Brain Sciences最新文献

{"title":"A BIO-EEG Hyperscanning Study of Moral Dyadic Negotiation.","authors":"Angelica Daffinà, Laura Angioletti, Michela Balconi","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15091015","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15091015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Recent social neuroscience research has increasingly shifted from individual moral decision-making to the study of how people negotiate moral dilemmas in interpersonal contexts. This multimethod hyperscanning study investigated whether initial differences in moral decision-making orientation within a dyad influence neural and autonomic synchronization during a joint moral negotiation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen dyads were classified as homologous or heterologous based on the similarity or dissimilarity of their individual decision-making orientations. Each dyad was asked to negotiate and reach a shared decision on a moral dilemma involving a realistic health emergency scenario. Electroencephalography (EEG) and autonomic signals were recorded simultaneously. Dissimilarity indices were computed to assess inter-brain and autonomic synchronization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>EEG analyses revealed a significant effect only in the delta frequency band: all dyads, regardless of orientation, showed greater dissimilarity in the left frontal region compared to the left temporo-central and right parieto-occipital regions. In addition, autonomic data indicated greater heart rate variability (HRV) dissimilarity in homologous dyads than in heterologous ones. However, these results did not confirm our initial hypotheses, indicating the opposite pattern.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Left frontal delta dissimilarity emerged as an exploratory candidate marker of moral negotiation across dyads. Greater HRV dissimilarity in homologous dyads suggests that, in these dyads, successful negotiation may be supported by complementary rather than synchronized autonomic responses. This multimethod hyperscanning approach highlights the complex and partially dissociable contributions of neural and autonomic processes to the regulation of shared moral decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12468756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Predictors of Mortality in Adults with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.","authors":"Rachel Marta, Yaroslavska Svitlana, Kreniov Konstiantyn, Mamonowa Maryna, Dobrorodniy Andriy, Oliynyk Oleksandr","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15091014","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15091014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) in adults remains a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Early identification of reliable predictors of outcome is crucial for risk stratification and ICU management. Disturbances of hemostasis and metabolic factors such as body mass index (BMI) have been proposed as potential prognostic markers, but evidence remains limited.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective, multicenter study including 307 adult patients with sTBI (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 8) admitted to three tertiary intensive care units in Ukraine between September 2023 and July 2024. All patients underwent surgical evacuation of hematomas and decompressive craniotomy. Laboratory parameters (APTT, INR, fibrinogen, platelets, D-dimer) were collected within 12 h of admission. BMI was calculated from measured height and weight. Predictive modeling was performed using L1-regularized logistic regression and Random Forest algorithms. Class imbalance was addressed with SMOTE. Model performance was assessed by AUC, accuracy, calibration, and feature importance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 28-day all-cause mortality was 32.9%. Compared with survivors, non-survivors had significantly lower GCS scores and higher INR, D-dimer, and APTT values. Very high VIF values indicated severe multicollinearity between predictors. Classical logistic regression was not estimable due to perfect separation; therefore, regularized logistic regression and Random Forest were applied. Random Forest demonstrated higher performance (AUC 0.95, accuracy ≈ 90%) than logistic regression (AUC 0.77, accuracy 70.1%), although results must be interpreted cautiously given the small sample size and potential overfitting. Feature importance analysis identified increased BMI, prolonged APTT, and elevated D-dimer as leading predictors of mortality. Sensitivity analysis excluding BMI still yielded strong performance (AUC 0.91), confirming the prognostic value of coagulation markers and GCS.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Mortality in adult sTBI patients was strongly associated with impaired hemostasis, obesity, and low neurological status at admission. Machine learning-based modeling demonstrated promising predictive accuracy but is exploratory in nature. Findings should be interpreted with caution due to retrospective design, severe multicollinearity, potential overfitting, and absence of external validation. Larger, prospective, multicenter studies are needed to confirm these results and improve early risk stratification in severe TBI.