{"title":"Erratum for: \"Effect of gallium-arsenide laser, gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser and healing ointment on cutaneous wound healing in Wistar rats\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e5949erratum","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e5949erratum","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article doi: 10.1590/S0100-879X2010007500022].</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"59 ","pages":"e5949erratum"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13528886/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148886295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bulk and single cell RNA sequencing data reveal lactylation-related gene signatures for prognosis and immunity in cervical cancer.","authors":"Jing Song, Yutian Zhao, Chunlin Dong, Xiaowei Qi, Qu Guo, Yongju Zhuang, Chunqing Yu, Ruofan Dong","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15368","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies indicate that lactylation, a post-translational modification, may play an important role in the progression of cervical cancer (CC). However, the comprehensive roles of lactylation in influencing the tumor microenvironment, immune landscape, and prognosis of CC have yet to be fully elucidated. The bulk RNA-seq and single-cell RNA-seq datasets of CC patients were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases, respectively. A total of 630 genes associated with lactylation activity were identified using AUCell algorithm, differential expression, and correlation analyses. Subsequently, a prognostic risk model comprising 17 genes was constructed through univariate Cox and LASSO analyses, which accurately predicted the prognosis of CC patients and was validated in an independent dataset. The nomogram, including risk scores and N staging, outperformed other clinical parameters. The high-risk group was positively related to the glycolysis pathway. Furthermore, bioinformatics analyses further indicated that the high-risk group was associated with a poorer prognosis, pro-tumorigenic pathways, and immunosuppression, and was sensitive to ulixertinib, dasatinib, nutlin-3a, and trametinib. Mendelian randomization analysis suggested that ITGA5 may be causally associated with an increased risk of CC, with caution in causal inference. Additionally, the expressions of several risk genes were validated using real-time qPCR on tissue samples from six CC patients. In conclusion, the lactylation-related gene risk model could accurately and independently predict the prognosis of CC patients, providing insights into therapeutic strategies for CC patients. These bioinformatics-based findings are exploratory and warrant further validation in preclinical and clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"59 ","pages":"e15368"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13502778/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148839142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B R V Nepomuceno Júnior, F T O De Oliveira, I F S R Schindler, M B Machado, M Gomes-Neto
{"title":"Normative values and predictive equations of hand-held dynamometry for upper limb muscles in healthy adults.","authors":"B R V Nepomuceno Júnior, F T O De Oliveira, I F S R Schindler, M B Machado, M Gomes-Neto","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15416","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to establish comprehensive normative values and generate robust predictive equations for isometric upper limb muscle strength using hand-held dynamometry (HHD) in healthy adults aged 18 to 80 years. A cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted with 210 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 80 years. Participants were rigorously screened to exclude cognitive impairment, acute musculoskeletal symptoms, or systemic conditions that could influence strength. Participants underwent standardized assessment of isometric strength using a handheld dynamometer for 10 key upper limb muscle groups (dominant and non-dominant limbs), and maximal isometric strength (kgf) of each muscle group was recorded. Primary analytical outcomes included age- and sex-specific reference values and derived predictive equations for strength. Novel predictive equations were successfully developed for all 10 upper limb muscle groups from this diverse sample. A very good correlation (r2 range: 0.62-0.77, P<0.001) was observed between direct HHD measurements and the proposed equations. Importantly, these new equations demonstrated superior predictability for this population compared to previously published North American reference equations. This study provides the first comprehensive set of age- and sex-specific normative values and predictive equations for isometric upper limb muscle strength via HHD in healthy adults. These invaluable normative data enable rehabilitation professionals to objectively assess strength, identify weakness early, and enhance treatment monitoring, thus strengthening evidence-based practice in physical medicine and rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"59 ","pages":"e15416"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13502766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148839177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A K S Araujo, A C P Oliveira, E C Machado, F B M Sousa, K C Silva, G Pacheco, A L F Lopes, L S Chaves, A P Oliveira, P S A Sousa, J A Rocha, M B Gois, S O T Klein, L A D Nicolau, J V R Medeiros
