Brain Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing Grip Strength and Manual Dexterity in Unilateral Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Trial of Mirror Visual Feedback vs. Modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy.","authors":"Mohamed A Abdel Ghafar, Osama R Abdelraouf, Nouf H Alkhamees, Mariam E Mohamed, Eman M Harraz, Mohamed K Seyam, Zizi M Ibrahim, Amani Alnamnakani, Amal A Elborady, Rafik E Radwan","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030305","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Manual dexterity and hand strength are common challenges in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP), limiting the use of their affected upper limb and impacting daily activities. The efficacy of a long-duration Mirror Visual Feedback (MVF) program compared to Modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (mCIMT) in addressing these issues remains unreported. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of mCIMT and MVF in improving manual dexterity and hand strength in children with UCP. <b>Methods</b>: Fifty children with UCP (aged 5-9 years) were randomly assigned to either the MVF or mCIMT group. Children in both groups received their respective interventions for 30 min, five times per week, over 12 weeks. Additionally, all participants underwent traditional physical therapy for 12 weeks, three times per week, with each session lasting 45 to 60 min. Manual dexterity was assessed using the Box and Block Test (BBT), and maximum isometric hand strength was measured with a hydraulic handheld dynamometer. Evaluations were conducted before the intervention and 12 weeks later. <b>Results</b>: Repeated measures of MANOVA revealed significant enhancements in manual dexterity and hand strength in both groups after the intervention. However, the mCIMT group demonstrated significantly greater gains in BBT scores (<i>p</i> = 0.014) and maximum isometric hand strength (<i>p</i> = 0.017) compared to the MVF group, with effect sizes of <b>0.75 and 0.79,</b> respectively. <b>Conclusions</b>: Incorporating either mCIMT or MVF into rehabilitation significantly enhances manual dexterity and hand strength in children with UCP, with mCIMT yielding superior outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Perspectives on Sleep Health: Definitions, Disparities, and Implications for Public Health.","authors":"Lourdes M DelRosso","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030304","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sleep health is a multidimensional construct encompassing sleep quality, duration, efficiency, regularity, and alignment with circadian rhythms, playing a crucial role in overall well-being. Sleep health remains inconsistently defined across research and clinical settings despite its importance, limiting the ability to standardize assessments and interventions. Recent studies have emphasized the significance of defining sleep health beyond the absence of sleep disorders, integrating subjective and objective measures to assess its impact on physical and mental health outcomes. Disparities in sleep health exist across gender, socioeconomic status, and geographic regions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where inconsistent work schedules, economic stress, and healthcare access influence sleep patterns. Poor sleep health is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease, obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and mental health disorders, reinforcing its role as a modifiable risk factor in public health. Lifestyle factors such as caffeine consumption, physical activity, and irregular eating patterns also contribute to sleep disturbances, highlighting the need for behavioral interventions. This narrative review aims to synthesize the current knowledge on sleep health, focusing on its definitions, measurement tools, global disparities, and associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940572/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infarct Growth Rate Predicts Early Neurological Improvement in Ischemic Stroke After Endovascular Thrombectomy.","authors":"Zhihang Huang, Shuaiyu Chen, Bin Wei, Yan E, Jingwen Qi, Xiaohao Zhang, Teng Jiang","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030303","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>The infarct growth rate (IGR) is a major modifier of the therapeutic effect of endovascular thrombectomy. The objective of this paper was to explore the utility of the IGR measured by perfusion the imaging in predicting early neurological improvement (ENI) of patients treated with EVT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed consecutive large vessel occlusive stroke in the anterior circulation and treated by thrombectomy between October 2019 to July 2024. The IGR was defined as the ischemic core volume (apparent diffusion coefficient ≤ 620 × 10^-6 mm²/s or relative cerebral blood flow < 30%) divided by the time from stroke onset to imaging. ENI was defined as a reduction ≥ 6 points in the NIH Stroke Scale score at 24 h after the procedure, or an NIH Stroke Scale score of 0 or 1 on day 7 of hospitalization or at discharge if it occurred before day 7.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 407 patients (mean age, 69.3 ± 12.5 years; 63.1% of male) were included, of whom 149 (36.6%) achieved ENI. Among all enrolled patients, 281 patients were classified as slow (IGR < 10 mL/h) and 126 fast progressors (IGR ≥ 10 mL/h). In multivariable analyses, fast progressors had a lower likelihood of achieving ENI after endovascular thrombectomy (odds ratio, 0.442; 95% confidence intervals, 0.269-0.729, <i>p</i> = 0.001) as compared to slow progressors. Subgroup analyses further confirmed these results. Furthermore, the odds of ENI decreased by 7.3% for each 5 mL/h increase in the IGR (odds ratio, 0.927; 95% confidence intervals, 0.875-0.982, <i>p</i> = 0.011).