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12468983/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Imagined Movement for Brain-Computer Interface Control: An fNIRS and EEG Review.","authors":"Robert Finnis, Adeel Mehmood, Henning Holle, Jamshed Iqbal","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15091013","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15091013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) offer a non-invasive pathway for restoring motor function, particularly for individuals with limb loss. This review explored the effectiveness of Electroencephalography (EEG) and function Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) in decoding Motor Imagery (MI) movements for both offline and online BCI systems. EEG has been the dominant non-invasive neuroimaging modality due to its high temporal resolution and accessibility; however, it is limited by high susceptibility to electrical noise and motion artifacts, particularly in real-world settings. fNIRS offers improved robustness to electrical and motion noise, making it increasingly viable in prosthetic control tasks; however, it has an inherent physiological delay. The review categorizes experimental approaches based on modality, paradigm, and study type, highlighting the methods used for signal acquisition, feature extraction, and classification. Results show that while offline studies achieve higher classification accuracy due to fewer time constraints and richer data processing, recent advancements in machine learning-particularly deep learning-have improved the feasibility of online MI decoding. Hybrid EEG-fNIRS systems further enhance performance by combining the temporal precision of EEG with the spatial specificity of fNIRS. Overall, the review finds that predicting online imagined movement is feasible, though still less reliable than motor execution, and continued improvements in neuroimaging integration and classification methods are essential for real-world BCI applications. Broader dissemination of recent advancements in MI-based BCI research is expected to stimulate further interdisciplinary collaboration among roboticists, neuroscientists, and clinicians, accelerating progress toward practical and transformative neuroprosthetic technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12468679/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heatstroke Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Chronic Headache: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Karel Kostev, Ira Rodemer, Marcel Konrad, Jens Bohlken","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15091011","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15091011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Heatstroke is the most severe form of heat-related illness. It is characterized by an elevated core body temperature and central nervous system dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between heatstroke and subsequent migraine development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study used data from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA) and included individuals diagnosed with heatstroke, as well as propensity score-matched individuals without heatstroke. Data about these individuals was recorded in 1216 general practices in Germany between January 2005 and December 2023. Five-year cumulative migraine incidence was assessed using Kaplan-Meiercurves, and univariable Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between heatstroke and migraine.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 5794 individuals with heatstroke and 28,970 matched controls without heatstroke (median age: 30 years, 31-32% female). Most heatstroke cases were documented in June (32-34%), followed by July (30%), August (15-17%), and May (13%). Within five years of follow-up, 8.8% of patients with heatstroke and 4.0% of controls were diagnosed with migraine. The regression analysis revealed that heatstroke was significantly associated with an increased risk of migraine in the total population (HR: 2.26; 95% CI: 2.00-2.57), as well as in women (HR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.96-2.79) and men (HR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.89-2.70).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights an important, yet previously underrecognized, association between heatstroke and an increased risk of migraine. As global temperatures continue to rise, public health strategies should focus not only on the acute prevention and management of heat-related illnesses, but also on their potential long-term neurological consequences.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12468329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?","authors":"Gerry Leisman, Robert Melillo","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15091010","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15091010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that manifests in early childhood and persists throughout an individual's life. Characterized by a range of symptoms affecting social interaction, communication, and behavior, ASD presents a spectrum of varying degrees of severity and presentation. Recent research emphasizes the importance of understanding the diverse manifestations of ASD across different populations. Core features include social communication differences and restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs), often linked to co-occurring conditions such as anxiety and ADHD. The study of ASD has evolved significantly, highlighting the need for individualized approaches to diagnosis and intervention. This paper explores current knowledge on ASD, examining the latest research findings and discussing future directions for improving the lives of those affected by the disorder. The purpose is to present a map of the field and an evidence-strength framing of what is known and unknown, and where the evidence is equivocal. Key areas of focus include behavioral, psychological, genetic, metabolic, immunological, and neurological features, as well as developmental and maturational factors. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of what is known, what remains unclear, and where future research should be directed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12468522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative Analysis of Intracranial Atherosclerosis and Its Correlation with Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease and Prognosis.","authors":"Jingjing Cai, Sizhan Chen, Shiyu Hu, Lijie Ren, Gelin Xu","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15091009","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15091009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i><b>Background:</b></i> Intracranial atherosclerosis disease (ICAD) represents a significant etiology of stroke. This study aimed to evaluate correlations between intracranial atherosclerotic burden and risk of ischemic events. <i><b>Methods</b></i>: In this prospective observational study, all enrolled patients underwent High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance vessel wall Imaging (HR MR-VMI) within two weeks of onset, or of enrollment. Baseline assessments included modified American Heart Association plaque type, stenosis degree, intra-plaque hemorrhage (IPH), plaque thickness, plaque length, and vessel wall enhancement. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was followed with one-year treatment in adherence to the guidelines. Comparative analyses were conducted between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups, culprit versus non-culprit plaques, and favorable versus poor prognosis groups. <i><b>Results:</b></i> The study included 129 symptomatic and 42 asymptomatic patients. Hypertension, diabetes, and smoking were more prevalent in patients in the symptomatic group. Vulnerable plaque (97.7% vs. 64.3%, <i>p</i> = 0.003), IPH (17.8% vs. 4.8%, <i>p</i> = 0.022) and higher stenosis degree (χ² = 2.675, <i>p</i> = 0.008) were significantly more prevalent in the symptomatic group. Culprit plaques were predominantly located in the superior wall of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) (χ² = 15.561, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and the left wall of the basilar artery (χ² = 34.138, <i>p</i> = 0.008). Factors associated with poor prognosis included older age (63.63 ± 8.19 vs. 55.63 ± 13.15, <i>p</i> = 0.001), presence of IPH (31.82% vs. 14.29%, <i>p</i> = 0.037), and elevated D-dimer levels (0.77 ± 0.60 vs. 0.40 ± 0.36, <i>p</i> = 0.022). <i><b>Conclusions:</b></i> Vulnerable plaque, specific lesion locations, and higher stenosis degree are significantly associated with ischemic events in ICAD. While plaque enhancement and stenosis correlate with stroke occurrence, they show no clear association with prognosis. Neither the length nor the thickness of plaques manifests a significant correlation with either stroke events or the prognostic outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12469028/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of AI-Assisted Digital Therapies for Post-Stroke Aphasia Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Yamil Liscano, Lina Marcela Bernal, Jhony Alejandro Díaz Vallejo","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15091007","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15091007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Traditional aphasia therapy is often limited by insufficient dosage, a barrier that AI-assisted digital therapies are poised to overcome. However, it remains unclear whether gains on specific tasks translate to functional, real-world communication. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of these novel interventions and investigates the potential for a \"generalization gap\" when compared to conventional treatments for post-stroke aphasia rehabilitation. <b>Methods:</b> Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (2010-2024) from six databases. We included studies examining AI-powered digital platforms for adults with chronic post-stroke apha-sia that reported standardized language outcomes. <b>Results:</b> Our analysis of five trials (<i>n</i> = 366) shows that AI-assisted therapies successfully deliver high-dose interventions, leading to significant improvements in trained language skills, including word retrieval (up to 16.4% gain) and auditory comprehension. However, a critical \"generalization gap\" was consistently identified: these impairment-level gains rarely transferred to functional, real-world communication. <b>Conclusions:</b> AI-assisted digital therapies effectively solve the dosage problem in aphasia care and improve specific linguistic deficits. Their primary limitation is the failure to generalize skills to everyday use. Future platforms must therefore be strategically redesigned to incorporate therapeutic principles that explicitly target the transfer of skills, bridging the gap between clinical improvement and functional communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12468904/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-Specific Association Between XPC rs2228001 Polymorphism and Parkinson's Disease Risk in a Mexican Population: A Case-Control Study Exploring Gene-Environment Interactions.","authors":"Karla Mariana Alvarado-Retana, Daniel Francisco Ramos-Rosales, Elizabeth Irasema Antuna-Salcido, Sergio Manuel Salas-Pacheco, Francisco Xavier Castellanos-Juárez, Edna Madai Méndez-Hernández, Alma Cristina Salas-Leal, Osmel La Llave-León, Gerardo Quiñones-Canales, Oscar Arias-Carrión, Ada Sandoval-Carrillo, José Manuel Salas-Pacheco","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15091008","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15091008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Emerging evidence implicates impaired DNA repair mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly in the context of oxidative stress and environmental exposures. This study investigated the association between five polymorphisms in nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway genes and PD susceptibility in a northern Mexican mestizo population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a case-control study including 137 patients with clinically diagnosed PD and 137 age- and sex-matched controls. