BMC Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"A rare case of membrane pupillary-block glaucoma in a phakic eye with uveitis.","authors":"Chiharu Iwahashi, Masahiko Fukuda, Shotaro Makita, Aya Takahashi, Tomoki Kurihara, Koji Sugioka, Shunji Kusaka","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04191-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04191-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Membrane pupillary-block glaucoma is a rare condition typically associated with fibrin formation due to postoperative inflammation following cataract surgery and vitrectomy.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 55-year-old man with a history of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and anterior uveitis presented with decreased vision in his right eye. Examination revealed corneal epitheliopathy, anterior chamber cells, and cataract. Increased oral steroids resolved the ocular inflammation, but one month later, he developed severe ocular pain in the right eye. Examination revealed best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of light perception, and intraocular pressure (IOP) was markedly elevated at 49 mmHg in the right eye. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) confirmed a shallow anterior chamber and a membrane across the pupil without adhesion to the lens, leading to the diagnosis of membrane pupillary-block glaucoma. AS-OCT was helpful in differentiating this condition from iris bombe. Surgical interventions, including membrane perforation, cataract extraction, and anterior vitrectomy, successfully relieved the pupillary block. Postoperatively, IOP decreased to 15 mmHg, and decimal BCVA improved to 0.4.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first reported case of membrane pupillary-block glaucoma in a phakic eye with uveitis, though it is typically reported postoperatively. AS-OCT is an invaluable diagnostic tool, which may enable prompt surgical intervention and lead to favorable outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"358"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12220562/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144538375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and clinical characteristics of ocular sarcoidosis among non-infectious uveitis in a Chinese tertiary ophthalmic center: a retrospective observational study.","authors":"Daquan He, Tianyu Tao, Xuening Peng, Jianjie Lv, Wenru Su","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04165-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04165-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The prevalence of ocular sarcoidosis (OS) varies across Asia and the application of the most recent revised diagnostic criteria has not yet been fully adopted. Thus, the prevalence of OS within the Chinese population remains uncertain. We investigate the prevalence of OS among non-infectious uveitis in China, with the Revised criteria of International Workshop on OS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 406 patients who had undergone routine computed tomography scans between May 2019 and June 2023. The diagnosis of OS was made according to the Revised criteria of International Workshop on Ocular Sarcoidosis (IWOS). We further reviewed the clinical characteristics of four patients, including age, gender, anatomical type of uveitis, ocular manifestations, ocular examinations, visual acuity, and complications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 254 patients with noninfectious uveitis who completed computed tomography, 138 (54.3%) were men, and 116 (45.6%) were women, with a mean age of 38.9 years (ranging from 6 to 77 years). Among the 254 patients with non-infectious uveitis, OS accounted for 1.57% of the cases, however, Behcet's disease (14.5%) was the predominant etiology, followed by Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (12.9%), retinal vasculitis (1.1%), multifocal choroiditis (1.1%), sympathetic ophthalmia (1.1%), punctate inner choroidopathy (0.7%), and acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (0.3%). The study revealed that 3 patients were diagnosed with definite OS, and 1 had presumed OS. Among 406 patients who underwent computed tomography, 0.98% (4/406) of patients met the Revised criteria of IWOS, 1.37% (4/290) of patients with uveitis, and 1.57% (4/254) of patients among non-infectious uveitis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study determined the prevalence of OS among non-infectious uveitis in China, and described the clinical characteristics of four individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"386"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12220122/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144538395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daratumumab-induced acute angle closure glaucoma: bone marrow transplantation as a possible risk factor and atropinization as a potential solution.","authors":"Cansu Yuksel Elgin, Ahmet Fırat Atseven, Ofeliya Mammadzada, Özcan Ocakoğlu","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04214-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04214-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This case report describes a 29-year-old female with recurrent T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia who developed acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG) following daratumumab infusion. The patient, with a history of bone marrow transplantation and head-neck radiotherapy, experienced sudden eye pain and blurred vision minutes after treatment initiation. Ophthalmological examination revealed bilateral closed angles and elevated intraocular pressure. Ultrasound biomicroscopy showed ciliary malrotation and effusion, suggesting choroidal effusion secondary to daratumumab. The condition was successfully managed with topical medications and subsequent infusions were administered with atropine premedication, preventing recurrence. This case highlights bone marrow transplantation as a potential risk factor for daratumumab-induced AACG and demonstrates the effectiveness of atropinization in managing this complication.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"382"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12219044/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144538447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flap amputation for severe epithelial ingrowth presenting as a corneal cyst: a case report.","authors":"Abdulaziz Al Somali, Askar K Alshaibani, Fatimah Alzaher, Hissah Saleh AlTurki, Zahrah A M Al Abdullah, Ahmed Al Habash","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04202-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04202-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epithelial ingrowth is one of the relatively uncommon complications that can occur post-LASIK surgery. The incidence of epithelial ingrowth is about 1-2% in primary and microkeratome-assisted flap creation cases. The incidence is much lower in Femtosecond assisted flap cases. Multiple pre-operative and post-operative risk factors for epithelial ingrowth have been identified, including poor flap adherence and trauma.