BMC Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Proof-of-concept study on Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) and optic nerve head morphology in people living with HIV.","authors":"Lungile M Buthelezi, Alvin J Munsamy, Khathutshelo P Mashige","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04349-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-025-04349-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are known to affect ocular health, yet the impact on optic nerve head parameters remains underexplored. This study investigates ONH structural parameters in HIV-positive adults using a novel Bruch's Membrane Opening-Minimum Rim Width (BMO-MRW) method, which offers a precise assessment of ONH integrity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>There were 62 eyes of HIV on ART (HIV-ART), 20 eyes of HIV not on ART (HIV-N-ART), and 82 HIV negative healthy controls (HIV controls). Participants underwent Optical Coherence Tomography to measure optic nerve head morphology using Bruch's Membrane Opening Minimum Rim Width protocol. Generalized estimating equations and effect size calculations compared thickness differences between groups. Multivariable regression and odds ratio models examined associations between ONH markers and clinical variables (CD4 count, CD4%, ART duration, viral load).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to controls, the HIV-N-ART group demonstrated significantly thicker ONH parameters, particularly APS-ppRNFL thickness in the inferior sector (Cohen's d = 1.02). No significant differences were observed between HIV-ART and controls. In the HIV-ART group, higher CD4 counts were negatively associated with global BMO-MRW and APS-ppRNFL thickness (β = -0.10, p = 0.03), whereas in the HIV-N-ART group, higher CD4 counts positively correlated with inferior temporal BMO-MRW and APS-ppRNFL thickness (β = 1.08, p = 0.01). ART duration showed mixed associations with ONH measurements in treated individuals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that all HIV factors (especially CD4 count) may influence ONH morphology that can be used as potential structural biomarkers. These findings highlight the potential of optic nerve head measurements as biomarkers for assessing the structural impact of HIV and ART. ART-treated individuals exhibited ONH thinning, while ART-naïve participants showed thicker nerve fibre layers, possibly reflecting early inflammatory or compensatory mechanisms before treatment initiation. these preliminary findings support further investigation to validate these associations and explore their clinical relevance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"564"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145285248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of optical power integrity in toric and multifocal intraocular lenses.","authors":"Hyeongju Han, Jae Woong Koh","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04380-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-025-04380-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Implanting an intraocular lens (IOL) with an appropriate dioptric power is critical for achieving high-quality visual outcomes after cataract surgery. Discrepancies between labeled and actual dioptric power may affect IOLs selection and compromise refractive accuracy. This study aimed to evaluate the agreement between labeled and actual dioptric powers of commercially available toric and multifocal IOLs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Spherical and cylindrical powers of toric IOLs, and spherical and additive powers of multifocal IOLs, were measured via an optical bench system based on the magnification method. Measured values were assessed for compliance with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 11979-2 tolerance limits via two one-sided t-tests(TOST).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All three toric IOLs satisfied the ISO tolerance criteria for both spherical and cylindrical power (p < 0.05), with errors of 0.208 ± 0.170 D and 0.172 ± 0.206 D, respectively. The average absolute deviation across all toric measurements was 0.137 D. All four multifocal IOLs also met the ISO tolerance criteria for spherical and addition power (p < 0.05), with errors of 0.069 ± 0.041 D and 0.045 ± 0.044 D, respectively. The average absolute deviation in the multifocal group was 0.057 D.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results confirm that both toric and multifocal IOLs comply with ISO standards for labeling accuracy. However, the greater variability observed in toric lenses highlights the importance of rotational alignment and precise manufacturing, which are critical for successful astigmatic correction.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"565"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145285310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing myopia screening referral guidelines for children aged 4 to 18 based on non-cycloplegic indicators.","authors":"Pingping Lyu, Jiaojiao Shi, Jingjing Wang, Xiangui He, Huijing Shi","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04383-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04383-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To evaluate the stability and predictive ability of uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), non-cycloplegic refraction (NCR), and axial length (AL) as indicators in non-cycloplegic school vision screening for myopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study is based on the Shanghai Child and Adolescent Large-scale Eye Study (SCALE). Participants included students who failed school screenings and were referred for follow-up cycloplegic refractions at eye hospitals within three months. We evaluated the differences in UCVA, spherical equivalent (SE), and AL between school screenings and hospital re-evaluations. Furthermore, we assessed the validity of using UCVA in combination with NCR as predictive metrics for myopia referral.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 8,492 children, 4,357 (51.3%) were boys, with a mean age of 8.26 years (SD = 2.77). AL was identified as a reliable myopia screening indicator across all age groups (ICC = 0.981; 95% CI: 0.978-0.984), outperforming UCVA (ICC = 0.791) and SE (ICC = 0.806). The estimated prevalence of myopia using UCVA and NCR was 76.10%, significantly higher than 58.37% observed with cycloplegic testing. Sensitivity was 96.93% and specificity was 53.13% (Youden index = 0.5). In preschoolers, myopia rates decreased from 50.17% before to 19.82% after cycloplegia, while school-aged children exhibited better consistency. Decision curve analysis showed that the full model incorporating AL did not significantly benefit school-aged children, but may offer greater net benefits for preschoolers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AL should be integrated into screening programs for preschoolers. For school-aged children, the combination of UCVA and NCR suffices for myopia prediction, potentially eliminating the need for cycloplegia.