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present study found that the pre-treatment IGR was associated with ENI in thrombectomy patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940323/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"I Got Rhythm and Executive Function, Memory, and More: The Automated Test of Embodied Cognition (ATEC).","authors":"Morris D Bell, Yarani Gonzalez, Andrea J Weinstein, David Ciosek, Yan Wang, Gihyun Yoon","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030299","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: The Automated Test of Embodied Cognition (ATEC) is a new system for measuring cognition in action that uses cognitively demanding physical tasks and motion capture technology. Rhythm is one of the domains assessed by the ATEC across a number of tasks and is a domain for which there is no broadly accepted neurocognitive measure. <b>Method</b>: Rhythm was assessed in a sample of 104 participants that included those at risk of cognitive decline and community controls. At-risk participants were also administered standard measures of executive functioning (EF), verbal list-learning, story memory, visual memory, and pre-morbid IQ. <b>Results</b>: The ATEC Rhythm Domain was found in the factor analysis with Varimax rotation to be loaded distinctly on the EF factor. ATEC Rhythm was significantly correlated with EF neurocognitive measures, and, in a Chi-square analysis, significantly differentiated the community control participants from those at risk for cognitive decline. ATEC Rhythm was significantly correlated with story memory and visual memory but not verbal list-learning. Age was negatively correlated with ATEC Rhythm, and women performed slightly better than men. ATEC Rhythm was also significantly correlated with the years of education and an estimate of pre-morbid IQ. <b>Discussion</b>: ATEC Rhythm was found to have discriminant and concurrent validity with EF measures and was significantly correlated with measures of story memory and visual memory, but not verbal list-learning. We speculate on rhythm's relationship to story narrative and visual sequencing, and on rhythm's relationship to cognitive reserve, as represented by education and the pre-morbid IQ estimate. <b>Conclusions</b>: The ATEC is a promising new measure that provides a systematic assessment of rhythm as a domain of embodied cognition. It may be useful in studies of neurodevelopment and neurocognitive decline, and it may be especially useful in assessing the effects of interventions that use physical activities, including dance and music therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940590/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Media Mindsets and Well-Being in Emerging Adults: A Serial Mediation of Facebook Addiction and Stress.","authors":"Dariusz Krok, Magdalena Półtorak","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030301","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Emerging adults live in a time of rapid technological change, with social media playing a central role in their daily lives. While frequent use of social media is linked to reduced well-being, it also supports personal growth and the pursuit of individual goals. This study aims to identify the relationships between attitudes toward social media and psychological well-being in the context of the mediating roles of Facebook addiction and perceived stress in emerging adulthood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 294 participants, with a mean age of 23.76 years (SD = 3.23). The following tools were used to measure the variables: the Social Media Mindsets Scale (translated by the authors), the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Psychological Well-Being Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Correlation and mediation analyses were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings confirmed most of the assumptions. Attitudes toward social media were positively correlated with psychological well-being. Furthermore, Facebook addiction and perceived stress serve as serial mediators between attitudes toward social media and well-being.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on the results, practical interventions can be developed to prevent addictions and reinforce stress management, which will help young people maintain their well-being and mental health.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940640/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of Insomnia in Forensic Psychiatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Maaike Marina Van Veen, Gretha Johanna Boersma, Julie Karsten, Marike Lancel","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030302","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Insomnia is common in forensic psychiatric patients. Not only does insomnia severely impair general mental health, but it has specifically been associated with poor emotion regulation and self-control, potentially leading to problems in impulsivity, hostility, and even aggression. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) could therefore be beneficial in this patient group. <b>Methods:</b> We conducted a 14-week randomized controlled trial of the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) on sleep, general psychopathology, hostility, impulsivity, and aggression in 31 male forensic psychiatric patients. <b>Results:</b> The CBT-I group (n = 11) showed a stronger reduction in self-reported insomnia symptoms and hostility than the waitlist group (n = 11). No differences were found in post-treatment self-reported general psychopathology, impulsivity, or aggression, nor on actigraphy-measured sleep efficiency. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study demonstrates the effectiveness of CBT-I in forensic psychiatric patients and indicates the importance of insomnia treatment in this population, especially considering the effect on hostility.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940088/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Amygdala-Derived-EEG-fMRI-Pattern (EFP) Neurofeedback Treat Sleep Disturbances in PTSD?","authors":"Aron Tendler, Yaki Stern, Tal Harmelech","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030297","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030297","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sleep disturbances are a core feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), affecting up to 90% of patients and often persisting after standard PTSD treatment. As all the current interventions have limitations, amygdala-targeted neuromodulation may offer a novel treatment pathway.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Secondary analysis of a prospective, single-arm trial (n = 58) was carried out evaluating Prism™ amygdala-derived-EEG-fMRI-Pattern neurofeedback (Amyg-EFP-NF). Sleep outcomes were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5) sleep item, PTSD Checklist (PCL-5) sleep item, and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) sleep items at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Treatment consisted of 15 sessions over 8 weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At 3-months' follow-up, 63.79% of participants demonstrated clinically meaningful reduction in sleep disturbances (≥1 point reduction in CAPS-5 Item 20). Sleep improvement showed a moderate correlation with overall PTSD symptom reduction (r = 0.484, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and a balanced improvement pattern (-15.1% early, -9.1% late). Sleep responders sustained improvement across multiple measures and showed significant increases in cognitive reappraisal (mean change: +2.57 ± 1.0, <i>p</i> = 0.006), while non-responders showed initial but un-sustained improvement in trauma-related dreams.