"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic performance of unbonded near-surface-mounted timber reinforcement for adobe walls with pre-existing seismic damage","authors":"Jianlong Yan,&nbsp;Kang Yuan,&nbsp;Haozhe Chen,&nbsp;Daxing Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10518-026-02523-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-026-02523-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study proposes an unbonded near-surface-mounted (NSM) timber reinforcement technique for in-service earthen buildings with pre-existing seismic damage. The proposed technique follows the principle of “repairing the old as original” and “strengthening with original materials”. Quasi-static tests were conducted on adobe walls in both unreinforced conditions and reinforced conditions with varying pre-existing seismic damage levels. The damage patterns and seismic performance of the walls after reinforcement were analyzed, focusing on the influence of the pre-damage level on the effectiveness of reinforcement. Based on further experimental data collection, the energy dissipation mode of this technique was compared with that of bonded NSM technique, thereby clarifying its seismic mechanism. The results show that although the unbonded NSM timber reinforcement does not change how the walls fail by diagonal shear, it effectively suppresses through-crack propagation through a spatial confinement effect formed by the vertical and horizontal timber framing combined with through-bolts. The lighter the pre-existing seismic damage is, the more evenly distributed the cracks become. The technique provides only a limited improvement in wall load-bearing capacity (less than 15%), but significantly enhances the wall’s deformation capacity and energy dissipation, with increases of 45.57%~72.61% and 79.51%~128.32%, respectively, while also effectively delaying the stiffness degradation process. These effects are particularly strong in slightly damaged or lower-level walls. With its low cost and significant improvement in collapse resistance, this technique has broad application potential in rural dwellings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"24 9","pages":"7415 - 7438"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}