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"561"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12512548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145273655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xeno-ADM combined with inferior eyelid margin fixation to treat entropion accompanied by lower eyelid retraction.","authors":"Yangbin Fang, Yao Lai, Hongfei Liao, Qin Huang","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04385-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04385-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To report the efficacy of \"Xeno-ADM combined with inferior eyelid margin fixation\" for entropion accompanied by lower eyelid retraction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective review of 28 patients (48 eyes) diagnosed with lower eyelid entropion accompanied by lower eyelid retraction was performed. The follow-up period lasted more than 6 months. MRD2, angle between the eyelashes and the corneal surface, ocular discomfort symptoms, and complications were recorded and used to evaluate the efficacy and safety.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty eight patients (48 eyes) were included, within 6 months after surgery, 45 eyes (93.75%) had complete relief from ocular discomfort, while 3 eyes (6.3%) showed partial improvement; 48 eyes (100%) had complete resolution of the foreign body sensation; 15 eyes (83.3%) had complete relief from lacrimation, and 3 eyes (16.7%) showed partial improvement, MRD2 was from 7.2 (7.0, 7.5) mm to 5.5 (5.0, 5.5) mm (Z = -3.995, P < 0.01). The angle between the eyelashes and the cornea was from 36.76 (32.18, 38.49) to 68.23 (67.30, 70.31) (Z = -6.031, P < 0.01). And no other complications, such as infection, rejection, and dislocation, were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Xeno-ADM combined with inferior eyelid margin fixation is reasonably successful in managing entropion accompanied by lower eyelid retraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"563"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12512639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145273680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rare case of Blepharophimosis-Ptosis-Epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) associated with keratoconus: a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management.","authors":"Abdulmajeed Al Khathami, Ali Hendi Al Ghamdi","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04368-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04368-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"562"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12512960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145273884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of risk factors associated with meibomian gland orifice obstruction severity in glaucoma patients: a clinical investigation.","authors":"Yue Tan, Yue Yin, Wushuang Wang, Tong Lin, Lan Gong","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04378-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04378-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the synergistic effects of duration of glaucoma and number of medications on meibomian gland orifice obstruction severity in glaucoma patients, aiming to optimize therapeutic strategies for ocular surface protection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study analyzed 120 glaucoma patients with concurrent MGD. Meibomian gland orifice obstruction was scored using standardized criteria. The relationship between obstruction scores and clinical factors was evaluated using Spearman correlation and generalized linear modeling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant correlations were found between MG orifice obstruction score and duration of glaucoma (r = 0.309, P < 0.001), number of medications (r = 0.340, P < 0.001), number of preserved eye drop products (r = 0.300, P < 0.001) and duration of medication (r = 0.398, P < 0.001). Generalized linear modeling revealed significant main effects of duration of glaucoma and number of medications (P = 0.012 and P = 0.005), with a significant interaction (P = 0.020). After 3 years of glaucoma, any medication regimen significantly increased obstruction scores compared to no treatment (all P < 0.05). Triple or quadruple therapy showed significantly higher obstruction scores versus no medication (P = 0.002 and P = 0.008).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Duration of glaucoma and number of medications synergistically worsen MG orifice obstruction, with a critical threshold after one year of disease. These findings suggest the importance of reducing medication burden in long-term glaucoma patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"560"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12512833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145273606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term observation of glare and dynamic pupil after EVO ICL (implantable collamer lens) for myopia.","authors":"Xun Chen, Wuxiao Zhao, Jifang Wang, Mingrui Cheng, Xiaoying Wang, Xingtao Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04377-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04377-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"556"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12512749/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145257201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of corneal densitometry using Pentacam in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a controlled cross-sectional study.","authors":"Çiğdem Coşkun, Sebile Çomçalı, Celil Orman","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04388-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04388-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to analyze corneal densitometry (CD) values in individuals diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) using the Pentacam Scheimpflug imaging system and to compare the obtained data with those from a control group consisting of healthy individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 74 eyes of 37 patients diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and 54 eyes of 27 healthy volunteers matched for age and gender. All participants underwent measurements of flat keratometry (K1), steep keratometry (K2), maximum keratometry (Kmax), central corneal thickness (CCT), thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), average anterior and posterior elevation at the corneal apex (AAE and APE), corneal volume (CV) and CD. All measurements were performed using the Pentacam HR device (Oculus, Germany), which operates based on the Scheimpflug imaging principle. CD was evaluated in detail according to radial zones (0-2 mm, 2-6 mm, 6-10 mm, 10-12 mm) and corneal depths (anterior, central, posterior, and total). Only newly diagnosed Type 2 DM patients were included in the study, while those with diabetic retinopathy or maculopathy were excluded. HbA1c levels of all patients were recorded. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS software version 22.0, and a p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) group was 50.51 ± 8.93 years, while the mean age of the healthy control group was 50.89 ± 5.71 years. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of age and gender distribution (p = 0.42 and p = 0.20, respectively). Similarly, no significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of K1, K2, Kmax, CCT, TCT, AAE,APE and CV (p = 0.51; p = 0.50; p = 0.48; p = 0.95; p = 0.99; p = 0.50; p = 0.29; p = 0,58 respectively). In contrast, CD values were significantly higher in the Type 2 DM group compared to the healthy control group across all zones (0-2 mm, 2-6 mm, 6-10 mm, 10-12 mm) and at all corneal depths (anterior, central, posterior, total) (p < 0.01). A low-level positive correlation was found between HbA1c levels and AAE (r = 0.281; p = 0.015). In addition, a very weak negative correlation was observed between HbA1c levels and CD values in the anterior 2-6 mm zone (r = -0.240; p = 0.035).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, CD values were found to be significantly higher in patients with Type 2 DM compared to healthy individuals. This finding suggests that chronic hyperglycemia may lead to both morphological and functional changes in the corneal tissue.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"558"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12512359/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145257198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differentially expressed profiles of LncRNAs in pterygium.","authors":"Jiusheng Zheng, Zhixin Ding, Lixin Mei, Huixiang Jin, Pengfei Zhang, Jinghong Yao, Guangming Liu, Shuting Li, Yinping Liu","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04321-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04321-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To do the differential expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in pterygium was screened by gene chip technology, and the differentially expressed lncRNAs HOTTIP and RP1-261G23.7 were studied to explore their possible mechanisms in the pathogenesis of pterygium.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Collected 40 specimens from June 2016 to May 2017 that underwent surgery in the Ophthalmology Department of Yanjishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, including 20 pterygium tissue specimens (6 males and 14 females, aged 47-84 years, mean age 68.1 years), 20 cases of normal nasal bulbar conjunctival tissue in patients with strabismus (9 males and 11 females, aged 41-88 years, mean age 61.6 years). Four samples from each group were randomly selected to detect lncRNA expression by high-throughput gene chip detection technology; lncRNA HOTTIP, RP1-261G23.7 and corresponding target genes HOXA13, VEGFA were screened by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to verify whether there is a significant difference between the two groups, and to analyze the correlation between the expression of the target genes HOXA13 and VEGFA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>(1) SPSS17.0 software was used for data processing in the experimental group and the control group. Gender and age were analyzed by the chi-square test. The statistical results were all P > 0.05, and there was no significant difference in statistics, (2) A total of 8271 differential lncRNAs were detected by high-throughput gene chip detection and compared with normal nasal bulbar conjunctival tissue in patients with strabismus. Among them, lncRNAs with a P-value < 0.05 and log fold change > 2 and Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction (FDR < 0.05) had 612 upregulated genes and 743 downregulated genes. (3) The two highly differential lncRNAs were selected and verified by qRT-PCR. The results showed that lncRNAs HOTTIP and RP1-261 G23.7 and the corresponding target genes HOXA13 and VEGFA were highly consistent and highly expressed in the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>(1) LncRNAs are differentially expressed in pterygium; (2) Key lncRNA HOTTIP, RP1-261G23.7 may be new gene targets for pterygium.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"557"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12512657/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145257253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limbal stem cell sheet bandage for short-term treatment of corneal regeneration.","authors":"Fatemeh Sanie-Jahromi, Masoomeh Eghtedari, Mahmood Nejabat, Ramin Salouti, Hossein Jamali, Shahram Bamdad, Mohammad Hassan Jalalpour, Amir Khosravi","doi":"10.1186/s12886-025-04417-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-025-04417-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates a novel short-term treatment for Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency (LSCD) using a limbal stem cell (LSC) sheet bandage. The method utilizes polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes to harvest and transplant LSC sheets for corneal surface regeneration. In cases where autologous tissue was not available, limbal biopsies obtained from patients' relatives were cultured to generate LSC sheets, which were subsequently transferred onto PTFE scaffolds using a bottom-up cell transfer technique. Eight patients with treatment-resistant, end-stage LSCD underwent the procedure and examined during a six-months follow-up. Pre-transplantation assessments confirmed the viability and marker expression of the LSCs. Immunocytochemistry and microscopy validated the structural integrity of the LSC sheets on PTFE, and toxicity assays indicated the scaffold's biocompatibility. Post-operative evaluations showed improvements or stabilization in visual acuity, along with a reduction in the use of lubricating eye drops during a 1-month period. No immediate severe complications were observed. Short-term outcomes were promising, showing corneal surface regeneration and improved patient satisfaction and quality of life. However, long-term success varied at the 6- month follow-up. This LSC sheet bandage acted as a cellular bandage, rapidly restoring the corneal surface and facilitating further therapeutic procedures. The technique may serve as a potential interim solution for patients ineligible for conventional corneal transplants. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) on 2020-05-06 (approval number: IRCT20180724040574N1).</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"25 1","pages":"555"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12509352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145257209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}