J L Amorim, I M Bensenor, A P Alencar, A C Pereira, A C Goulart, P A Lotufo, I S Santos
{"title":"A machine learning approach to predict positive coronary artery calcium scores in individuals with diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis of ELSA-Brasil baseline data.","authors":"J L Amorim, I M Bensenor, A P Alencar, A C Pereira, A C Goulart, P A Lotufo, I S Santos","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14986","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is unclear who benefits the most from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) screening imaging. This study aimed to identify features associated with positive coronary artery calcium scores (CACS) in individuals with diabetes using machine learning (ML) techniques. ELSA-Brasil is a cohort study with 15,105 participants aged 35 to 74 years in six Brazilian cities. We analyzed 25 sociodemographic, medical history, symptom-related, and laboratory variables from 585 participants from the São Paulo investigation center with CACS data and no overt cardiovascular disease at baseline. We used six ML algorithms to build models to identify individuals with positive CACS. Feature importance was determined by SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values. The best performer ML algorithm was the XGBoost Classifier (accuracy: 94.8%). Age (SHAP: 0.220), systolic blood pressure (SHAP: 0.102), and body mass index (SHAP: 0.075) were the most important variables to identify ASCVD in individuals with diabetes in XGBoost models. Considering all ML models in our analysis, age, systolic blood pressure, and sex were frequently influential variables. We obtained high accuracy with our best model, using information generally present in current clinical practice. ML models may help clinicians select patients with characteristics most probably associated with a positive CAC. Age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, and sex may be useful markers to identify those at higher risk for subclinical ASCVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"58 ","pages":"e14986"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12377704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144942528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trifolirhizin improves the hyperproliferation and excessive inflammatory response in human HaCaT keratinocytes and ameliorates skin lesions in psoriasis-like mouse models.","authors":"Linyu Zhu, Menger Guo, Ling Wang, Shaomin Chen, Zhiyu Ye, Yuansheng Wu","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14766","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14766","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Keratinocyte hyperproliferation and excessive inflammatory responses are associated with psoriasis pathogenesis. Trifolirhizin has anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferation effects. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of trifolirhizin in psoriasis-like skin lesions and its molecular mechanism. Imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse models were treated with trifolirhizin. Skin lesions and inflammatory factors were assessed. In vitro, human HaCaT keratinocytes were stimulated by a mixture of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-17, IL-22, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and oncostatin M (M5) to establish a psoriatic keratinocyte model. Cell viability and cycle were assessed via CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Inflammatory factors, autophagy levels, and AMPK-mTOR pathway activation were detected by western blot. Trifolirhizin dose-dependently inhibited epidermal layer erythema, scaling, and thickening and reduced epidermal thickness and IL-12 level in an imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model. Trifolirhizin also inhibited cell viability, PCNA expression, and excessive synthesis and secretion of IL-8 and IL-12 in HaCaT keratinocytes induced by M5. Furthermore, the inhibition of autophagy and AMPK-mTOR pathway could be reversed by trifolirhizin in M5-induced HaCaT keratinocytes and skin lesions from imiquimod-mediated psoriasis-like mouse model. The improvement effects of trifolirhizin could be inhibited by the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. Trifolirhizin up-regulated autophagy through the AMPK-mTOR pathway, improved the hyperproliferation and excessive inflammatory responses of keratinocytes, thus alleviating psoriatic skin lesions. Trifolirhizin may have therapeutic potential in improving the progression of psoriasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"58 ","pages":"e14766"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12377706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144942617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pitavastatin reduces intestinal fibrosis in chronic colitis and inhibits colon fibroblast activation by enhancing MMP-9 expression via the IGF-1/IGF-1R pathway.","authors":"Mengran Zhang, Hongping Lu, Jun Cheng","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14540","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14540","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Statins have been shown to have antifibrotic effects on various tissues and organs, but their ability to improve chronic colitis-associated intestinal fibrosis and their mechanisms of action remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of pitavastatin in chronic colitis-associated intestinal fibrosis and its possible mechanisms. We established a mouse model of chronic colitis-associated intestinal fibrosis through repeated administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and treated the mice with pitavastatin. The severity of intestinal fibrosis, serum inflammatory factor levels, and expression levels of intestinal fibrosis-related genes in mice were assessed using pathological histological staining, immunohistochemical staining, reverse-transcription PCR, RNA sequencing, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In vitro, we treated a human colon fibroblast cell line (CCD-18Co) with or without transforming growth factor-β1 stimulation using pitavastatin. Western blot, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and Transwell assay were used to analyze the activation of colonic fibroblasts, protein expression levels of genes related to intestinal fibrosis, and cell proliferation and migration abilities. Pitavastatin significantly attenuated DSS-induced chronic colitis and intestinal fibrosis. In vitro, pitavastatin concentration-dependently inhibited the activation of CCD-18Co cells, significantly reduced the expression levels of the intestinal fibrosis-related proteins Col1A1, IGF-1, IGF-1R, MMP-3, and TIMP-1, and significantly inhibited cell proliferation and migration while markedly increasing MMP-9 protein expression. Additionally, after silencing the IGF-1 and IGF-1R genes in CCD-18Co cells, the promotion of MMP-9 expression by pitavastatin was significantly inhibited. These findings suggest that pitavastatin may be a promising antifibrotic drug for future treatment of intestinal fibrosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"58 ","pages":"e14540"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12377707/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144942589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zilan Zhong, Manting Liu, Qian Zhong, Miao Zhou, Xingwei Di