{"title":"Alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation ameliorates castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice: in silico and in vivo insights.","authors":"A K S Araujo, A C P Oliveira, E C Machado, F B M Sousa, K C Silva, G Pacheco, A L F Lopes, L S Chaves, A P Oliveira, P S A Sousa, J A Rocha, M B Gois, S O T Klein, L A D Nicolau, J V R Medeiros","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15456","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alpha-ketoglutarate (α-kg) is an intermediate of the Krebs cycle and a precursor of glutamine and glutamate. Furthermore, α-kg contributes to the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. Diarrhea, a global health problem, is characterized by an increased frequency and liquidity of bowel movements and is closely associated with impaired intestinal function. As oral rehydration is the primary treatment modality available, the present study evaluated the antidiarrheal potential of α-kg in castor oil (CO)-induced diarrhea model and investigated its molecular interactions through in silico modeling. Molecular docking was performed to assess the binding affinity of α-kg with CFTR (3SI7), CaCC (5OYB), and Na+/K+-ATPase (3B8E). For the in vivo experiments, mice were divided into the following groups: vehicle, α-kg (120, 60, and 30 mg/kg), CO (10 mL/kg), and loperamide (5 mg/kg). α-kg was administered orally for five consecutive days. On the fifth day, one hour after the final dose, diarrhea was induced with CO. The loperamide group was pre-treated with loperamide prior to CO administration, whereas the CO group received only CO, and the vehicle group received distilled water. After four hours, the animals were euthanized, and the intestinal samples were collected to evaluate intestinal content, chloride ion levels, and oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, glutathione, and nitrite). α-kg reduced fecal outputs, intestinal fluid secretion, and oxidative stress markers, while enhancing Na+/K+-ATPase activity, preserving glutathione levels, and improving histomorphometric parameters and mucin content. In conclusion, α-kg exhibited favorable binding interactions with key molecular, antidiarrheal, and antioxidant effects, and restored intestinal histological parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"59 ","pages":"e15456"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13502764/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148839150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lujing Wang, Xiaochun Zhang, Xinglan Bao, Yan Chen, Hongjian Yuan
{"title":"Nomogram-based prediction model for tocilizumab-induced leukopenia in adults using FAERS and PMDA data.","authors":"Lujing Wang, Xiaochun Zhang, Xinglan Bao, Yan Chen, Hongjian Yuan","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15395","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15395","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 receptor antagonist used for immune-mediated diseases, is associated with leukopenia, a serious adverse event that increases infection risk. However, no predictive model exists to identify adult patients at high risk for this complication. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a clinical prediction model for tocilizumab-induced leukopenia in adults using real-world pharmacovigilance data. This observational study utilized data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) for model development (internal training/test sets; n=5,059) and the Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) database for external validation (n=1,338). A nomogram was developed using multivariate logistic regression to identify key predictive factors. Multivariable analysis identified severe COVID-19 (P<0.001), higher tocilizumab dose (P=0.011), younger age (P<0.001), and lower body weight (P<0.001) as independent predictors of leukopenia. The nomogram demonstrated good discriminative ability, with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.709 (internal training), 0.792 (internal test), and 0.761 (external validation). Calibration and decision curve analysis confirmed the model's robustness and clinical utility. Risk stratification effectively identified high-risk patients. This novel nomogram provides a practical, evidence-based tool for predicting tocilizumab-induced leukopenia in adults. It can assist clinicians in identifying high-risk patients for closer monitoring and personalized management, potentially improving treatment safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"59 ","pages":"e15395"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13502765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148839264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W B Costa, B B de Pinho, L M M Crisóstomo, E Werncke, L F B Zarpelon, M C Gross, R Zazula, M L Terencio
{"title":"Chikungunya in a co-circulation setting: diagnostic discrepancies and clinical variation between RT-PCR-positive cases and notified data in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil.","authors":"W B Costa, B B de Pinho, L M M Crisóstomo, E Werncke, L F B Zarpelon, M C Gross, R Zazula, M L Terencio","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15563","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15563","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chikungunya virus infection remains a diagnostic challenge in regions with co-circulation of dengue, where overlapping clinical manifestations frequently lead to misclassification. This study compared the clinical and epidemiological profiles of chikungunya cases confirmed by molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR) with cases notified to the