BMC Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Visual and refractive outcomes of eyes with low corneal astigmatism implanted with low toric or non-toric trifocal intraocular lenses.","authors":"Robert Edward T Ang, Vincent P Bernal, Jan Philippe H Tan, Michelle Marie Q Araneta, Ma Melizza Theresa T Ramirez, Jocelyn Therese M Remo, Emerson M Cruz","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05168-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05168-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate visual and refractive outcomes of cataract patients with low corneal astigmatism (-0.50 D to -1.50 D) implanted with either a low toric or non-toric trifocal IOL.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cross sectional study included patients with low corneal astigmatism measured by the IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss AG, Germany). Patients received either a trifocal toric IOL (FineVision Toric POD FT) or a trifocal non-toric IOL (FineVision POD F or POD F GF). Toric implantations formed the TT (True Toric) group while non-toric IOLs were named as NTT (Non-Toric IOL, Toric) and those not recommended toric IOL placed in the NTNT group (Non-Toric IOL, Non-Toric). Visual acuity, refraction, and astigmatism were assessed preoperatively and 6-12 months postoperatively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 167 eyes (88 TT, 65 NTT, 14 NTNT), postoperative uncorrected visual acuities were similar across groups. The TT IOLs are significantly more effective at reducing residual refractive cylinder, particularly in patients with preoperative astigmatism between - 0.50 D and - 1.50 D. While uncorrected distance, intermediate, and near visual acuities were generally comparable (non-inferior), the TT group achieved superior distance vision (UDVA) in the - 0.76 D to -1.00 D against-the-rule subgroup. Ultimately, low toric trifocal IOLs provide more predictable refractive outcomes and better astigmatism correction without increasing patient-reported visual disturbances like glare or haloes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of the low toric models of trifocal IOLs resulted in a significant reduction in preoperative corneal astigmatism, leading to good visual outcomes. Patients with - 0.50 D to -1.50 D of astigmatism benefit from these lenses, with correction being particularly effective for those with at least - 0.75 D of against-the-rule astigmatism.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13615594/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149058236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal OCT changes of the peripapillary RNFL after different glaucoma interventions - a comparative study.","authors":"Carlo Fiore, Xiao Shang, Nathanael Urs Häner, Joel-Benjamin Lincke, Martin Sebastian Zinkernagel, Jan Darius Unterlauft","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05160-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05160-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The study's objective was to investigate the development of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness after Deep Sclerectomy (DS), XEN microstent implantation and Preserflo (PF) microshunt implantation compared to Trabeculectomy (TE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective monocentric study analyzed eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) after TE, DS, XEN- or PF-implantation over 2 years. Intraocular pressure (IOP), number of IOP-lowering medications, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and success rates were analyzed. pRNFL was measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>462 eyes were analyzed. 108 underwent TE, 183 DS, 90 XEN- and 81 PF-implantation. Mean IOP and mean number of IOP-lowering medications decreased, while BCVA remained stable in all groups. Mean pRNFL significantly decreased in all groups, changing from 64.6 ± 2.0 to 57.8 ± 1.9 μm (-6.8 μm, p < 0.001), 63.6 ± 1.8 to 58.3 ± 2.5 μm (-5.3 μm, p = 0.005), 63.2 ± 2.2 to 60.0 ± 2.1 μm (-3.2 μm, p = 0.008) and 62.1 ± 1.8 to 59.9 ± 1.8 μm (-2.2 μm, p = 0.008) in the TE, DS, XEN and PF groups. Between 1 and 2 years postoperatively, no further statistically significant decline was observed in any group (TE: p = 0.131; DS: p = 0.374; XEN: p = 0.129; PF: p = 0.471).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite success in reducing IOP and IOP-lowering medications, the pRNFL declines during the first postoperative year, with no further statistically significant decline observed during the second year.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13430828/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148668206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct randomized evidence comparing ranibizumab and bevacizumab for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Yongfu Liang, Xiaomei Deng, Meixia Chen, Xun Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05146-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05146-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy is the first-line treatment for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion. However, direct comparative evidence between ranibizumab and bevacizumab from randomized controlled trials remains limited. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of these two agents using evidence from randomized controlled trials.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from database inception to February 11, 2026. Eligible studies were published randomized controlled trials directly comparing intravitreal ranibizumab and bevacizumab monotherapy in adults with RVO-ME. Nonrandomized and noncomparative studies were excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four randomized controlled trials involving 759 participants were included. At 6 months, no significant difference was observed in mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) change (MD 0.61 letters, 95% CI -1.95 to 3.18). The pooled mean difference in central macular thickness (CMT) change was 1.52 μm (95% CI -237.41 to 240.46). The proportion of eyes gaining ≥ 15 ETDRS letters was comparable (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.14). Safety profiles were broadly similar. Rare systemic events were infrequent and associated with considerable statistical uncertainty. Certainty of evidence was moderate for visual outcomes and low to very low for rare adverse events.