Alessio Mosca, Stefania Chiappini, Andrea Miuli, Clara Cavallotto, Mauro Pettorruso, Giovanni Martinotti, Fabrizio Schifano
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs, commercially known as "Spice") have become a leading cause of substance-induced psychosis worldwide. These compounds show strong associations not only with acute psychotic episodes but also, in a subset of patients, with persistent or relapsing psychotic disorders, patterns that raise concern about progression to schizophrenia. Yet clinicians still lack clear, evidence-based guidance, and the optimal management of SCRA-induced psychosis remains inadequately defined.
Methods: We carried out a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science on 2 April 2025, identifying 35 primary studies that together describe roughly 4600 clinical presentations (≈77% male; mean age: 24.7 years).
Results: Across diverse settings a convergent three-step pharmacological strategy emerged. First, rapid tranquillization with parenteral benzodiazepines consistently controlled severe agitation and autonomic instability. Second, when florid psychosis persisted beyond 30-60 min, clinicians introduced a second-generation antipsychotic-most commonly olanzapine, risperidone, or aripiprazole-often at doses exceeding those used for primary psychoses. Third, for the minority of refractory or relapse-prone cases, escalation to long-acting injectable formulations or low-dose clozapine achieved symptom control, even at plasma levels below those required in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Although the evidence base consists largely of uncontrolled clinical descriptions, across studies, a recurrent clinical pattern was observed: initial benzodiazepines for agitation, followed by antipsychotics when psychosis persisted and escalation to clozapine or long-acting injectables in refractory cases. This approach appears to be associated with symptom improvement, although the certainty of the evidence is low to very low.
Conclusions: Prospective, comparative studies are urgently needed to refine dosing, directly compare antipsychotic classes, and evaluate emerging cannabinoid-modulating interventions.
背景:合成大麻素受体激动剂(scra,商业上称为“Spice”)已成为世界范围内物质诱导精神病的主要原因。这些化合物不仅与急性精神病发作密切相关,而且在一部分患者中,与持续性或复发性精神障碍也密切相关,这引起了人们对进展为精神分裂症的担忧。然而,临床医生仍然缺乏明确的、基于证据的指导,对scra诱发的精神病的最佳管理仍然没有充分的定义。方法:我们于2025年4月2日对PubMed、Scopus和Web of Science进行了系统检索,确定了35项主要研究,共描述了大约4600例临床表现(≈77%为男性,平均年龄:24.7岁)。结果:在不同的设置趋同的三步药理学策略出现。首先,静脉注射苯二氮卓类药物的快速镇静持续控制严重的躁动和自主神经不稳定。其次,当严重精神病持续超过30-60分钟时,临床医生引入第二代抗精神病药物——最常见的是奥氮平、利培酮或阿立哌唑——其剂量通常超过用于原发性精神病的剂量。第三,对于少数难治性或复发倾向的病例,升级到长效注射制剂或低剂量氯氮平可以达到症状控制,即使血浆水平低于治疗难治性精神分裂症所需的水平。尽管证据基础主要由不受控制的临床描述组成,但在所有研究中,观察到一种反复出现的临床模式:最初的苯二氮卓类药物用于躁动,随后当精神病持续时使用抗精神病药物,在难治性病例中升级到氯氮平或长效注射剂。这种方法似乎与症状改善有关,尽管证据的确定性很低甚至很低。结论:迫切需要前瞻性的比较研究来完善剂量,直接比较抗精神病药物类别,并评估新兴的大麻素调节干预措施。
期刊介绍:
Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes original articles, critical reviews, research notes and short communications in the areas of cognitive neuroscience, developmental neuroscience, molecular and cellular neuroscience, neural engineering, neuroimaging, neurolinguistics, neuropathy, systems neuroscience, and theoretical and computational neuroscience. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. Electronic files or software regarding the full details of the calculation and experimental procedure, if unable to be published in a normal way, can be deposited as supplementary material.