{"title":"Drug-induced pulmonary edema: a real-world pharmacovigilance study using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).","authors":"Zilan Zhong, Manting Liu, Qian Zhong, Miao Zhou, Xingwei Di","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14566","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14566","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to systematically evaluate the risk of drug-induced pulmonary edema (DIPE) using the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. This retrospective pharmacovigilance study utilized FAERS data from the first quarter of 2004 to the second quarter of 2024. We identified drugs with at least 10 reported DIPE cases as primary suspects (PS). The DIPE signals were assessed using four methods: Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR), Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network (BCPNN), and Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean (EBGM). Multivariate logistic regression was employed to control for confounding factors, and the timing of DIPE onset was statistically analyzed. Out of 173 target drugs, 37 were identified with DIPE risk. The top five drugs were naloxone, dasatinib, nifedipine, anti-thymocyte globulin, and pioglitazone. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that all except pioglitazone were independent risk factors for DIPE. The onset time of DIPE varied by age and gender for some drugs. This study is the first to identify the DIPE risk systematically associated with multiple drugs. It highlights the need for clinicians and pharmacists to be aware of these high-risk drugs and to monitor high-risk populations closely to ensure medication safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"58 ","pages":"e14566"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12377703/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144942519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J G P Pires, I R G Schereider, F W S Cibin, F A Scorza, G A Wiggers, D V Vassallo
{"title":"Metals, cardiovascular risk, and the interplay with oxidative stress: a mini-review.","authors":"J G P Pires, I R G Schereider, F W S Cibin, F A Scorza, G A Wiggers, D V Vassallo","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14466","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxidative stress plays a key role in the mechanisms underlying pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, age-related degenerative phenomena, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cancer, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, xenobiotic toxicity, among others. It is generated by the production of free radicals, resulting from the oxidative metabolism of cells. Oxidative stress is an important defense against infections. It acts specifically as a vasodilator and helps modulate antioxidant mechanisms. However, the effects become harmful when its production increases or antioxidant mechanisms are excessively reduced. Toxic metals from environmental and occupational exposure are silent agents that induce oxidative stress. Metals such as mercury (Hg), aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) are known to be toxic to various organs and tissues in our body. The present mini-review focuses on the cardiovascular system, considering that the interplay between oxidative stress and toxic metals acting silently is involved in their harmful effects, especially on the etiopathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders. A brief review is also given regarding the mechanisms of modulation of redox homeostasis by organic mechanisms, pharmacological approaches that can act directly or indirectly as antioxidants, and food-derived compounds that appear to be effective inhibitors of oxidative stress, thus preventing the harmful effects of free radicals.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"58 ","pages":"e14466"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unveiling immune mechanisms and potential biomarkers in intervertebral disc degeneration through integrated analysis.","authors":"Xuehu Xie, Guoqiang Zhang, Ning Liu","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14553","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune regulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). However, the mechanism of immune regulation in IDD is still unclear. All IDD data were downloaded from a public database. The differentially expressed (DE) immune-related genes in IDD were identified by the limma package in R. Functional enrichment analyses were performed to explore potential immune-related biological pathways in IDD. We also identified differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and constructed an mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA network. ROC analysis was performed to reveal potential diagnostic biomarkers for IDD. To understand the potential role of immune cells in IDD, xCell and Pearson correlation analyses were performed. Finally, expression validation was performed using real-time PCR. C5AR2, NFATC2, FCGR3A, hsa-miR-302d-3p, and MIR17HG were identified in IDD. ROC analysis results suggested that C5AR2 had good diagnostic accuracy, and FCGR3A and NFATC2 had sufficient diagnostic accuracy, which implied that they may be potential diagnostic markers of IDD. We also found that a large number of immune-related signaling pathways, such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signaling pathway, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and Nod-like receptor signaling pathway, were significantly enriched. C5AR2, hsa-miR-302d-3p, and MIR17HG were significantly correlated with multiple immune cell types, such as cDC, CD8+ Tem, macrophage M1, neutrophils, and plasma cells. The C5AR2-hsa-miR-302d-3p-MIR17HG axis may play a role in immune regulation by regulating the infiltration level of related immune cells in the IDD microenvironment. The identification of key immune-related molecules, cells, and signaling pathways in IDD is of great significance to reveal the pathogenesis of IDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"58 ","pages":"e14553"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184963/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of estradiol valerate on humoral immune function in BALB/c mice after total hysterectomy.","authors":"Penghuan Chang, Hui Huang, Peijian Huang, Hongru Yi, Wenhua Zhong, Zhaoxin Yang","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14651","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Total hysterectomy is a commonly performed gynecological procedure used to treat uterine pathologies. This study aimed to establish a total hysterectomy mouse model