Brazilian National Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) during the 2023 epidemic in Foz do Iguaçu, southern Brazil, aiming to identify diagnostic discrepancies, symptom patterns, and potential selection biases. A retrospective analytical study was conducted using two datasets: 201 RT-PCR confirmed cases obtained from medical records and 1,964 suspected cases reported to SINAN. Descriptive analyses, bivariate tests, hierarchical cluster analysis, and multiple correspondence analysis were performed. Among RT-PCR confirmed cases, the initial clinical diagnostic error rate was 58.7%. Arthralgia was the primary predictor of a correct clinical diagnosis (OR=3.08) and was more prevalent among RT-PCR confirmed cases than among laboratory-confirmed cases reported to SINAN. In contrast, arthritis and retro-orbital pain were more frequent among cases confirmed by clinical-epidemiological criteria in SINAN than among RT-PCR confirmed cases. Symptom clustering revealed distinct clinical profiles, with an articular pattern accounting for the highest proportion of RT-PCR-positive cases. Hospitalization rates varied by confirmation criteria, suggesting a selection bias toward laboratory testing. These findings demonstrated discrepancies between molecularly confirmed cases and routine surveillance data, as well as a high rate of initial clinical misdiagnosis. The results highlight the need to refine clinical-epidemiological criteria, prioritize arthralgia as a key diagnostic symptom, and account for chikungunya's clinical heterogeneity to improve diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"59 ","pages":"e15563"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13502794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148839117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ying Kong, Xin Qu, Zhiwei Zhou, Qiyuan Tian, Hong Sun, Dawei Zhang, Yeqing Zhang, Zengxin Han
{"title":"Acupuncture alleviates secondary brain injury in intracerebral hemorrhage-induced rats through activating the LKLF/Mfn2 pathway.","authors":"Ying Kong, Xin Qu, Zhiwei Zhou, Qiyuan Tian, Hong Sun, Dawei Zhang, Yeqing Zhang, Zengxin Han","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X2026e15314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a hemorrhagic stroke causing severe secondary brain injury. Acupuncture has been shown to be effective in treating ICH, but the mechanism remains unclear. ICH was induced by injection of autologous blood, followed by acupuncture treatment at Baihui (DU20) and Qubin (GB7) acupoints. Histopathological results showed that acupuncture inhibited ICH-induced neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress in perihematomal areas. Importantly, molecular and pathological findings proved that acupuncture stimulation significantly induced the Lung-Kruppel-like factor (LKLF) expression in perihematomal tissues of ICH-induced rats. The embryonic day 18 (E18) rat primary cortical neurons were treated with hemin as an in vitro model, and LKLF was overexpressed using lentiviral vectors to ascertain its function. LKLF overexpression inhibited neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress and mitigated mitochondrial injury evidenced by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in hemin-induced neurons. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that mitofusin2 (Mfn2) expression was inhibited in neurons but increased upon acupuncture and LKLF overexpression. This suggested that the remission of ICH injury via acupuncture or LKLF overexpression might be related to the upregulation of Mfn2 reactivity. Dual luciferase assay demonstrated that LKLF activated Mfn2 promoter activity, showing that LKLF might improve mitochondrial function through transcriptional activation of Mfn2 expression, which subsequently mitigated hemin-induced neuronal injury. The rescue experiments in vivo indicated that LKLF knockdown suppressed Mfn2 expression and counteracted the attenuation of acupuncture on ICH-induced neuronal injury. These findings suggested that acupuncture might activate the LKLF/Mfn2 pathway, therefore inhibiting oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in ICH-induced rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"59 ","pages":"e15314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13480945/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L L A Ventura, C Queiroz-Glauss, H C Santiago, J M Teles, M V Caliari, J F G Santos, D R Oliveira, M A Gomes
{"title":"Obesity exacerbates giardiasis: metabolic, intestinal, and immune response in high-fat diet-fed gerbils.","authors":"L L A Ventura, C Queiroz-Glauss, H C Santiago, J M Teles, M V Caliari, J F G Santos, D R Oliveira, M A Gomes","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X2026e15226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity has emerged as a critical factor influencing host-pathogen interactions and infection outcomes. However, its role in protozoan infections such as giardiasis remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of a high-calorie, high-fat diet on metabolic, intestinal, and immune parameters in gerbils infected with Giardia lamblia. Our results demonstrated that the high-fat diet significantly increased body weight and induced metabolic disturbances, including dyslipidemia, hepatic fat accumulation, and altered adipokine production. Moreover, Giardia infection exacerbated these effects, leading to intensified intestinal inflammation and epithelial damage. Notably, obese animals exhibited a compromised immune response to infection, characterized by reduced production of inflammatory cytokines and increased