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 38-year-old male presented with a homogeneous whitish mass under a flap of a previous LASIK surgery. Initially, the lesion was managed with a flap-lifting and an excisional biopsy. After 5 months from primary intervention, the patient presented with recurrence and was managed with flap amputation and mitomycin C application. Post flap amputation, patient reached 20/25 CDVA with clear cornea and minimal haze.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, we present an unusual case of epithelial ingrowth post-LASIK refractive surgery presenting as a corneal cyst which was managed successfully with flap amputation. In this article we discuss the diagnostic process, treatment, and clinical implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"343"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12210784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144538460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography measurements in tamoxifen associated retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Mohammad Reza Abdol Homayuni, Reza Sadeghi, Sepideh Poshtdar, Alireza Ramandi, Reza Nikfar, Nazanin Ebrahimiadib","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-03971-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-03971-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the evidence for tamoxifen induced alterations of retina blood flow in macula region, using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review of PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Embase databases, including quality assessment of published studies, investigating the alterations of OCTA parameters in Tamoxifen Associated Retinopathy (TAR) was conducted. The outcomes of interest comprised alternations of Vascular Densities (VD) in Superficial and Deep capillary plexus (SCP and DCP) of fovea and parafovea, Telangiectatic vessels (TL), and the Right-Angled Vessels (RAVs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From the total of 680 articles obtained from the databases, the pool of papers was narrowed down to studies published until May 2024. Lastly, 5 studies were included. Our analysis demonstrated that 80% (95%CI: 63-97%) and 33% (95%CI: 23-44%) of patients on tamoxifen would manifest TL and RAVs in their OCTA, respectively. Tamoxifen patients had lower DCP-F and SCP-F vessel densities; however, only the drop in DCP-F vessel density was statistically significant (MD: -0.46, CI: -0.90 to - 0.01, p-value: 0.04).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results show that OCTA findings such as RAV and TL and vascular density DCP-F have been significantly altered compared to healthy controls. These findings demonstrate how OCTA can provide a non-invasive assessment of tamoxifen effects on the retinal microvasculature, potentially serving as a trustworthy biomarker for more accurate TAR identification and monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"373"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12217189/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144538394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of refractive, tomographic and biomechanical changes after customized accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking in keratoconus patients: a retrospective observational study.","authors":"Robert Edward T Ang, Alvin Joseph A Guloy, Emerson M Cruz, Jimmy Jarvis Gene C Lo","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04195-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04195-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the refractive, keratometric, and biomechanical changes in keratoconus patients following modified accelerated corneal cross-linking (A-CXL).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective observational study analyzed clinical data from patients with progressive keratoconus who underwent modified A-CXL with a prolonged riboflavin imbibition period prior to UV irradiation. Preoperative and post-operative data on vision, refraction, tomography using OCULUS Pentacam and biomechanics using Corvis ST were analyzed at various follow-up intervals. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on topographic keratoconus classification. Statistical comparison was performed to assess changes in these parameters over time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 70 eyes of 55 patients were included. A statistically significant improvement in mean change of logMAR BCVA was noted at 6 and 12 months (p = 0.006 and p = 0.018). Six months following A-CXL, statistically significant improvements were observed in keratometry and pachymetry (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001). Mean changes in biomechanical parameters deformation amplitude ratio (DAR) and Integrated Radius (IR) were found to be significantly decreased at 6 months (p = 0.001 and p = 0.011). Other biomechanical parameters SPA1, SSI and ARTh had no significant changes suggesting stability. Comparative analysis between different stages of keratoconus revealed that patients classified under TKC-4 exhibited greater improvement in keratometry compared to those with TKC-2 and TKC-3 staging.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A-CXL with extended riboflavin exposure was effective in stabilizing both tomographic and biomechanical parameters which resulted in increased corneal stiffness and maintained stability. All KC stages demonstrated corneal stability following A-CXL.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"378"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12220558/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144538456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aquaporin-4 triggers inflammation in a murine endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) model.","authors":"Qiang Wang, Yajun Gong, Xinqi Ma, Xin Fu, Ruobi Li, Kairui Qiu, Yanbin Wang, Qiulan Zhao, Ling Li, Qian Huang, Longyang Gao, Xiongli Hu, Xiaolai Zhou, Jingxiang Zhong","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04192-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04192-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to identify the role of aquaporin‑4 (AQP4) in uveitis, and screen for a novel therapeutic target of potential.