Brain Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Quantum Health Accelerator^® Ameliorates CFA-Induced Animal Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Investigating the Role of Immunomodulatory and Anti-Oxidative Effects.","authors":"Ali Akbar Mohaddes, Mohammad Ali Saatchi, Marziyeh Afshari Chamanabadi, Saeed Saatchi, Sadra Rostami, Vahid Reza Askari","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030232","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory and autoimmune disease characterized by joint swelling, pain, damage to the cartilage, and disability. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory properties of Quantum Health Accelerator^® as water enriched with vital bio-quantum information/energy (EW) following complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced RA in rats. <b>Methods:</b> Forty adult male Wistar rats (180-220 g) were divided into five groups. Arthritis was induced on day one using a single subcutaneous injection of CFA into the left hind footpad of the rat. Rats were assigned to receive methotrexate (MTX, 2 mg/kg/week, intraperitoneally), EW (orally, instead of normal water ad libitum), or their combination for 29 days. The anti-RA activities were determined by paw edema, joint diameter, arthritis score, and several nociceptive behavioral tests (thermal hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, and tactile allodynia). The levels of inflammatory (TNF-α, CRP, RF, and anti-CCP), anti-inflammatory (IL-10), and oxidative stress (NO, MDA, and GSH) markers were measured in serum. In addition, the levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and TGF-β were assessed in the spleen-isolated lymphocytes. <b>Results:</b> We found that treatment with MTX, EW, and their combination remarkably ameliorated thermal hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, and tactile allodynia results following CFA-induced RA in rats. In addition, EW also notably attenuated arthritis score, joint diameter, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative markers while propagating anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative mediators. <b>Conclusions</b>: We reveal that EW possesses anti-arthritic effects, possibly through anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Collectively, EW may be a promising therapeutic agent for treating RA.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940038/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship Between Concussion and Combat History and Mental Health and Suicide Ideation Among United States Military Veterans-A Pilot Study.","authors":"Scott L Bruce, Michael R Cooper, Carly Farmer, Audrey Folsom, Melanie Fulton, Jana Haskins, Cheryl Knight, Carlitta M Moore, Amy Shollenbarger, Rashele Wade, Stacy Walz, Rachel Wilkins, Rebbecca Wellborn, Eric West, Kendall Youngman","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030234","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Suicides among U.S. military veterans are alarmingly high, driven by factors such as mental health issues, combat exposure, and history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)/concussion. This study aims to examine the relationship between concussion history, combat experience, and their effects on mental health issues and suicide ideation among military veterans. Additionally, this study investigates the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on these variables. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 78 veterans (62 males, 16 females) participated in this study. Participants completed a demographic survey and the Global Well-being Index (GWI) to assess concussion history and residual symptoms. A licensed social worker interviewed the veterans using the 9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for depression, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder survey (7 Items) (GAD-7) for anxiety, and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) for suicide ideation. A 2 × 2 cross-tabulation analysis examined the relationships between concussion history, combat experience, and outcomes of anxiety, depression, and suicide ideation. PTSD was also assessed as both a predictor and an outcome. Statistical analyses yielded odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), Chi-square, and Cramer's V (V) correlations along with associated <i>p</i>-values. <b>Results:</b> The combination of concussion history and combat experience strongly predicted either anxiety, depression, or suicide ideation (OR = 7.97, 95% CI: 1.70, 37.44; V = 0.334, (<i>p</i> = 0.003)), more than either factor alone. Combat experience was the strongest predictor of PTSD (OR = 11.12, 95% CI: 3.30, 37.47; V = 0.485, <i>p</i> ≤ 0.001), both individually and when combined with concussion history. PTSD strongly influenced mental health issues and suicide ideation (OR = 8.16, 95% CI: 1.74, 38.25; V = 0.339, <i>p</i> = 0.003). Stratification by PTSD status (positive or negative) affected the relationships between independent and dependent variables. Small cell counts resulted in a wide 95% CI for some ORs, though some statistically significant Fisher's Exact Test results were observed. Credibility analysis using the critical prior interval (CPI) metric confirmed the intrinsic credibility of the results. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study provides insights into the relationships between concussion history, combat experience, and their impacts on mental health issues and suicide ideation among military veterans.