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Amyg-EFP-NF shows preliminary promise for treating PTSD-related sleep disturbances. Our exploratory analyses suggest distinct temporal patterns of sleep improvement and potential associations with enhanced cognitive reappraisal capacity that warrant rigorous investigation in future randomized controlled trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940793/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"QEVO^®-Assisted Anatomical Inspection of Adjacent Perforators in Microsurgical Clipping-Technical Note.","authors":"Adi Ahmetspahic, Eldin Burazerovic, Hana Rizvanovic, Ema Selimovic, Eleonora Kujaca, Mirza Pojskic, Alberto Feletti, Kenan Arnautovic","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030300","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Aneurysms of brain vessels are life-threatening conditions with various adverse outcomes, some stemming from microsurgical intervention, particularly when major vessel perforators are inadequately protected. The use of endoscopes enhances the approach to aneurysms by providing closer visualization (180-360 degrees) of the local anatomy, potentially reducing accidental damage. To improve visualization and efficiency, a microscope-integrated 45-degree angled microinspection endoscopic tool (QEVO^®, Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen^TM) has been developed and employed in various neurosurgical procedures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between 2021 and 2025, 27 brain aneurysms were treated with QEVO^® assistance at the Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo. The choice of the videos corresponds to the best image quality in videos and on the microscopic determination of adjacent vessel perforators, which were not adequately seen purely by the surgical microscope in specific cases. Exclusion criteria included cases without a need for QEVO^® assistance in perforator visualization, severe brain edema, intraoperative aneurysm rupture, posterior circulation, or low video quality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Case 1 demonstrates an anterior choroidal artery (AchA) aneurysm; Case 2 presents an anterior communicating artery (AcommA) aneurysm; and Case 3 features contralateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) microsurgical clipping with QEVO^® assistance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The QEVO^® tool significantly improves the visualization of aneurysm-perforator relationships, increasing the likelihood of preserving perforators during standard microsurgical clipping. This innovative approach may reduce surgical complications and enhance patient outcomes, highlighting the tool's potential as an adjunct in aneurysm microsurgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940354/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and End-Stage Renal Failure: A Case Report and a Literature Review.","authors":"Konstantinos Paterakis, Alexandros Brotis, Adamantios Kalogeras, Maria Karagianni, Theodosios Spiliotopoulos, Christina Arvaniti, Argiro Petsiti, Marianna Vlychou, Efthimios Dardiotis, Eleni Arnaoutoglou, Kostas N Fountas","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030296","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background and Objectives</i></b>: End-stage renal failure (ESRF) patients are at an increased risk of various neurological complications, particularly after hemodialysis. The current case report describes a rare presentation of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) in a patient with ESRF caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). <b><i>Methods</i></b><i>:</i> We present our case report. We also performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and Dimensions for the current literature review. <b><i>Results</i></b>: A total of 296 unique articles were identified, and their full text was retrieved. However, only one case report was relevant to our study and is summarized thereunder. The treatment approach involved high-dose intravenous steroids, surgical evacuation of the cranial subdural collections, and epidural blood patches to seal the presumed dural defect. <b><i>Conclusions</i></b>: This case report describes a rare presentation of SIH in a young patient with ESRF due to SLE. Diagnostic imaging revealed extensive subdural and epidural fluid collections in the brain and spinal cord, respectively, along with a few T2 FLAIR hyperintensities noted in the right thalamus, left cerebellar hemisphere, and right occipital gyrus that subsequently resolved. The treatment approach involved high-dose intravenous steroids, surgical evacuation of the cranial subdural collections, and epidural blood patches to seal the presumed dural defect.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939983/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phonemic-Phonological Profile of People with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Esther Moraleda-Sepúlveda, María Rubio-Lorca, Noelia Pulido-García, Noelia Santos-Muriel, Javiera Espinosa-Villarroel","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030298","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is considered as a rare disease. It is considered one of the most prevalent genetic disorders with multiple systemic and neuropsychological alterations. At present, there are few studies that define the linguistic profile in Spanish of children with this syndrome. <b>Objectives:</b> Therefore, the aim of the present study was to define the phonemic-phonological characteristics of people with 22q11.2 Syndrome. <b>Method:</b> Eight boys and girls between 5 and 16 years old participated in an evaluation using the following tests: Induced Phonological Register and Laura Bosh's Phonological Assessment and Children's Speech. <b>Results:</b> After analyzing the results obtained, it was observed that more than half of the participants presented a delay in the acquisition of phonemes. <b>Conclusions:</b> The conclusion of this study points out the importance of working on language, especially the phonetic-phonological area, throughout the development of people with 22q11.2 Syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940090/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}