parasitic load after two weeks. These findings indicated that obesity weakened the immune system's ability to control Giardia infection, thereby exacerbating the severity of giardiasis. Additionally, the combination of obesity and infection resulted in morphological alterations in intestinal tissue, further amplifying inflammation and impairing immune responses. Our study underscores the importance of obesity management to mitigate the inflammatory state that worsens infectious diseases, such as giardiasis. This is particularly relevant in vulnerable populations, such as children, who are at higher risk of infection and its associated complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"59 ","pages":"e15226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13480944/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148788122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R O da Rocha, M S de Rezende, H G Oliveira, L S N Chini, J P Strogoff-de-Matos
{"title":"Incidence and risk factors of refeeding syndrome in inpatients undergoing enteral and parenteral nutrition hospitalized in a university medical hospital.","authors":"R O da Rocha, M S de Rezende, H G Oliveira, L S N Chini, J P Strogoff-de-Matos","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15114","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Refeeding syndrome (RS) encompasses electrolyte and metabolic disturbances, and its incidence depends on diagnostic criteria. We aimed to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for RS in inpatients at a university hospital in Brazil, who received enteral or parenteral nutrition. This retrospective study included all patients admitted to the hospital who received enteral or parenteral feeding after at least a 3-day fasting period. RS diagnosis was based on phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium changes in the first 3 days after diet reintroduction. Clinical, anthropometric, and other laboratory evaluations, as well as caloric prescriptions, were also collected. Risk factors for RS development were evaluated using logistic regression, and the 30-day mortality risk associated with RS was analyzed using Cox regression. A total of 315 participants were included in the final analysis. The median age was 65 years, 55% were men, 45% had a diagnosis of cancer, and the body mass index was 23.7 (IQR: 20.5-27.0) kg/m2. Development of RS was found in 36.8%. The risks associated with RS development were female gender and higher serum phosphorus and sodium levels. The 30-day survival rates for patients with or without RS were 50.7 and 49.9%, respectively (P=0.42). In the Cox regression model, the diagnosis of RS was not associated with death risk (HR: 0.81, 95%CI: 0.54-1.21). In conclusion, a high incidence of RS was found, but this was not associated with increased death risk, which could be explained by the prompt diagnosis and correction of electrolyte deficits.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"59 ","pages":"e15114"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13480946/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148788021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A multilevel conceptual framework for dementia: from life-course mechanisms to public health strategies.","authors":"M J R Aliberti, J E Paiva","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15447","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2026e15447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dementia is a growing global health challenge driven by population aging and unequal exposure to biological, behavioral, social, and environmental determinants across the life course. Existing evidence demonstrates that these factors accumulate and interact from fetal development through old age, shaping cognitive reserve, brain resilience, and vulnerability to neurodegeneration. However, current models rarely integrate these multilevel influences in a structured manner. This study proposes a comprehensive multilevel conceptual framework for dementia that maps determinants across seven levels (biological, behavioral, psychological, individual, family, community, and national) and across all life stages, from prenatal development to late life. The framework is organized along a bi-axial structure that aligns levels of influence with temporal windows of exposure, allowing a clear visualization of how early-life and midlife factors contribute to dementia in older age. Two illustrative pathways are explored in depth. The first describes the development of cognitive reserve, highlighting the roles of maternal health, education, health literacy, social engagement, and lifelong learning in delaying symptom onset despite neuropathological burden. The second focuses on cerebrovascular integrity, demonstrating how prenatal vascular development, lifestyle behaviors, and cardiovascular risk profiles influence vascular cognitive impairment and interact with Alzheimer-related pathologies. The framework distinguishes modifiable population-level determinants, such as education quality and public health policies, from more fixed biological factors, thereby identifying critical intervention points. By integrating life-course epidemiology with multilevel determinants, this model provides a structured approach for understanding dementia etiology and supports the development of targeted prevention strategies across individual, community, and societal domains.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"59 ","pages":"e15447"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13480943/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}