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>AQP4 knockout mice were applied in this study. The manifestations of mice oculi and inflammatory factors were monitored and compared between the conditions of wild-type and endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the mouse retina, immunofluorescence showed that AQP4 is mainly expressed by Müller cells. The results showed that EIU caused obvious inflammatory reactions in the oculi of wild-type mice, including the ascendence of vitreous cells and thickened retinal layers, compared with the AQP4 knockout mice. According to the scoring criteria of the anterior segment, the ciliary congestion, hypopyon, posterior adhesion of iris, and anterior chamber cell counts were significantly deteriorated by EIU modeling, between which the AQP4 ablation attenuated the inflammation. Further investigations were performed to explore the information on inflammatory factors: The pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were increased in the mice oculi under EIU, while they were maintained in lower levels by AQP4 ablation; The inflammation regulatory agents, cd-20 and arg-1, were massively increased in the mice oculi by EIU modeling, while AQP4 ablation further enhanced their expression level.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AQP4 is a participant in EIU, where it promotes inflammation via reconstructing the balance of the ocular immune condition. The results of the current study highlight the potential of AQP4 to become a therapeutic target in the eyes for uveitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"372"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12220474/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144538377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decreased miR-455-3p promotes diabetic retinopathy progression via modulating retinal endothelial proliferation and apoptosis.","authors":"Weipeng Jiang, Shouyan Xu, Shanshan Lu, Ailing Dong, Neng Jiang","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04179-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04179-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"367"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12220737/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144538448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term refractive outcomes and corneal remodeling after the SMILE surgery in patients with moderate to extra-high myopia.","authors":"Jing Wang, Xueying Cheng, Weiteng Chang, Xingtao Zhou, Yu Zhao","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04171-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04171-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess long-term refractive stability and corneal remodelling in patients with moderate to extra-high myopia after the small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis of 196 eyes was conducted, categorising them into three groups based on preoperative myopia: Group 1 (moderate myopia, 78 eyes), Group 2 (high myopia, 72 eyes), and Group 3 (extra-high myopia, 46eyes). The predicted and actual values of key parameters, including attempted spherical equivalent (SE), thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), and keratometry (K), were measured and compared 1 day and 3 years postoperatively. Correlations were analysed to evaluate refractive stability and corneal changes over time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One day postoperatively, the attempted SE correction closely matched the achieved SE in Group 1 (p = 0.225) and 2 (p = 0.235), but was significantly smaller than achieved SE in Group 3 (p = 0.002). At 3 years, Group 3 showed significant undercorrection (p < 0.001) and a greater deviation in predicted versus measured TCT reduction (p < 0.001). Similarly, Group 3 showed significant deviations in flat K values from the expected values at 1 day and 3 years (p < 0.0001), indicating greater corneal changes than those in the other groups. Correlation analysis revealed a strong association among preoperative spherical equivalent, postoperative keratometric changes, and long-term refractive outcomes (p < 0.0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SMILE effectively provides short-term refractive correction for all myopia groups. However, long-term refractive stability is less predictable in patients with high myopia due to increased corneal remodelling. Developing personalised, predictive models for these patients could help ensure more stable long-term outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12220274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144538463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axial length and IOL power stability in macular edema treated with anti-VEGF: a preliminary study using OLCR biometry.","authors":"Mehmet Omer Kiristioglu, Selim Doganay, Gamze Ucan Gunduz","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04188-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04188-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate axial length (AxL) variability and intraocular lens (IOL) power stability in macular edema (ME) patients undergoing intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy using Lenstar biometry.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this preliminary observational study, 32 patients (64 eyes) with unilateral macular edema (ME) due to diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusion were evaluated. AxL and IOL power were measured pre- and post-treatment using LenStar OLCR biometry. Three measurement strategies were employed: automated (AxLα), manually adjusted (AxLβ), and CRT-corrected (AxLγ). Four experienced ophthalmologists manually repositioned A-scan markers. Fellow eyes were assessed longitudinally. Statistical analyses included paired t-tests, intraclass correlation coefficients, and correlation tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean patient age was 61.38 ± 9.44 years. Anti-VEGF treatment significantly reduced mean CRT from 444.47 ± 121.16 μm to 374.50 ± 98.90 μm (p < 0.001). The mean preoperative and postoperative AxL were 23.11 ± 0.72 mm and 23.10 ± 0.72 mm, respectively (p = 0.091), showing no significant change. However, in cases with CRT > 300 μm, AxL reduction was statistically significant (p = 0.044), though IOL power calculations remained stable (p = 0.401). Interobserver agreement was high for AxL and IOL power measurements, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.854 preoperatively and 0.989 postoperatively. Manual adjustments resulted in significant AxL differences between pre- and post-treatment periods (p < 0.001), while automated Lenstar measurements remained consistent. Fellow eyes IOL and AxL remained identical in both preoperative and postoperative sessions (p = 0.323 for IOL and p = 0.287 for AxL).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This preliminary observational study suggests that AxL and IOL power measurements remain stable following anti-VEGF therapy in most ME cases. Small but consistent AxL changes in eyes with high CRT may indicate a structural threshold for biometric variability. OLCR-based biometry remains reliable in real-world practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"364"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12220589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144538437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}