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood, and genotyping of <i>ERCC1</i> (rs11615), <i>ERCC2</i> (rs13181), <i>XPA</i> (rs1800975), <i>XPC</i> (rs2228001), and <i>XPF</i> (rs1799801) was performed using TaqMan real-time PCR assays. Associations between genotype frequencies and PD were evaluated using logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, and pesticide exposure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significantly higher prevalence of pesticide exposure was observed in PD patients than in controls (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.18-3.68; <i>p</i> = 0.01). The <i>XPC</i> rs2228001 C/C genotype was independently associated with increased PD risk in males (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.07-9.85; <i>p</i> = 0.042), even after adjusting for uric acid, pesticide exposure, and cognitive status (MMSE score). No significant associations were found for other NER-related polymorphisms. Male PD patients also exhibited significantly lower serum uric acid levels than controls (<i>p</i> = 0.046), supporting a link between oxidative stress and disease vulnerability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest a sex-specific genetic contribution to PD susceptibility involving the <i>XPC</i> rs2228001 variant, particularly in the context of pesticide exposure. These results underscore the relevance of DNA repair pathways in PD pathogenesis and highlight the importance of integrated models incorporating genetic and environmental risk factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12468217/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary Cilia and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Alzheimer's Disease.","authors":"Clare L Sunderman, Kathleen V Forero, Qasim Alorjani, Raghad Buqaileh, Gillian M Gallagher, Sestina M Ventresca, William S Messer, Wissam A AbouAlaiwi","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15091004","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15091004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide due to an aging population. AD is characterized as a progressive neurodegenerative disease that leads to atrophy of brain tissue, causing cognitive deficits. Amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are pathological hallmarks of AD, yet the cause is still highly debated. Many other cardiovascular diseases and vascular manifestations share the same symptoms as patients with AD. In this review, the current understanding of AD is summarized with a brief discussion on how primary cilia dysfunction and impaired nitric oxide (NO) signaling contribute to cardiovascular risk factors, vascular pathology, and cognitive decline in AD. Finally, we highlight primary cilia as a possible therapeutic target and any future directions for treating AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12468187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spinal Cord Injury in Real Time: Intra-Operative Ultrasound for Acute Phase Examination in Non-Human Primates.","authors":"Eleni Sinopoulou, Michelle W Chow, Numaira Obaid, Emily Chong, Yvette S Nout-Lomas, Rachele Wurr, Ryan Macon, J Russell Huie, Adam R Ferguson, Mark H Tuszynski, Michael S Beattie, Jacqueline C Bresnahan, Carolyn J Sparrey","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15091005","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15091005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A spinal cord contusion injury is among the most clinically relevant models for studying pathophysiology and for developing potential therapeutic interventions for spinal cord injuries (SCI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we implemented an intra-operative ultrasound (IOU) approach to precisely locate and examine the lesion site at 5 and 10 min post-injury after a cervical hemi-contusion injury in a non-human primate (NHP) model. We assessed acute lesion progression from 5 to 10 min and then compared that to the lesion extent as measured by MRI 3 weeks later.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed a small increase in the rostrocaudal and mediolateral lesion area (mm²) from 5 to 10 min and a further 26% increase in the mediolateral lesion extent when comparing 5 and 10 min to 3 weeks post-injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>By enabling high-resolution ultrasound visualization of the hemicontusion lesion in vivo, this approach can provide critical insights into the early progression of SCI. It can help with further refining this preclinical SCI model and provide significant predictive value for the animals' recovery post-injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12468102/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145173493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}