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940082/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive Priming During Warmup Enhances Sport and Exercise Performance: A Goldilocks Effect.","authors":"Jesús Díaz-García, Ana Rubio-Morales, David Manzano-Rodríguez, Tomás García-Calvo, Christopher Ring","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030235","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Mental fatigue can impair sport, exercise and cognitive performance. Warmup activities can improve performance when the individual is rested. However, their effectiveness when the individual is fatigued has yet to be established. The research objectives were to evaluate the effects of physical and combined physical plus cognitive warmup activities on subsequent sport, exercise, and cognitive performance when rested and fatigued by sleep restriction in athletes (Study 1) and older adults (Study 2). <b>Methods:</b> In Study 1, 31 padel players completed a padel performance test and Stroop task after physical and combined warmups when rested and fatigued by sleep deprivation. In Study 2, 32 older adults completed sit-stand, arm curl, walking, Stroop, and psychomotor vigilance tests after no warmup, physical warmup, and combined warmup when rested and fatigued by sleep deprivation. In both studies, combined warmups intermixed short-, medium-, or long-duration cognitive tasks between physical warmup activities. Mental fatigue was measured using visual analog scale ratings. <b>Results:</b> In both studies, sleep deprivation increased mental fatigue and impaired performance. In Study 1, relative to a physical warmup, padel and Stroop performance were improved by combined warmups (with short-to-medium cognitive tasks) when rested and fatigued. In Study 2, relative to no warmup, sit-stand, arm curl, walking, Stroop, and reaction time performance were improved by physical and combined warmups (with short-to-medium cognitive tasks) when rested and fatigued. <b>Conclusions:</b> The negative effects of sleep deprivation on sport, exercise, and cognitive performance were best mitigated by combined warmups with short-to-medium cognitive tasks. Combined warmups are effective countermeasures against the deleterious effects of mental fatigue on performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940224/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Brain That Understands Diversity: A Pilot Study Focusing on the Triple Network.","authors":"Taiko Otsuka, Keisuke Kokubun, Maya Okamoto, Yoshinori Yamakawa","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030233","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Interest in diversity is growing worldwide. Today, an understanding and social acceptance of diverse people is becoming increasingly important. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to clarify the relationship between an individual's gray matter volume (GMV), which is thought to reflect brain health, and their understanding of diversity (gender, sexuality (LGBTQ), and origin). <b>Methods</b>: GMV was determined as the value of the Gray Matter Brain Healthcare Quotient (GM-BHQ) based on MRI image analysis. Meanwhile, participants' understanding and acceptance of diversity was calculated based on their answers to the psychological questions included in the World Values Survey Wave 7 (WVS7). <b>Results</b>: Our analysis indicated that, in the group of participants with the highest understanding of diversity (PHUD. n = 11), not only the GMV at the whole brain level (t = 2.587, <i>p</i> = 0.027, Cohen's d = 0.780) but also the GMV of the central executive network (CEN: t = 2.700, <i>p</i>= 0.022, Cohen's d = 0.814) and saliency network (SN: t = 3.100, <i>p</i> = 0.011, Cohen's d = 0.935) were shown to be significantly higher than the theoretical value estimated from sex, age, and BMI at the 5% level. In addition, the GMV of the default mode network (DMN: t = 2.063, <i>p</i> = 0.066, Cohen's d = 0.622) was also higher than the theoretical value at the 10% level. Meanwhile, in the group of others (n = 10), there was no significant difference from the theoretical value. These differences between PHUD and others were also observed when comparing the two with and without controlling for educational and occupational covariates at the 5% or 10% levels. <b>Conclusions</b>: These results suggest that understanding diversity requires a healthy brain, centered on three networks that govern rational judgment, emotion regulation, other-awareness, self-awareness, and the valuing of actions. This is the first study to show that brain structure is related to an understanding and acceptance of the diversity of people.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11939981/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embodied Cognition and Alcohol Use Disorder: Frequency of Impairments and Relationship to Neurocognitive Assessments.","authors":"Morris D Bell, Andrea J Weinstein, David Ciosek, Sarah E Reilly, Yan Wang, Gihyun Yoon","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030228","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Embodied cognition is an emerging concept in cognitive science that emphasizes the integral role of perception, action, and bodily experience in shaping human thought and understanding. Recently, a new instrument has been developed called the Automated Test of Embodied Cognition (ATEC), which provides a comprehensive measure of eight domains of embodied cognition. <b>Method</b>: An embodied cognition in an alcohol use disorder (AUD) sample (N = 49) was assessed using ATEC, which employs cognitively demanding physical tasks, like an exercise video, to measure executive functions (EFs), memory, and other cognitive processes \"in action\". <b>Results</b>: Embodied delayed recall was the most frequent impairment (84%), and EF impairments were also common. Among the EF domains, self-regulation was the most frequently impaired at 43%. Using the ATEC total score, 43% of the sample were rated as having a mild or greater level of overall impairment. Strong support for concurrent validity was found for ATEC EF and memory domains when correlated with neurocognitive assessments conceptually related to them. Significant categorical agreement (impaired/not impaired) was also found between neurocognitive