Brain Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Post-Concussion Syndrome and Functional Neurological Disorder: Diagnostic Interfaces, Risk Mechanisms, and the Functional Overlay Model.","authors":"Ioannis Mavroudis, Foivos Petridis, Eleni Karantali, Alin Ciobica, Sotirios Papagiannopoulos, Dimitrios Kazis","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15070755","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15070755","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and Functional Neurological Disorder (FND), including Functional Cognitive Disorder (FCD), are two frequently encountered but diagnostically complex conditions. While PCS is conceptualized as a sequela of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), FND/FCD encompasses symptoms incompatible with recognized neurological disease, often arising in the absence of structural brain damage. Yet, both conditions exhibit considerable clinical overlap-particularly in the domains of cognitive dysfunction, emotional dysregulation, and symptom persistence despite negative investigations.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This review critically examines the shared and divergent features of PCS and FND/FCD. We explore their respective epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, and risk factors-including personality traits and trauma exposure-as well as emerging insights from neuroimaging and biomarkers. We propose the \"Functional Overlay Model\" as a clinical tool for navigating diagnostic ambiguity in patients with persistent post-injury symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PCS and FND/FCD frequently share features such as subjective cognitive complaints, fatigue, anxiety, and heightened somatic vigilance. High neuroticism, maladaptive coping, prior psychiatric history, and trauma exposure emerge as common risk factors. Neuroimaging studies show persistent network dysfunction in both PCS and FND, with overlapping disruption in fronto-limbic and default mode systems. The Functional Overlay Model helps to identify cases where functional symptomatology coexists with or replaces an initial organic insult-particularly in patients with incongruent symptoms and normal objective testing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PCS and FND/FCD should be conceptualized along a continuum of brain dysfunction, shaped by injury, psychology, and contextual factors. Early recognition of functional overlays and stratified psychological interventions may improve outcomes for patients with persistent, medically unexplained symptoms after head trauma. This review introduces the Functional Overlay Model as a novel framework to enhance diagnostic clarity and therapeutic planning in patients presenting with persistent post-injury symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12293530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144727857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subtyping Early Parkinson's Disease by Mapping Cognitive Profiles to Brain Atrophy with Visual MRI Ratings.","authors":"Tania Álvarez-Avellón, Carmen Solares, Juan Álvarez-Carriles, Manuel Menéndez-González","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15070751","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15070751","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cognitive heterogeneity in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains a diagnostic and prognostic challenge, particularly in early stages. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to identify clinically relevant cognitive subtypes in early PD by integrating neuropsychological profiles with regional brain atrophy assessed via visual MRI scales.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty-one de novo PD patients (≤36 months from diagnosis) and twenty healthy controls underwent 3T MRI with visual atrophy ratings and completed an extensive neuropsychological battery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using a mixed a priori-a posteriori approach, we defined eight anatomocognitive subtypes reflecting distinct patterns of regional vulnerability: frontosubcortical, posterior cortical, left/right hippocampal, global, and preserved cognition. Specific MRI markers correlated with cognitive deficits in executive, visuospatial, memory, and language domains. Cluster analyses supported subtype validity (AUC range: 0.68-0.95).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results support a practical classification model linking cognitive performance to brain structural changes in early PD. This scalable approach may improve early patient stratification and guide personalized management strategies. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess progression patterns and therapeutic implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12294059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144727867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural Dynamics of Strategic Early Predictive Saccade Behavior in Target Arrival Estimation.","authors":"Ryo Koshizawa, Kazuma Oki, Masaki Takayose","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15070750","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15070750","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Accurately predicting the arrival position of a moving target is essential in sports and daily life. While predictive saccades are known to enhance performance, the neural mechanisms underlying the timing of these strategies remain unclear. This study investigated how the timing of saccadic strategies-executed early versus late-affects cortical activity patterns, as measured by electroencephalography (EEG). <b>Methods</b>: Sixteen participants performed a task requiring them to predict the arrival position and timing of a parabolically moving target that became occluded midway through its trajectory. Based on eye movement behavior, participants were classified into an Early Saccade Strategy Group (SSG) or a Late SSG. EEG signals were analyzed in the low beta band (13-15 Hz) using the Hilbert transform. Group differences in eye movements and EEG activity were statistically assessed. <b>Results</b>: No significant group differences were observed in final position or response timing errors. However, time-series analysis showed that the Early SSG achieved earlier and more accurate eye positioning. EEG results revealed greater low beta activity in the Early SSG at electrode sites FC6 and P8, corresponding to the frontal eye field (FEF) and middle temporal (MT) visual area, respectively. <b>Conclusions</b>: Early execution of predictive saccades was associated with enhanced cortical activity in visuomotor and motion-sensitive regions. These findings suggest that early engagement of saccadic strategies supports more efficient visuospatial processing, with potential applications in dynamic physical tasks and digitally mediated performance domains such as eSports.