Brain Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Classification of Current Experimental Models of Epilepsy.","authors":"Carmen Rubio, Héctor Romo-Parra, Alejandro López-Landa, Moisés Rubio-Osornio","doi":"10.3390/brainsci14101024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14101024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This article provides an overview of several experimental models, including in vivo, genetics, chemical, knock-in, knock-out, electrical, in vitro, and optogenetics models, that have been employed to investigate epileptogenesis. The present review introduces a novel categorization of these models, taking into account the fact that the most recent classification that gained widespread acceptance was established by Fisher in 1989. A significant number of such models have become virtually outdated.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This paper specifically examines the models that have contributed to the investigation of partial seizures, generalized seizures, and status epilepticus.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>A description is provided of the primary features associated with the processes that produce and regulate the symptoms of various epileptogenesis models. Numerous experimental epilepsy models in animals have made substantial contributions to the investigation of particular brain regions that are capable of inducing seizures. Experimental models of epilepsy have also enabled the investigation of the therapeutic mechanisms of anti-epileptic medications. Typically, animals are selected for the development and study of experimental animal models of epilepsy based on the specific form of epilepsy being investigated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Currently, it is established that specific animal species can undergo epileptic seizures that resemble those described in humans. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that a comprehensive assessment of all forms of human epilepsy has not been feasible. However, these experimental models, both those derived from channelopathies and others, have provided a limited comprehension of the fundamental mechanisms of this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142494976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal Fusion of EEG and Audio Spectrogram for Major Depressive Disorder Recognition Using Modified DenseNet121.","authors":"Musyyab Yousufi, Robertas Damaševičius, Rytis Maskeliūnas","doi":"10.3390/brainsci14101018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14101018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>This study investigates the classification of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) using electroencephalography (EEG) Short-Time Fourier-Transform (STFT) spectrograms and audio Mel-spectrogram data of 52 subjects. The objective is to develop a multimodal classification model that integrates audio and EEG data to accurately identify depressive tendencies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We utilized the Multimodal open dataset for Mental Disorder Analysis (MODMA) and trained a pre-trained Densenet121 model using transfer learning. Features from both the EEG and audio modalities were extracted and concatenated before being passed through the final classification layer. Additionally, an ablation study was conducted on both datasets separately.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proposed multimodal classification model demonstrated superior performance compared to existing methods, achieving an Accuracy of 97.53%, Precision of 98.20%, F1 Score of 97.76%, and Recall of 97.32%. A confusion matrix was also used to evaluate the model's effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The paper presents a robust multimodal classification approach that outperforms state-of-the-art methods with potential application in clinical diagnostics for depression assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11505707/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Improving Balance in Healthy Older Adults and Older Adults with Stroke: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Shih-Chiao Tseng, Sharon Dunnivan-Mitchell, Dana Cherry, Shuo-Hsiu Chang","doi":"10.3390/brainsci14101021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14101021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Age-related decline in balance and postural control is common in healthy elders and is escalated in aging adults with stroke. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as one of the promising brain stimulations adjoining therapeutic exercise to enhance the recovery of balance and motor functions in persons with and without neurological disorders. This review aims to summarize and compare the available evidence of the tDCS on improving balance in the older adults without neurological disorders and the older adults with stroke. <b>Methods</b>: The Ovid (Medline) database was searched from its inception through to 06/15/2024 for randomized controlled trials investigating tDCS for improving balance in older adults with and without stroke. <b>Results</b>: Overall, 20 appropriate studies (including 271 stroke subjects and 259 healthy older adults) were found. The data indicate mixed results of tDCS for improving balance in older adults with and without stroke. <b>Conclusions</b>: Based on current research evidence, we have not found a specific tDCS protocol that is more effective than other tDCS protocols for improving balance and postural control in healthy older adults and older adults with stroke. Further research should explore the ideal tDCS approach, possibly in conjunction with standard interventions, to optimize postural control and balance in healthy older adults and older adults with stroke.