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ranibizumab and bevacizumab show comparable short-term efficacy and safety for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion, although evidence for rare systemic events remains uncertain.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial number: </strong>Not applicable.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>PROSPERO CRD420251172336.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13421823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148629534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noninfectious intraocular inflammation with hypopyon after intravitreal aflibercept 8 mg injection for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a case report.","authors":"Hiroyuki Kamao, Ryutaro Hiraki, Date Yuto, Atsushi Miki, Shuhei Kimura","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05124-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05124-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Herein, we report a case of noninfectious intraocular inflammation (IOI) with hypopyon after an intravitreal aflibercept 8 mg injection for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>An 87-year-old Japanese man with neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the right eye was switched from intravitreal aflibercept 2 mg to aflibercept 8 mg to extend the treatment interval. Three days after the third aflibercept 8 mg injection, the patient presented with decreased vision without ocular pain. Slit-lamp examination revealed mild conjunctival injection and anterior chamber cells. Despite treatment with topical corticosteroids, the inflammation worsened the following day, with increased anterior chamber cells accompanied by a highly mobile hypopyon that shifted with head position. Smear microscopy of the aqueous humor showed neutrophils without detectable bacteria; the bacterial and fungal cultures were negative. Given the mild conjunctival injection, absence of ocular pain, and negative microbiological findings, noninfectious IOI was considered. The hypopyon rapidly resolved after a subconjunctival betamethasone injection on day 5. On day 8, vitritis and vitreous haze were observed and sub-Tenon triamcinolone acetonide was administered. By day 44, the best-corrected visual acuity had recovered to 20/20 and all inflammatory findings had completely resolved.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Noninfectious IOI with hypopyon may occur after an intravitreal aflibercept 8 mg injection. Even when hypopyon is present after an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection, noninfectious IOI should be included as a differential diagnosis in addition to infectious IOI.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149262498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corneal endothelial morphology in patients with herpetic keratitis attending tertiary eye centre.","authors":"Barsha Kumari Singh, Sanjeeta Sitaula, Sanjeev Bhattarai, Niraj Dev Joshi, Prakash Jha","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05174-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05174-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Herpetic keratitis is a common cause of infectious corneal disease and can result in long term visual morbidity. While its effects on the corneal epithelium and stroma are well recognized, its impact on the corneal endothelium remains less clearly understood. This study aimed to evaluate and compare corneal endothelial morphology, including endothelial cell density, cell size variability, and hexagonality, between eyes affected by herpetic keratitis and their contralateral unaffected eyes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This hospital-based cross-sectional comparative study included 39 patients with unilateral herpetic keratitis, comprising 39 affected eyes and 39 contralateral unaffected eyes. All participants underwent corneal evaluation using non-contact specular microscopy (NIDEK CEM-530, NIDEK Co., Japan). Endothelial cell density, coefficient of variation, and percentage of hexagonal cells were recorded as measures of endothelial cell density and morphology. Central corneal thickness was also measured. Comparisons between affected and contralateral unaffected eyes were performed using paired statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean endothelial cell density was significantly lower in eyes affected by herpetic keratitis compared with contralateral unaffected eyes (2555.38 ± 474.05 vs. 2879.00 ± 270.26 cells/mm², p < 0.001). Affected eyes demonstrated a significantly higher coefficient of variation (34.92 ± 6.35% vs. 29.77 ± 6.57%, p < 0.001), indicating greater variability in endothelial cell size. The percentage of hexagonal cells was significantly reduced in affected eyes compared with unaffected eyes (61.10 ± 5.04% vs. 66.82 ± 3.97%, p = 0.02). Central corneal thickness did not differ significantly between affected and contralateral unaffected eyes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Eyes with unilateral herpetic keratitis demonstrated reduced corneal endothelial cell density and hexagonality, along with increased variability in cell size compared with contralateral unaffected eyes, indicating corneal endothelial alterations associated with the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13422271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148629507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of spectacle correction on visual development and axial length in children with moderate to high astigmatism: a nested cohort study.","authors":"Ying Huang, Congying Li, Lei Li, He Li, Yongfang Tu, Mengtian Kang, Ningli Wang, Shi-Ming Li","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05140-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05140-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To investigate the impact of spectacle correction on visual development and axial length (AL) in children with moderate to high astigmatism.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A nested cohort study analyzed 82 first-grade students (age: 7.13 ± 0.36 years) with cylindrical power ≥ 1.25 diopters (D) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≤ 0.1 (logMAR) from the Anyang Childhood Eye Study. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), BCVA, cycloplegic autorefraction and AL were measured at baseline, 1-year and 2-year follow-up. Based on whether parents provided spectacle correction for their children, children were categorized into the spectacles group (n = 17) and non-spectacles group (n = 65), which was stratified into tertiles by cylindrical power (C): 1.25 D ≤ C < 1.50 D (n = 18), 1.50 D ≤ C < 1.75 D (n = 21), C ≥ 1.75 D (n = 26).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to the non-spectacles group, the spectacles group exhibited a significantly greater myopic shift in spherical equivalent refraction (P = 0.006) and longer AL (P < 0.05) by the 2-year follow-up. Conversely, the non-spectacles group demonstrated a significant reduction in cylindrical power (P < 0.001) and improvement in UCVA (P = 0.013). Longitudinal analysis of the non-spectacles subgroups revealed a significant emmetropization in SER and axial elongation over the 2-year period (all P < 0.05), with no significant inter-group deviations among the three subgroups (P > 0.05). However, higher baseline astigmatism was significantly associated with worse BCVA at the 2-year follow-up (P = 0.014).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>For school-aged children with moderate to high astigmatism and normal baseline BCVA (≤ 0.1 logMAR), the absence of spectacle correction may not impede visual development or accelerate axial elongation. Clinical decision-making should prioritize individualized assessment of visual demands and symptoms, rather than relying solely on cylindrical power.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149262482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iris extracellular matrix remodeling in primary angle closure disease: increased type I collagen and SPARC in human iris tissue.","authors":"Hui Zhang, Zijian Liu, Jin Wang, Yue Wang, Jiaying Li, Shuhua Wang, Ningli Wang, Ye Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05183-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05183-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To investigate whether alterations in iris extracellular matrix (ECM) composition represent a characteristic stromal feature contributing to primary angle closure disease (PACD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Hospital-based, cross-sectional study. Patients with PACD, primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), or secondary glaucoma who underwent trabeculectomy or peripheral iridectomy at Beijing Tongren Hospital between October 2024 and July 2025 were included. Stromal area fractions of iris type I collagen, type III collagen, and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) were quantified and compared among disease groups, across PACD subtypes, and between visual field severity stages in PACG and POAG. Associations with anterior-segment biometric parameters were also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 117 patients (122 eyes: 56 PACD, 31 POAG, 35 secondary glaucoma) were analyzed. Type I collagen expression was significantly higher in PACD than in POAG and secondary glaucoma (P < 0.001). SPARC showed an overall group difference (P = 0.026), whereas type III collagen did not (P = 0.914). Within PACD, ECM markers did not differ among subtypes and showed no correlations with anterior-segment biometry (all P > 0.05). ECM expression also did not vary by disease severity in PACG or POAG.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PACD demonstrated selective elevation of iris type I collagen, with a numerical trend toward higher SPARC expression, independent of disease subtype, severity or anterior-segment anatomy. These findings support iris ECM remodeling may represent a characteristic structural feature contributing to angle closure susceptibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149262484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of retina, choroid, and microvascular structures in amblyopic patients using OCT and OCTA.","authors":"Oğuzhan Karakaş, Gülce Gökgöz Özışık","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05152-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05152-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate structural and microvascular changes in amblyopic eyes using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and to compare these findings with those of fellow eyes and healthy individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a cross-sectional controlled study. Retinal and choroidal structures were examined using the Spectralis OCT device (Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany), and vascular analyses were performed with the Topcon Triton SS-OCT (Topcon Triton, Tokyo, Japan). Structural parameters such as macular thickness, ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (PpRNFL), and choroidal thickness were measured. Additionally, luminal area (LA), total choroidal area (TCA), and choroidal vascular index (CVI) were calculated. Group comparisons were performed using linear mixed-effects models to account for the non-independence of amblyopic and fellow eyes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 130 individuals were included in the study: 65 patients and 65 control subjects. The study included 65 amblyopic eyes (Group 1), 65 clinically healthy fellow eyes from the same patients (Group 2), and 65 healthy control eyes (Group 3). Amblyopic eyes were further divided into two groups: those with amblyopia due to anisometropia (Group 1 A) and those with amblyopia due to strabismus (Group 1B). Choroidal thickness was higher in Groups 1 and 2 compared to Group 3. OCTA values were not significantly different between the groups. Macular thickness, except for foveal macular thickness, was thicker in Groups 1 and 2 compared to Group 3. Foveal macular thickness was not significantly different between the groups. Several significant sectoral differences in GCL measurements were observed among the groups. The inner and outer sectors of the inner plexiform layer were significantly thicker in Groups 1 and 2 compared to Group 3, whereas foveal IPL thickness did not differ significantly among the main groups. In PpRNFL measurements, the temporal superior quadrant was thinner in both the amblyopic and fellow eye groups compared to the control group, whereas the nasal inferior quadrant was thicker in the amblyopic eye group than in the fellow eye and control groups. There were no differences between the groups in PpRNFL in the other quadrants. In CVI measurements, the control group had higher CVI values compared to both the amblyopic and healthy eyes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Amblyopia was associated with structural retinal and choroidal differences, whereas OCTA parameters did not differ significantly among the groups. Future larger-scale and longitudinal studies may better elucidate the contribution of retinal microvascular changes to the pathophysiology of amblyopia.