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12293599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144727917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SAGEFusionNet: An Auxiliary Supervised Graph Neural Network for Brain Age Prediction as a Neurodegenerative Biomarker.","authors":"Suraj Kumar, Suman Hazarika, Cota Navin Gupta","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15070752","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15070752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The ability of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to analyse brain structural patterns in various kinds of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), has drawn a lot of interest recently. One emerging technique in this field is brain age prediction, which estimates biological age to identify ageing patterns that may serve as biomarkers for such disorders. However, a significant problem with most of the GNNs is their depth, which can lead to issues like oversmoothing and diminishing gradients. <b>Methods:</b> In this study, we propose SAGEFusionNet, a GNN architecture specifically designed to enhance brain age prediction and assess PD-related brain ageing patterns using T1-weighted structural MRI (sMRI). SAGEFusionNet learns important ROIs for brain age prediction by incorporating ROI-aware pooling at every layer to overcome the above challenges. Additionally, it incorporates multi-layer feature fusion to capture multi-scale structural information across the network hierarchy and auxiliary supervision to enhance gradient flow and feature learning at multiple depths. The dataset utilised in this study was sourced from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. It included a total of 580 T1-weighted sMRI scans from healthy individuals. The brain sMRI scans were parcellated into 56 regions of interest (ROIs) using the LPBA40 brain atlas in CAT12. The anatomical graph was constructed based on grey matter (GM) volume features. This graph served as input to the GNN models, along with GM and white matter (WM) volume as node features. All models were trained using 5-fold cross-validation to predict brain age and subsequently tested for performance evaluation. <b>Results:</b> The proposed framework achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.24±0.38 years and a mean Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (PCC) of 0.72±0.03 during cross-validation. We also used 215 PD patient scans from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database to assess the model's performance and validate it. The initial findings revealed that out of 215 individuals with Parkinson's disease, 213 showed higher and 2 showed lower predicted brain ages than their actual ages, with a mean MAE of 13.36 years (95% confidence interval: 12.51-14.28). <b>Conclusions:</b> These results suggest that brain age prediction using the proposed method may provide important insights into neurodegenerative diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12293683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144727900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Communication Abilities, Assessment Procedures, and Intervention Approaches in Rett Syndrome: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Louiza Voniati, Angelos Papadopoulos, Nafsika Ziavra, Dionysios Tafiadis","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15070753","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15070753","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that affects movement and communication skills primarily in females. This study aimed to synthesize the research from the last two decades regarding the verbal and nonverbal communication abilities, assessment procedures, and intervention approaches for individuals with RTT. <b>Methods:</b> A structured literature search was conducted using the Embase, Scopus, and PubMed databases. Fifty-seven studies were selected and analyzed based on inclusion criteria. The data were categorized into four domains (verbal communication skills, nonverbal communication skills, assessment procedures, and intervention approaches). <b>Results:</b> The findings indicated a wide variety of communicative behaviors across the RTT population, including prelinguistic signals, regression in verbal output, and preserved nonverbal communicative intent. Moreover, the results highlighted the importance of tailored assessments (Inventory of Potential Communicative Acts, eye tracking tools, and Augmentative and Alternative Communication) to facilitate functional communication. The individualized intervention approaches were found to be the most effective in improving communicative participation. <b>Conclusions:</b> The current review provides an overview of the current evidence with an emphasis on the need for personalized and evidence-based clinical practices. Additionally, it provided guidance for professionals, clinicians, and researchers seeking to improve the quality of life for individuals with RTT.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12294022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144727811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redefining Clinical Perspectives on MCS: Toward an Evidence-Based, Multisystem Model. Comment on Jacques, L. Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: A Clinical Perspective. <i>Brain Sci.</i> 2024, <i>14</i>, 1261.","authors":"Elaine Psaradellis","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15070747","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15070747","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article \"Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: A Clinical Perspective\", published in <i>Brain Sciences</i>, suggests that multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is primarily a psychogenic disorder, rooted in unresolved emotional trauma and stress responses [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12293236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144727862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal Relationship Between Epilepsy, Status Epilepticus and Sleep-Related Traits: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study.","authors":"Yong-Won Shin, Sang Bin Hong","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15070749","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15070749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Epilepsy and sleep disturbances frequently co-occur, yet the causal nature of this relationship remains uncertain, particularly in relation to epilepsy subtypes and status epilepticus. We investigated potential bidirectional causal associations between sleep-related traits and epilepsy, including subtypes and status epilepticus, using Mendelian randomization (MR). <b>Methods</b>: We conducted two-sample MR using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from European ancestry cohorts. Epilepsy, its subtypes, and status epilepticus were analyzed using data from the International League Against Epilepsy Consortium on Complex Epilepsies (ILAE) and the FinnGen study. Nine self-reported sleep-related traits were derived from the UK Biobank-based GWAS. Causal estimates were primarily obtained using inverse variance weighted models with additional