testing and ATEC total score. Using the ATEC total score, younger age, higher education, and better premorbid IQ were found to be potential protective factors against cognitive decline. <b>Conclusions</b>: Findings support ATEC's potential for future studies related to AUD and other disorders that may lead to cognitive decline. Embodied cognition may provide new insights into how AUD affects cognition and functioning and be useful to determine what interventions may improve recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Risk-Taking Behaviors, Vestibular Provocation and Action Boundary Perception Following Sport-Related Concussion in Adolescents.","authors":"Shawn R Eagle, Anthony P Kontos, Shawn D Flanagan, Christopher Connaboy","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030229","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between risk-taking behaviors, vestibular symptoms/impairment and perception-action coupling behavior in recently concussed adolescents. <b>Methods</b>: This study utilized a cross-sectional design to evaluate the early effects of concussion on 12-18-year-old adolescents (n = 47) recruited from a concussion specialty clinic at their presenting clinical appointment. The Perception-Action Coupling Task (PACT) was used to assess action boundary perception by evaluating the participant's ability to quickly and accurately determine whether a virtual \"ball\" fits in a virtual \"hole\". Accuracy, response time and inverse efficiency were evaluated at the 0.8 and 1.2 ratios of ball-hole pairings, where 0.8 indicates the ball was slightly smaller than the hole and 1.2 indicates the ball was slightly larger than the hole. The Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) is a computerized test which measures risk-taking behavior by \"pumping\" up a balloon. Each pump provides a small amount of virtual money into their bank; the goal is to make as much money as possible without popping the virtual balloon. The Vestibular Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) tool is a brief screening tool designed to identify ocular or vestibular dysfunction following sport-related concussion, where horizontal/vertical vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) and visual motion sensitivity (VMS) are the primary vestibular outcomes. Pearson correlation matrices were developed to evaluate the association between BART, VOMS and PACT outcomes within the study cohort of concussed adolescents. <b>Results</b>: PACT inverse efficiency at the 1.2 ball-hole ratio was significantly correlated with all three VOMS outcomes (r = 0.33-0.37). The standard deviation of pump reaction time during BART was significantly correlated with accuracy (r = -0.47) and inverse efficiency (r = 0.42) at the 1.2 ratio. The standard deviation of the total number of pumps during BART was significantly correlated with PACT response time at the 1.2 ratio (r = 0.34). Horizontal VOR correlated with balloons collected (r = -0.30) and balloons popped (r = -0.30). <b>Conclusions</b>: The results of this study suggest that risk-taking behaviors and vestibular symptoms/impairment are associated with worse action boundary perception in adolescents following concussion. This relationship is more pronounced in male adolescents than females.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Saccade and Vergence Properties Discriminate Stroke Survivors from Individuals with Other Pathologies? A Machine Learning Approach.","authors":"Alae Eddine El Hmimdi, Zoï Kapoula","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030230","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies applying machine learning (ML) to saccade and vergence eye movements have demonstrated the ability to distinguish individuals with dyslexia, learning disorders, or attention disorders from healthy individuals or those with other pathologies. Stroke patients are known to exhibit visual deficits and eye movement disorders. This study focused on saccade and vergence measurements using REMOBI technology V3 and the Pupil Core eye tracker. Eye movement data were automatically analyzed with the AIDEAL V3 (Artificial Intelligence Eye Movement Analysis) cloud software developed by Orasis-Ear. This software computes multiple parameters for each type of eye movement, including the latency, accuracy, velocity, duration, and disconjugacy. Three ML models (logistic regression, support vector machine, random forest) were applied to the saccade and vergence eye movement features provided by AIDEAL to identify stroke patients from other groups: a population of children with learning disorders and a population with a broader spectrum of dysfunctions or pathologies (including children and adults). The different classifiers achieved macro F1 scores of up to 75.9% in identifying stroke patients based on the saccade and vergence parameters. An additional ML analysis using age-matched groups of stroke patients and adults or seniors reduced the influence of large age differences. This analysis resulted in even higher F1 scores across all three ML models, as the comparison group predominantly included healthy individuals, including some with presbycusis. In conclusion, ML applied to saccade and vergence eye movement parameters, as measured by the REMOBI and AIDEAL technology, is a sensitive method for the detection of stroke-related sequelae. This approach could be further developed as a clinical tool to evaluate recovery, compensation, and the evolution of neurological deficits in stroke patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptual Sensitivity to Tactile Stimuli Is Enhanced When One Is Aware That Tactile Stimulus Intensity Is Self-Controlled.","authors":"Hitoshi Oda, Shiho Fukuda, Hiroshi Kunimura, Taku Kawasaki, Han Gao, Moritaka Futamura, Koichi Hiraoka","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030231","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>This study aimed to investigate whether perceptual sensitivity to tactile stimulus is affected by awareness of who controls the stimulus intensity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirteen healthy participants took part in this study. A participant held a dial and an experimenter held the other dial. One dial was to control the intensity of the tactile stimulus while the other (dummy dial) was inactive. The intensity of the tactile stimulus to the participant's index finger providing each 1 s was increased by the participant or by someone else with or without the participants viewing a dial controlling the stimulus intensity.