Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of seismic collapse performance of RC frames with strengthened masonry infill walls under February 6, 2023 earthquakes in Türkiye","authors":"Huseyin Cilsalar,&nbsp;Ozgur Anil","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02223-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02223-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two destructive earthquakes on February 6, 2023, in Türkiye, have demonstrated the importance of seismic retrofitting of those structures with weak seismic performance since many reinforced concrete (RC) structures have collapsed or experienced heavy damage. Many structures are seriously damaged in eleven different provinces. According to authorities, almost 250,000 structures suffered severe damage or were destroyed, more than 50,000 people lost their lives, and more than 100,000 people were injured. These two major earthquakes have once again highlighted the need to strengthen RC structures with inadequate seismic performance before or retrofit after earthquakes. Adding a reinforced stucco layer to the masonry infill walls is a preferred, easy-to-apply, cost-effective and less labor-intensive method for strengthening RC frame structures. This study investigates the effect of a masonry infill walls strengthening method for reinforced concrete structural frames and the purpose of the work is to show seismic performance enhancement with the strengthening method. The behavior of three different models is simulated, and seismic performance is observed for classical and strengthened infill walls. Incremental dynamic analysis procedure is applied with earthquake motions from February 6, 2023 events in Türkiye. Earthquake simulation program OpenSees is used for the time history analysis in this study. Results indicate that strengthening infill walls by adding a rebar layer with mortar can enhance buildings’ seismic performance. Also, the seismic collapse probabilities of frames within fifty years are evaluated, and the results of strengthened infill walls are compared with the classical walls. Results indicate that strengthening method can reduce collapse probability of frames in fifty years around 30% depending on structural properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4499 - 4524"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical analysis of site effect indicators at the Italian seismic network: inside the site characterization database CRISP","authors":"Giovanna Cultrera,&nbsp;Alessia Mercuri","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02212-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02212-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the relationships among various site-effect proxies collected in the CRISP database (http://crisp.ingv.it/), which archives site characterization data of the Italian National Seismic Network. We analyzed the Horizontal-to-Vertical spectral ratio (HVSR), derived from both earthquake and noise measurements at 320 stations, as a primary indicator of site effects. Our research also explored HVSR’s correlation with topography and site classes, lithology, and magnitude residuals. This extensive dataset allowed us to group the HVSR curves into four distinct clusters based on their shapes, facilitating detailed comparisons between earthquake- and noise-derived estimates. The analysis revealed that: (i) approximately half of the permanent stations exhibit significant amplification, with amplitudes exceeding 2; (ii) although HVSR from noise generally mirrored that from earthquakes, it often showed lower or equal amplitudes of the curves but higher amplitude of resonance frequency, likely due to different wavefield compositions. The correlation between HVSR and other proxies displayed a weak but statistically significant dependence on lithology, site classes and magnitude residuals. Specifically, as soil characteristics degrade, the resonance frequency decreases, and its amplitude slightly increases. Furthermore, local magnitude tends to be overestimated at sites exhibiting HVSR amplification at frequencies below 2–3 Hz. No correlation was found with topographic classes. A significant challenge in clearly distinguishing HVSR behavior among soil categories, as defined by current building codes, arises from the considerable standard deviation observed. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that integrating seismological data, including HVSR curves, fundamental frequency, and amplitude, can substantially optimize soil class definitions within the updated Eurocode 8 framework.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4365 - 4390"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02212-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revision of empirical NGA-West2 horizontal ground-motion models using fixed-effects and mixed-effects regression and Bayesian inference","authors":"Kenneth W. Campbell,&nbsp;Yousef Bozorgnia,&nbsp;Nicolas M. Kuehn","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02218-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02218-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article presents a revision of empirical ground-motion models (GMMs) for the horizontal components of 5%-damped pseudo-spectral acceleration, peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, cumulative absolute velocity, and Arias intensity that were originally developed by the first two authors as part of the NGA-West2 Program. The GMMs were refit using fixed-effects (i.e., no random effects) and mixed-effects regression analyses that include either (1) events as a random or repeatable effect or (2) both events and sites as random or repeatable effects. True estimates of the variance components were obtained using Bayesian inference that incorporates uncertainty in the random effects and within-group errors (i.e., the residuals). As a result, the aleatory standard deviations are larger than those calculated directly from the residuals that ignore this uncertainty. Goodness-of-fit metrics show that the GMMs were improved by adding events as a random effect and improved even further by adding sites as a random effect. We found the variance components other than the between-site standard deviation to be magnitude dependent. We recommend use of the GMM that includes both events and sites as random effects because of its appropriate modeling of repeatable effects and its superior goodness-of-fit metrics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4305 - 4334"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic failure mode-based prediction method for flexural design capacities of precast reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete beams","authors":"Yukun Hu,&nbsp;Jitao Yao,&nbsp;Kaikai Cheng,&nbsp;Luyang Zhang,&nbsp;Meng Ran,&nbsp;Hao Li,&nbsp;Jiewei Xu","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02219-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02219-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the growing use of precast concrete structures in construction, the reliability-based design (RBD) of bending capabilities of precast reinforced concrete (RC) and prestressed reinforced concrete (PRC) beams has become increasingly important. Traditional RBD methods, such as the partial safety factor design (PSFD), suffer from limited precast beam data for calibration and fail to consider the impact of different failure modes on flexural capacity. This oversight can lead to an unreliable estimated flexural design capacity. Hence, a robust RBD approach must account for the unique features of precast beams, including limited sample sizes and failure modes. In this study, a probabilistic failure mode-based design model for evaluating the flexural capacities of precast RC/PRC beams was developed and integrated with the probabilistic confidence-based estimation (PCBE) RBD method, which is suitable for small samples. This combined approach enables reliable estimation of flexural design capacities of precast RC/PRC beams. The proposed resistance design model was validated against the maximum bending moments of 74 RC and 69 PRC beams. Comparative analysis indicates that the predicted flexural capacities align well with experimental results. Furthermore, the validity of the combined method was verified using collected test datasets of RC/PRC beams, and partial safety factors corresponding to different failure modes were provided. The proposed method offers a practical approach for conducting effective reliability analysis of precast RC structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4463 - 4498"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IJMA-based evaluation of ground motion recordings from Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes","authors":"Florin Pavel,&nbsp;Alexandru Aldea","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02220-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02220-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A ground motion database of about 600 recordings from 15 intermediate-depth Vrancea earthquakes which occurred in the period 1977–2024 was assembled for this study. The Japan Meteorological Agency intensity (<i>I</i>_<i>JMA</i>) is evaluated for all the recordings in the database in order to have a more objective measure of the ground motion intensity since <i>I</i>_<i>JMA</i> takes into account both the amplitude, and the frequency content, as well. The results of the analyses show no visible trends in the variation of <i>I</i>_<i>JMA</i> with the horizontal peak ground acceleration as a function of the soil class. The ANOVA method shows that the earthquake magnitude is the most relevant parameter influencing <i>I</i>_<i>JMA</i>, while the soil class is the least relevant one. It has also been observed that the normal probability is appropriate for modelling the distribution of <i>I</i>_<i>JMA</i> for a given seismic event. Moreover, it has been observed that the horizontal components having the largest <i>I</i>_<i>JMA</i> for the largest five earthquakes in the database (the events of 1977, 1986, 1990 and 2004) can be considered as being pulse-like. The coefficient of variation for the <i>PGA</i> evaluated for the ground motions recorded in Bucharest area is on average 3.7 times larger than the one corresponding to <i>I</i>_<i>JMA</i>. An empirical model using the earthquake magnitude and the horizontal peak ground acceleration as parameters is proposed for the evaluation of <i>I</i>_<i>JMA</i>. Finally, the computed mean annual rate of exceedance for Bucharest for a level <i>I</i>_<i>JMA</i> = 5.0 is of about 0.02, a value obtained both from observations and from a simulated Monte-Carlo earthquake catalogue.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4285 - 4303"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02220-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-based seismic vulnerability assessment of aging building stocks at city scale","authors":"Konstantinos Skalomenos,&nbsp;Dongxu Chen,&nbsp;Xuchuan Lin,&nbsp;Konstantinos Morfidis","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02210-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02210-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Earthquakes pose significant risks to urban areas, often leading to devastating economic losses and casualties. This paper aims to introduce YouSimulator, an innovative city-wide seismic damage simulation software, as a valuable platform for assessing urban resilience to earthquakes. Applied to Thessaloniki, Greece—a city with a notable seismic history as it was the first modern metropolitan area in Greece to be hit by a catastrophic earthquake—YouSimulator demonstrates its ability to quantify the functional integrity of urban areas by creating a digital twin of 1,252 buildings. The software consists of four key functional modules enabling automated modeling, seismic response calculations, comprehensive analysis of multi-degree-of-freedom responses and three-dimensional visualization of the seismic response. Utilizing parallel computing and high-performance algorithms, YouSimulator automates the assessment of building vulnerability, calculating a generalized damage index that categorizes buildings into five levels: free of damage, minor damage, moderate damage, severe damage, and destroyed/collapsed. The analysis reveals that Thessaloniki’s downtown performs satisfactorily under design earthquake scenarios, with no building collapses but a significant reduction in overall strength capacity of buildings. Notably, older pre-code reinforced concrete structures, which make up 96.3% of the building stock, exhibit high seismic vulnerability, highlighting the urgent need for retrofitting measures. Medium and tall buildings show increased susceptibility to severe damage, indicating a need for height-specific mitigation strategies. Additionally, pre-1959 buildings facing severe damage state should be targeted for structural interventions. Overall, this research validates YouSimulator for assessing urban seismic vulnerability and emphasizes the necessity of integrating detailed local seismic data into urban planning efforts to bolster resilience of cities against future earthquakes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 11","pages":"4391 - 4428"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02210-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of 2D site effects for seismic microzonation studies: application to Eastern Sicily (Italy)","authors":"Salvatore Grasso,&nbsp;Maria Stella Vanessa Sammito","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02217-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02217-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using three Levels of detail with increasing complexity in terms of approaches and information required, Seismic Microzonation studies aim to map and assess the seismic ground response and the susceptibility to ground instability phenomena. In this paper, attention is focused on the assessment of 2D site effects for Seismic Microzonation studies of Level 3 performed for several municipalities located in Eastern Sicily (Italy) characterized by high seismic risk. The Seismic Microzonation studies of Level 3 required the collection of all existing geological, geotechnical and geophysical data performed in the investigated areas to define coherent subsoil models and the reference geological cross-sections for each municipality. The software REXELite was employed to select datasets of accelerometric waveforms from the Engineering Strong Motion database to be used for the ground response analyses. 