MR analysis methods. Pleiotropy and heterogeneity were assessed to enhance the robustness of the finding. <b>Results</b>: Several subtype-specific associations were identified, with direction and statistical significance varying across cohorts and subtypes. After correction for multiple testing and filtering for tests with ≥10 instrumental variables to ensure robust and reliable MR estimates, several consistent and potentially mutually reinforcing associations emerged. In the ILAE cohort, focal epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis was associated with an increased risk of insomnia, and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy with reduced sleep duration. In the FinnGen cohort, overall epilepsy was associated with increased risk of both insomnia and daytime sleepiness. In reverse MR, daytime sleepiness and napping were associated with increased risk of epilepsy, while daytime napping and frequent insomnia symptoms were linked to elevated risk of status epilepticus. <b>Conclusions</b>: Our findings reveal subtype-specific and bidirectional causal links between epilepsy and sleep-related traits. These results highlight the biological interplay between epileptic networks and sleep regulation and underscore the need for further clinical and mechanistic studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12294028/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144727810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: MACCHINI et al. Intra-Arrest Therapeutic Hypothermia and Neurologic Outcome in Patients Admitted After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Princess Trial. <i>Brain Sci.</i> 2022, <i>12</i>, 1374.","authors":"Elisabetta Macchini, Emelie Dillenbeck, Martin Jonsson, Filippo Annoni, Sune Forsberg, Jacob Hollenberg, Anatolij Truhlar, Leif Svensson, Per Nordberg, Fabio Silvio Taccone","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15070748","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15070748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the original publication [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12293097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144727813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis Compared to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Fatigue and Fast Disease Progression Interferes with the Ability to Psychosocially Adjust.","authors":"Luisa T Balz, Ingo Uttner, Jochen Weishaupt, Albert C Ludolph, Daniela Taranu, Ioannis Vardakas, Stefanie Jung, Tanja Fangerau, Deborah K Erhart, Makbule Senel, Hayrettin Tumani, Dorothée E Lulé","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15070745","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15070745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurological disease that is associated with a broad spectrum of physical and psychological symptoms. Psychosocial adjustment (PSA) refers to the ability to cope with these challenges, which influence quality of life (QoL) and depressiveness in ways not yet fully understood. This study explores the relationship of PSA and disease-specific symptoms in MS, including fatigue, a prominent MS symptom. Additionally, PSA was compared to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) to disentangle the impact of disease trajectory on PSA. <b>Methods</b>: We interviewed 77 MS patients using patient-reported outcome measures on QoL and depression and compared them to 30 ALS patients. Confirmatory factor analysis and regression analysis were used to identify PSA indicators and predictors in MS, while <i>t</i>-tests assessed PSA differences across diseases. <b>Results</b>: Key PSA indicators in MS included physical (PQoL), mental (MQoL), and subjective (SQoL) quality of life, as well as depressiveness, with cognitive and motor fatigue emerging as significant predictors. MS patients had higher PQoL and SQoL and lower levels of depression compared to ALS patients, while both groups were comparable with regard to MQoL. <b>Conclusions</b>: PSA in MS is supported by high QoL and low depression levels, with fatigue being a significant predictor. Despite different disease trajectories, patients with MS and ALS showed comparable MQoL, indicating that both diseases similarly impact mental QoL, reflecting a partial overlap in psychosocial adjustment. Overall, psychosocial adjustment was more favorable in MS, likely due to its slower disease progression compared to ALS.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12293534/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144727860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-Stage Endovascular Management of Concurrent Intracranial Aneurysms and Arterial Stenoses: Clinical Outcomes, Procedural Strategies, and Predictive Factors.","authors":"Marat Sarshayev, Shayakhmet Makhanbetkhan, Aiman Maidan, Roger Barranco Pons, Dimash Davletov, Abzal Zhumabekov, Mynzhylky Berdikhojayev","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15070744","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15070744","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The coexistence of extracranial arterial stenoses and intracranial aneurysms presents a unique clinical dilemma. While staged interventions are traditionally preferred to reduce procedural risks, recent advances have enabled single-stage endovascular treatment. This study evaluates the clinical outcomes, procedural strategies, and predictive factors associated with such combined interventions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 47 patients treated with single-stage endovascular procedures for concurrent extracranial stenosis and intracranial aneurysm between 2016 and 2024. Clinical, angiographic, and procedural data were collected. Outcomes were assessed using the mmodified Rankin Scale (mRS), and statistical analyses were performed to identify associations between clinical variables and functional outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 47 patients, 85.1% achieved favorable outcomes (mRS 0-2) at ≥6-month follow-up. The most commonly treated arteries were the internal carotid artery (70.2%) and the middle cerebral artery (34%). Stent-assisted coiling or flow diversion was performed in 93.6% of aneurysm cases, while 91.5% underwent carotid or vertebral stenting. Lesion laterality (left-sided aneurysms, <i>p</i> = 0.019) and stenosis length (<i>p</i> = 0.0469) were significantly associated with outcomes. Smoking was linked to multiple stenoses (<i>p</i> = 0.0191). Two patients experienced major complications: one aneurysmal rebleed after stenting, and one intraoperative rupture.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Single-stage endovascular treatment for patients with concurrent extracranial stenosis and intracranial aneurysm is technically feasible and clinically effective in selected cases. Lesion configuration, anatomical considerations, and individualized planning are critical in optimizing outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12293975/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144727903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}