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13548546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148905064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Normative profile of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness using spectral domain optical coherence tomography in healthy Omani adults with emmetropic eyes: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Maitha Al Asmi, Sitara Azeem, Hanan Al Harthy, Buthaina Sabt","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05181-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05181-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is essential for diagnosing glaucomatous and neurodegenerative optic neuropathies. However, diagnostic accuracy relies on population-specific normative databases to avoid misinterpretation. As no large-scale reference data exist for the Omani population, this study aimed to establish normative peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness values and evaluate the influence of demographic and anatomical factors in healthy Omani adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this hospital-based cross-sectional study, 378 healthy Omani adults (756 eyes) aged 19-63 years (mean ± SD: 34.30 ± 9.44 years) were recruited. Inclusion criteria included intraocular pressure ≤ 21 mmHg, emmetropic eyes (refractive error between - 1.0 and + 1.0 D), and no ocular or systemic comorbidities. pRNFL thickness and optic nerve head (ONH) parameters were measured using Spectral Domain-OCT (Cirrus HD-OCT 5000) by a single trained technician to ensure data quality. Statistical analysis included independent samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation. Reference intervals (RIs) were calculated following CLSI C28-A3 guidelines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean global pRNFL thickness was 95.34 ± 8.83 μm in the right eye (OD) and 95.04 ± 8.65 μm in the left eye (OS). The 95% RI was 79.00-116.00 μm (OD) and 79.47-113.52 μm (OS). Quadrant distribution followed the ISNT rule (Inferior > Superior > Nasal > Temporal). Females demonstrated significantly thicker pRNFL than males (p < 0.01). A significant age-related decline in pRNFL thickness was observed (p < 0.001), particularly in those ≥ 40 years. pRNFL thickness correlated strongly and positively with neuroretinal rim area (p < 0.001) and negatively with average cup-to-disc ratio and cup volume (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study establishes the first large-scale normative pRNFL database for Omani adults. The findings highlight that age and sex are significant determinants of thickness, emphasizing that population-specific, adjusted reference values are essential for accurate OCT interpretation. Integrating these localized data into clinical practice can reduce diagnostic misclassification, such as \"red disease\", and enhance the detection of glaucoma and other optic neuropathies in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149262496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of lithium on the structure and function of the human retina: a systematic review.","authors":"Nicole Needham, David Grosset, Joel T Martin, Tom MacGillivray, Baljean Dhillon, Jasna Martinovic, Daniel J Smith","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05095-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05095-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bipolar disorder and depression are associated with structural and functional changes in the retina, including a thinner retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL). Lithium is widely considered the most effective treatment for bipolar disorder, but its mechanism of action is not fully understood. We assessed research looking at the effect of lithium on structural or functional retinal outcomes in humans.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Searches using the terms 'Lithium' AND 'retina' were carried out to identify peer reviewed studies assessing the impact of lithium on retinal structure or function. These included those with or without a control group comparison, pre- and post- lithium comparisons and observational studies. There were no exclusions based on the quantity or preparation of lithium administered, or the length of administration. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool for Analytical Cross Sectional Studies, and a narrative synthesis and tabulated summary of the included studies was completed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seven studies assessing structural outcomes and 10 reporting functional ones were identified, all highly heterogenous and with multiple limitations. Structural outcomes were derived exclusively from optical coherence tomography (OCT) with retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) being the most common measurement. There was no evidence of differences in the RNFL between participants with bipolar disorder taking lithium and healthy controls in two larger studies. In six studies looking at differences in those with bipolar disorder taking lithium and those taking valproate, two showed no signs of difference and four showed evidence of thicker RNFL in the lithium group. Studies reporting functional outcomes reported a statistically significant effect of lithium on at least one functional measure, derived from electrooculography, electroretinography, and dark adaptation thresholds.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Current evidence suggests that lithium is likely to have an effect on the retina but limitations in all studies mean better designed and adequately powered prospective studies are required.</p><p><strong>Registration: </strong>PROSPERO database (Number-CRD42024516635).</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13422349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148618090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}