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Sonkaya et al. Using Objective Speech Analysis Techniques for the Clinical Diagnosis and Assessment of Speech Disorders in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. <i>Brain Sci.</i> 2024, <i>14</i>, 384.","authors":"Zeynep Z Sonkaya, Bilgin Özturk, Rıza Sonkaya, Esra Taskiran, Ömer Karadas","doi":"10.3390/brainsci14101019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14101019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the original publication [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142516291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep Matters in Chronotype and Mental Health Association: Evidence from the UK and Germany.","authors":"Satyam Chauhan, Kaja Faßbender, Rakesh Pandey, Ray Norbury, Ulrich Ettinger, Veena Kumari","doi":"10.3390/brainsci14101020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14101020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is considerable evidence supporting the elevated risk of mental health problems in individuals with evening chronotype relative to those with morning or intermediate chronotypes. Recent data, however, suggest that this risk may be explained, at least partially, by poor sleep quality.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study aimed to further clarify the roles of chronotype and sleep quality in mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, stress) in young individuals (18-40 years) living in the UK (n = 185) or Germany (n = 209).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Consistent with our recent observations in a comparable North Indian sample, we found that poor quality of sleep had significantly positive associations with adverse mental health outcomes both in the UK and Germany-based samples. Significant associations between evening chronotype and poor mental health were also evident, but these associations were fully mediated by poor quality of sleep in both samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These observations suggest that efforts to identify sleep disruption in a timely manner and promotion of good sleep may prevent mental health problems, especially in individuals with evening chronotype and other known risks for mental disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11505704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142494984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In the Arms of Morpheus: Recent Advances in Dreaming and in Other Sleep-Related Metacognitions.","authors":"Sérgio Mota-Rolim, Brigitte Holzinger, Michael R Nadorff, Luigi De Gennaro","doi":"10.3390/brainsci14101017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14101017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dreams have always fascinated humans [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506218/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Resting-State Brain Characteristics of Skeleton Athletes and Non-Athletes: A Preliminary Resting-State fMRI Study.","authors":"Xinhong Jin, Shuying Chen, Yapeng Qi, Qichen Zhou, Jian Wang, Yingying Wang, Chenglin Zhou","doi":"10.3390/brainsci14101016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14101016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: This study investigates the resting-state brain characteristics of skeleton athletes compared to healthy age-matched non-athletes, using resting-state fMRI to investigate long-term skeleton-training-related changes in the brain. (2) Methods: Eleven skeleton athletes and twenty-three matched novices with no prior experience with skeleton were recruited. Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and seed-based functional connectivity analyses were explored to investigate resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data, aiming to elucidate differences in resting-state brain function between the two groups. (3) Results: Compared to the control group, skeleton athletes exhibited significantly higher ALFF in the left fusiform, left inferior temporal gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, left and right insula, left Rolandic operculum, left inferior frontal gyrus, and left superior temporal gyrus. Skeleton athletes exhibit stronger functional connectivity in brain regions associated with cognitive and motor control (superior frontal gyrus, insula), as well as those related to reward learning (putamen), visual processing (precuneus), spatial cognition (inferior parietal), and emotional processing (amygdala), during resting-state brain function. (4) Conclusions: The study contributes to understanding how motor training history shapes skeleton athletes' brains, which have distinct neural characteristics compared to the control population, indicating potential adaptations in brain function related to their specialized training and expertise in the sport.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142494991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feature Contributions and Predictive Accuracy in Modeling Adolescent Daytime Sleepiness Using Machine Learning: The MeLiSA Study.","authors":"Mohammed A Mamun, Jannatul Mawa Misti, Md Emran Hasan, Firoj Al-Mamun, Moneerah Mohammad ALmerab, Johurul Islam, Mohammad Muhit, David Gozal","doi":"10.3390/brainsci14101015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14101015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) among adolescents poses significant risks to academic performance, mental health, and overall well-being. This study examines the prevalence and risk factors of EDS in adolescents in Bangladesh and utilizes machine learning approaches to predict the risk of EDS. <b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1496 adolescents using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected through a two-stage stratified cluster sampling method. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS. Machine learning models, including Categorical Boosting (CatBoost), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), were employed to identify and predict EDS risk factors using Python and Google Colab. <b>Results:</b> The prevalence of EDS in the cohort was 11.6%. SHAP values from the CatBoost model identified self-rated health status, gender, and depression as the most significant predictors of EDS. Among the models, GBM achieved the highest accuracy (90.15%) and precision (88.81%), while CatBoost had comparable accuracy (89.48%) and the lowest log loss (0.25). ROC-AUC analysis showed that CatBoost and GBM performed robustly in distinguishing between EDS and non-EDS cases, with AUC scores of 0.86. Both models demonstrated the superior predictive performance for EDS compared to others. <b>Conclusions:</b> The study emphasizes the role of health and demographic factors in predicting EDS among adolescents in Bangladesh. Machine learning techniques offer valuable insights into the relative contribution of these factors, and can guide targeted interventions. Future research should include longitudinal and interventional studies in diverse settings to improve generalizability and develop effective strategies for managing EDS among adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11506069/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EEG Evidence of Acute Stress Enhancing Inhibition Control by Increasing Attention.","authors":"Bingxin Yan, Yifan Wang, Yuxuan Yang, Di Wu, Kewei Sun, Wei Xiao","doi":"10.3390/brainsci14101013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14101013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Research about the impact of acute stress on inhibitory control remains a contentious topic, with no consensus reached thus far. This study aims to investigate the effects of acute stress on an individual's inhibitory control abilities and to elucidate the underlying neural mechanisms by analyzing resting state electroencephalogram (EEG) data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited 32 male college students through participant recruitment information to undergo within-subject experiments under stress and non-stress conditions. Physiological indicators (cortisol and heart rate), self-report questionnaires, and behavioral data from the Stroop task were collected before, during, and after the experiment. Additionally, a five-minute eyes closed resting state EEG data collection was conducted during the Stroop task before.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>(1) Acute stress led to a reduction in the conflict effect during the participants' Stroop task in individuals. (2) Stress resulted in an increase in the power of the beta in the resting state EEG. (3) Acute stress caused an increase in the duration of class D and an increase in the transition probabilities from classes C and B to class D in the microstates of the resting state EEG. (4) Acute stress leads to an increase in beta power values in individuals' resting state EEGs, which is significantly negatively correlated with the reduction of the conflict effect in the Stroop task under stress.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Acute stress can enhance individuals' attentional level, thereby promoting inhibitory control performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11505912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142494995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-Stimulus Activity of Left and Right TPJ in Linguistic Predictive Processing: A MEG Study.","authors":"Sara Lago, Sara Zago, Valentina Bambini, Giorgio Arcara","doi":"10.3390/brainsci14101014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14101014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The left and right temporoparietal junctions (TPJs) are two brain areas involved in several brain networks, largely studied for their diverse roles, from attentional orientation to theory of mind and, recently, predictive processing. In predictive processing, one crucial concept is prior precision, that is, the reliability of the predictions of incoming stimuli. This has been linked with modulations of alpha power as measured with electrophysiological techniques, but TPJs have seldom been studied in this framework.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present article investigates, using magnetoencephalography, whether spontaneous oscillations in pre-stimulus alpha power in the left and right TPJs can modulate brain responses during a linguistic task that requires predictive processing in literal and non-literal sentences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, results show that pre-stimulus alpha power in the rTPJ was associated with post-stimulus responses only in the left superior temporal gyrus, while lTPJ pre-stimulus alpha power was associated with post-stimulus activity in Broca's area, left middle temporal gyrus, and left superior temporal gyrus.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We conclude that both the right and left TPJs have a role in linguistic prediction, involving a network of core language regions, with differences across brain areas and linguistic conditions that can be parsimoniously explained in the context of predictive processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11505736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142494980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}