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusions: </strong>The stimulus intensity at the perceptual threshold, when controlled by the participant, was significantly lower compared to when controlled by someone else, regardless of visual availability. This indicates that awareness of the self-control of the tactile stimulus intensity enhances tactile sensitivity. The electrodermal level immediately preceding the stimulus at the perceptual threshold was significantly lower when the participant controlled the stimulus intensity compared to when it was controlled by someone else, with eyes closed. The electrodermal levels immediately before the perceptual threshold stimulus, when triggered by another person, were significantly higher with the eyes closed. These electrodermal findings suggest that cognitive stress is greater when the timing of the initial tactile perception is difficult to predict.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940182/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolated Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy in the Setting of Concurrent Vertebral Artery Dissection and Internal Carotid Artery Dissection Plus Pseudoaneurysm: Case Report and Literature Review.","authors":"Cuong P Luu, Benjamin Lee, Matthew E Larson, Garret P Greeneway, Mustafa K Baskaya","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030225","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030225","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> In rare cases, isolated hypoglossal palsy may arise from dissection and/or pseudoaneurysm of either the internal carotid artery (ICA) or the vertebral artery (VA). However, the mechanism of this pathology has not been elucidated, and no high-quality randomized data exist to guide its management. <b>Case Description:</b> A 43-year-old man without a significant medical history presented with signs of isolated right hypoglossal palsy following a vigorous coughing episode. Imaging demonstrated dissection and pseudoaneurysm of the left ICA in addition to dissection of the right VA. After 2 weeks on 325 mg aspirin daily, the patient presented with left (rather than right) tongue symptoms and worsening ICA and VA stenosis. While on 325 mg aspirin plus 75 mg clopidogrel daily without additional endovascular intervention, the patient improved with no residual symptoms at 6 weeks from symptom onset. <b>Conclusions:</b> Acute hypoglossal nerve palsy may present with ipsilateral swelling, which could be mistaken for contralateral atrophy. We suggest ordering a CT angiogram initially to delineate a potential ICA versus VA dissection, as well as to rule out other etiologies. In our case, dissection and pseudoaneurysm from the ICA likely led to hypoglossal palsy through a mass effect on the nerve. Our comprehensive literature review favors initial management with dual-antiplatelet agents, and to then escalate to procedural interventions if symptoms worsen.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corticolimbic Structural Deficits in Violent Patients with Schizophrenia.","authors":"Maria Athanassiou, Alexandre Dumais, Inès Zouaoui, Alexandra Fortier, Luigi de Benedictis, Olivier Lipp, Andràs Tikàsz, Stéphane Potvin","doi":"10.3390/brainsci15030224","DOIUrl":"10.3390/brainsci15030224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Violent behaviors are uncommon in patients with schizophrenia (Sch), but when present, exacerbate stigma and challenge treatment. The following study aimed to identify the structural abnormalities associated with violent behaviors in Sch by implementing a validated tool specifically designed to evaluate violent behaviors in psychiatric populations, as well as by performing region-of-interest neuroimaging analyses, focused on areas commonly associated with the neurobiology of violence and aggression. <b>Methods</b>: Eighty-three participants were divided into three groups: Sch with violent behaviors (Sch+V, <i>n</i> = 34), Sch without violent behaviors (Sch-V, <i>n</i> = 28), and healthy controls (HC, <i>n</i> = 21). Structural neuroimaging analyses were performed across groups to assess gray matter volume (GMV) and cortical thickness (CT) differences in regions previously implicated in aggressive behaviors. <b>Results</b>: The data revealed significant reductions in GMV in the right amygdala and diminished cortical thickness (CT) in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (dlPFC) in patients with Sch+V compared to patients with Sch-V and HCs. Right amygdalar volume also demonstrated a negative correlational trend with hostility scores in patients with Sch+V. <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings underscore disruptions in the structural integrity of the dlPFC-responsible for inhibitory control-and the amygdala-central to emotional processing in violent patients with Sch. Future research should aim to investigate potential functional interactions at a network level to gain a deeper understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of violent behaviors in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":9095,"journal":{"name":"Brain Sciences","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11940825/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143728455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}