2D Finite Elements Method analyses were performed using PLAXIS2D software. The Hardening Soil model with small-strain stiffness, that includes an increased soil stiffness for small strains, was adopted to model the soil non-linearity. In the framework of Seismic Microzonation studies, Amplification Factors were computed for three different period intervals and then compared with the simplified approach provided by the Italian seismic code for the evaluation of site effects, which is based on the definition of soil and topographic classes. Finally, the Topographic Aggravation Factor was assessed for each reference geological cross-section, demonstrating the importance of considering topographic effects in Seismic Microzonation studies. The outcome of this study provides a valuable base for engineers and planners in developing mitigation policies for the seismic risk reduction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 10","pages":"3889 - 3922"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144832111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiber modelling approach for seismic analysis of flexure-controlled rc columns with ribbed bars calibrated on unidirectional experimental tests","authors":"Mariano Di Domenico,&nbsp;Francesca Barbagallo,&nbsp;Marco Terrenzi,&nbsp;Cristina Cantagallo,&nbsp;Paolo Ricci,&nbsp;Guido Camata,&nbsp;Edoardo M. Marino,&nbsp;Enrico Spacone,&nbsp;Gerardo M. Verderame","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02211-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02211-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, a fiber-section model for the seismic analysis of ductile reinforced concrete columns with ribbed bars is proposed. The model is based on the simulation of the results of uniaxial-bending experimental tests and is built by using OpenSees software. Material models are proposed to replicate the response of cover concrete, of core concrete, and of steel rebars. A modelling strategy already proposed in the literature is incorporated in the proposed model to account for strain penetration effects. Correction coefficients are calibrated to account for the additional confinement provided to the end sections of structural members by other structural members, such as foundation elements. Literature formulations are applied to account for the fracture in tension of longitudinal rebars after buckling in compression. The proposed model can be adopted for the seismic nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 10","pages":"3953 - 3984"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144832063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical relationships between permanent and maximum displacements for post-earthquake evaluation using advanced hysteretic models","authors":"Panagiota Katsimpini","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02215-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02215-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Implementing advanced material-specific hysteretic models in structural analysis has opened new possibilities for post-earthquake damage assessment. This study introduces a novel methodology for estimating maximum seismic displacements utilizing the Takeda model for reinforced concrete and the AlBermani model for steel structures in single-degree-of-freedom systems. The research establishes correlations between residual and maximum displacements based on an extensive series of numerical simulations incorporating far-field and near-fault earthquake records. The developed mathematical relationships account for the distinct hysteretic behavior of different structural materials, providing a practical tool for post-earthquake evaluation. Field measurements of residual deformations can be directly applied to these relationships, enabling rapid assessment of maximum displacement demands experienced during seismic events. Statistical validation demonstrates the reliability of the proposed approach across various ground motion characteristics and structural parameters.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 10","pages":"4159 - 4186"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144832064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shake table experiments and numerical simulation on the effects of damage and strengthening on dynamic behavior of RC frames","authors":"Abdulhamit Nakipoglu,&nbsp;Mahmud Sami Donduren","doi":"10.1007/s10518-025-02214-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10518-025-02214-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents an investigation on the effects of damage and strengthening on the dynamic behavior of buildings. Forced vibration tests were carried out on the shake table of two 1/3 scale, 3D, 2-story, single-span reinforced concrete frame specimens produced in laboratory. The damage was created by weakening the joint areas. Then the damaged zones were repaired and strengthening methods using in-plane reinforced concrete shear walls and X-shaped steel diagonal bracings were applied. The aim here is to perform a dynamic-based performance evaluation of these two commonly used global systemic strengthening techniques in practice. A total of more than 105 forced vibration experiments were carried out under 4 different intensities of dynamic load in different conditions of the specimens. Dynamic parameters were determined with the experimental modal analysis method. Moreover, story displacements time history, base shears time history, base shear-top displacement hysteresis curves, and lateral translational stiffnesses were obtained. In addition, numerical analyses using ETABS finite element software were also conducted. As a result, it was observed that the damage reduced the lateral translational stiffnesses by about 50%, steel bracings increased the stiffness in the damaged condition by 147% and RC shear walls increased it by 381%. On average, the 1st natural frequency decreased by 36.5% in the damaged conditions, increased by 83% in the strengthened conditions compared to the damaged conditions. Strengthening of the members tends to limit the soft story behavior. In general, although its application is difficult, the best performance in all studied parameters was obtained from the specimen strengthened with in-plane reinforced concrete shear walls.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":9364,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering","volume":"23 10","pages":"3923 - 3951"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10518-025-02214-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144832061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}