and investigate the effect of estradiol valerate on humoral immune function in BALB/c mice. Our results showed that the ratios of CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulation and hepatitis B virus antibody IgG content were reduced in the total hysterectomy (TH) group compared with the control group (P<0.05). The measured indices showed varying degrees of improvement after estradiol valerate administration. The numbers of CD19+ B lymphocytes significantly increased in the TH group (P<0.05) compared with the control group. There was a significant reduction of the size of germinal centers within lymph nodes in the TH group. This effect was reversed by estrogen supplementation. In summary, reduced estrogen levels following total hysterectomy may impair B lymphocyte activation, IgG secretion, and plasma cell production, leading to compromised immune function. Early treatment with estradiol valerate reverses impaired immune function and enhances antigen-induced antibody production in mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"58 ","pages":"e14651"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prediction of early myocardial damage in obstructive sleep apnea patients using combined logistic regression and QUEST decision tree models.","authors":"Chong Pei, Zhen Ding, Lei Hu, Shuyu Gui","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14757","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14757","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is linked to cardiovascular complications, including myocardial dysfunction, yet early detection remains difficult. This retrospective study aimed to develop a combined logistic regression and QUEST decision tree model to predict early myocardial dysfunction in OSA patients. Echocardiography left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) and right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) were used to assess myocardial function in OSA patients. Predictive models were constructed using clinical parameters. External validation involved 100 OSA patients from a respiratory sleep clinic. LVGLS and RVFWLS were significantly impaired in OSA patients, particularly in moderate-to-severe cases. BMI, percentage of sleep time with oxygen saturation <90% (CT90%), and arterial bicarbonate were identified as key predictors. The combined model achieved superior predictive accuracy, with an area under the curve of 0.91 for LVGLS and RVFWLS reductions, outperforming individual models. External validation confirmed the stability and generalizability of the model. The combined logistic regression and QUEST decision tree model accurately predicted early myocardial dysfunction in OSA patients, providing a valuable tool for personalized risk assessment and early intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"58 ","pages":"e14757"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E Marconato-Júnior, G M Soares, K Rodrigues-Dos-Santos, T Dos Reis Araujo, J F Vettorazzi, L Zangerolamo, J M Costa-Junior, E M Carneiro, A C Boschero, H C L Barbosa
{"title":"Effects of endurance exercise training on endoplasmic reticulum stress in pancreatic islets of obese mice.","authors":"E Marconato-Júnior, G M Soares, K Rodrigues-Dos-Santos, T Dos Reis Araujo, J F Vettorazzi, L Zangerolamo, J M Costa-Junior, E M Carneiro, A C Boschero, H C L Barbosa","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14499","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity is a serious health problem worldwide and the search for new control methods and therapies is imperative. Studies indicate that a variety of obesogenic diets may increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) by causing insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. The chronic increase in free fatty acids associated with obesity may increase insulin demand by pancreatic beta cells and induce intrinsic beta cell dysfunction through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is associated with beta cell loss during the development of T2D. Physical exercise approaches have been emerging as powerful tools and adjuncts in a variety of conditions, improving glucose homeostasis, oxygen uptake, and metabolism. Here, we showed that a 16-week endurance training program mitigated the deleterious effects of an obesogenic diet on glycemic homeostasis, insulin secretion, and ER stress markers as well as islet health markers in C57/BL6 obese mice. The results corroborated the assumption that physical exercise is an effective therapy to avoid beta cell death in glucose metabolism dysfunction and T2D in obese individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"58 ","pages":"e14499"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12184965/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144494558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D M Cahyani, A S Mubarok, B S Hariawan, I Amalina, P Drake, T Parumasivam, R K Sahu, M A S Rijal, R Sari, A Miatmoko
{"title":"Nanoparticle tools for maximizing oral drug delivery.","authors":"D M Cahyani, A S Mubarok, B S Hariawan, I Amalina, P Drake, T Parumasivam, R K Sahu, M A S Rijal, R Sari, A Miatmoko","doi":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14459","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1414-431X2025e14459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The biological permeability and water solubility of drugs can pose substantial obstacles to oral drug delivery, the most common mode of drug administration for improving human health. Solubility determines the amount of drug that can be dissolved in solution, whereas permeability is the ability to permeate across biological membranes, determining therapeutic efficacy and safety. Some biological barriers, such as gastrointestinal pH, enzymes, and mucus, may affect the dissolution or absorption of therapeutic drugs. Physical or chemical approaches can be used to modify the water solubility or enhance the permeability. Moreover, nanocarriers, which can increase drug stability through encapsulation, enhance absorption due to their extensive surface area, and facilitate the targeted administration of medications to certain areas, could be useful for drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles can increase drug solubility by particle size reduction, complexation, and drug encapsulation and increase permeation by retention in tumors, opening of tight junctions, membrane fluidization, or intestinal mucoadhesion. Despite the many advantages of nanoparticle drug formulations, they also have several limitations, such as complicated manufacturing processes, nanotoxicity, and stability issues. In this article, we provide a comprehensive description of nanoparticle tools for maximizing oral drug delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":9088,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research","volume":"58 ","pages":"e14459"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12172155/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144324478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}