BMC Ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Defocus incorporated multiple segment spectacle lenses versus orthokeratology lenses for myopia control: a non-inferiority randomised clinical trial.","authors":"Lou-Ann Christensen Andersen, Anna Mejldal, Saranga Sivakumar, Trine Møldrup Jakobsen, Flemming Møller","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05144-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05144-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To determine whether the Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lens is non-inferior to Orthokeratology lenses (OKL) in slowing the progression of myopia in children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A parallel-group, non-inferiority randomised clinical trial at the University Hospital of Southern Denmark compared the myopia control treatment efficacy of DIMS spectacle lenses with OKL in myopic children aged 6-12 years. Our primary outcome was axial length growth after 18 months of therapy, adjusted for change in central corneal thickness in the OKL group. The participants were allocated to the treatments using centralised computer-generated randomisation. The interpreters were blinded. Non-inferiority was concluded if the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the estimated treatment difference (DIMS - OKL) after 18 months was equal to or below 0.13 mm. In case of non-inferiority, superiority was tested in the same population. Superiority was declared if the upper 95%Cl bound was below zero. Our key secondary outcome was overall eye length growth after 18 months of therapy and was assessed for superiority.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>90 participants were randomised to DIMS spectacle lenses (n = 45) and OKL (n = 45). For the primary outcome, 45 participants were analysed in both the DIMS spectacle lens and OKL groups using an intention-to-treat approach. A per-protocol approach was used for sensitivity analysis. The between-group difference (DIMS - OKL) in axial elongation was -0.05 mm (95% CI -0.13; 0.04) in a mixed model adjusted for covariates: age at baseline, baseline cycloplegic spherical equivalent refractive error, baseline axial length, and number of myopic parents, which is below the non-inferiority margin and above zero. The between-group difference (DIMS - OKL) in overall eye length elongation was -0.04 mm (95% CI -0.12; 0.04). One adverse event was observed in the OKL group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The DIMS spectacle lens was noninferior to OKL for slowing axial elongation after 18 months of therapy in myopic children. The DIMS spectacle lens was not superior to OKL. There was no statistically significant difference in overall eye length growth between the DIMS spectacle lens and OKL after 18 months of therapy in myopic children.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>NCT05134935, 26 November 2021.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13471525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148757339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between aqueous humour cytokine and imaging biomarker in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion-Macular Edema.","authors":"Jie Gao, Huiwen Pang, Weijie Zhang, Maojuan Feng, Tao Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05200-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05200-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to examine the relationship between the concentrations of different aqueous humour cytokine and the Central retinal thickness (CRT), the area of the Foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and the vascular density of superficial capillary plexus (SCP-VD) in patients with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion-Macular Edema (CRVO-ME) through a prospective clinical investigation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 20 cases with 20 eyes were included from Linyi Peoples Hospital. OCT and OCTA were employed to examine a 6 mm × 6 mm region in the macula, acquiring CRT, FAZ area, and SCP-VD data. Aqueous humor samples were collected to measure its Interleukin-6(IL-6),Interleukin-8 (IL-8),Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), Placental growth factor (PGF), and Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) level. The correlation between these values of CRT, FAZ area, and SCP-VD in the affected eye were analyzed using statistical Pearson methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CRT of the affected eye in CRVO-ME patients was (572.80 ± 186.57) μm; the SCP-VD was (39.73 ± 1.56) %; and the FAZ area was (0.45 ± 0.06) mm². The concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, VCAM, PGF, and MCP-1 in CRVO-ME patients were (151.16 ± 88.61), (38.63 ± 22.29), (107.72 ± 96.76), (2177.02 ± 2357.69), (76.53 ± 29.48), and (617.69 ± 205.87) pg/ml, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that CRT was significantly positively correlated with the IL-6 and VEGF concentrations (r = 0.450,0.593, p < 0.05); FAZ area was significantly positively correlated with VEGF (r = 0.489, p < 0.05); and SCP-VD was significantly negatively correlated with IL-6 (r = -0.462, p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The concentration of intraocular cytokines exhibited a substantial correlation with the macular structure of the macula and the extent of microvascular damage surrounding the macula.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13520420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148839314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing dry eye disease in primary Sjögren's syndrome using the chronic care model: a single-group pre-post study.","authors":"Jia Xin Liu, Jing Mei Shi, Shuo Zhang, Wen Jing Song","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05104-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05104-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dry eye is the most prevalent ocular complaint among patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome, manifesting as pronounced eye discomfort and frequently complicated by mental disorders including anxiety and depression. Prior research has demonstrated that the chronic care model improves both clinical indicators and psychological status. This study compared changes in clinical parameters and psychological status in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome following a 24-week chronic disease management intervention.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This single-group pre-post study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in China between April 2022 and October 2023. A total of 34 patients diagnosed with primary Sjögren's syndrome were recruited into this study. Questionnaires including the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, treatment compliance, the Knowledge-Attitude-Practice questionnaire, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21, were administered to patients at different follow-up time points. Patients also received objective ocular examinations consisting of Schirmer's test values, Tear Break-Up Time, corneal staining assessed with the NEI scale, and conjunctival staining assessed with the Sicca OSS scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27.0, with descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, repeated-measures analysis of variance (with Bonferroni correction), Spearman's rank correlation analysis, and McNemar tests. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 34 patients were enrolled (mean age 56.62 ± 12.16 years; 94.12% female). The primary outcome, Ocular Surface Disease Index score, improved significantly at 12 weeks compared with baseline. Significant changes were also detected in all secondary outcomes: Tear Break-Up Time increased significantly at both 12 and 24 weeks; Schirmer's test results and conjunctival staining grade shifted significantly from moderate to severe to mild or normal at 12 weeks; compliance with all treatment approaches was markedly elevated; the knowledge and practice domains of the Knowledge-Attitude-Practice questionnaire improved greatly; and depression, anxiety, and stress scores declined significantly. All of the above comparisons were statistically significant (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Intervention with the chronic care model management program can enhance treatment compliance, elevate patients' Knowledge-Attitude-Practice levels and psychological status, and potentially relieve dry eye-related symptoms among patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>Retrospectively registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( https://www.chrictr.org.cn/ ) on March 26, 2025, ChiCTR2500099615.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13465180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148711216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vision screening in pre-school children in Asmara, Eritrea.","authors":"Samuel Tesfamichael Kibrom, Mengis Tesfamariam Fisshaye, Yohannes Solomon Ghebremedhin, Tsige Mnasie Smret","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05206-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05206-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Preschool-aged children with vision problems are at a critical period of visual development and screening could identify and lead to treatments that could improve vision. So, this study conducted vision screening and identified the common vision and eye problems in this age group for early management.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Cluster sampling was used in selecting the regions of Biet Mekae and Villagio randomly to be the samples of the city. All the children from the two communities under the age of 5 years were included. Additionally, another set of tests were conducted on the children, who were referred for failing one or more of the tests to correctly diagnose their condition.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 662 children, out of which 12.1% failed the tests and were referred for further investigation. Among those referred, 12.5% were found to be false positives, 26.25% were drop outs, and the rest 61.25% were diagnosed with different conditions. VKC was found in 10% of the referred children, allergic conjunctivitis in 21.25%, strabismus was found in 15%, bacterial conjunctivitis in 2.5%, corneal ulcer in 2.5%, NLDO in 3.75%, and the remaining 6.25% phoria, blepharitis, dacryocytitis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results suggest that, vision problems and eye diseases which may lead to a more serious level of irreversible visual impairment later in life are common in pre-school children. Moreover, vision screening examination testability was highest in the age group 3-5 years, so interventions could be made more efficient by concentrating in this age group.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13459252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148711204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular findings in pediatric candidates for cochlear implantation with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss: a brief report from northwestern Iran.","authors":"Navid Sobhi, Hadi Vahedi, Hamidreza Ashayeri, Fatemeh Razmjooei, Ali Jafarizadeh, Ali Nouri, Aida Ariafar, Yalda Jabbari Moghaddam, Masoud Naderpour","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05205-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05205-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The presence of ocular abnormalities in patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) may affect children's developmental milestones due to impairment of primary sensory inputs. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of different ophthalmologic abnormalities in pediatric patients with bilateral SNHL who were candidates for cochlear implantation (CI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective medical chart review of 261 pediatric patients under 13 years of age with bilateral SNHL who were candidates for CI and were evaluated at a tertiary cochlear implantation referral center in northwestern Iran between March 21, 2017, and June 20, 2025. Ophthalmologic findings were assessed as the main outcome measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall prevalence of ocular findings was 19.5%. Cardiac abnormalities were observed in 17.6% of patients, and refractive errors were identified in 8.4%. Jaundice was the most common prenatal complication, and 36.8% of patients had a history of neurologic complications. Ocular, cardiologic, and neurologic manifestations occurred independently of one another, with no significant pairwise co-occurrence among the three systems.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings highlight the need for a multidisciplinary approach in candidates for CI with bilateral SNHL. Comprehensive ophthalmologic evaluation is essential in this population, with particular attention to refractive errors, ocular alignment, and fundus assessment. Because ocular, cardiologic, and neurologic findings occurred independently in the exploratory analysis, screening for each system should be pursued comprehensively and in parallel rather than selectively guided by findings in another system.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13459247/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148711246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serial dual-wavelength illumination for retinal vessel oximetry using a conventional fundus camera: a proof-of-concept study.","authors":"Melih Tarhan, Daniel Meller, Martin Hammer","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05216-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05216-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Retinal vessel oximetry requires fundus images at two wavelengths with different hemoglobin absorption characteristics. Simultaneous acquisition using one-chip color cameras may be affected by incomplete spectral separation of detector channels, whereas multi-chip systems such as 3-chip CCD cameras can achieve improved spectral separation. We present a serial dual-wavelength illumination approach integrated into a conventional fundus camera and compare oxygen saturation measurements with those obtained from a commercial retinal oximeter.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A custom LED illumination unit was fiber-coupled into a fundus camera to provide serial illumination at 548 nm (isosbestic hemoglobin wavelength) and 605 nm (oxygen-sensitive wavelength with differential absorption between oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin), each for 250 ms. Corneal irradiance was 33 mW/cm² at 548 nm and 7 mW/cm² at 605 nm. Sequentially acquired images were registered and analyzed using established retinal oximetry algorithms. Mean arterial and venous oxygen saturation values were compared with measurements from a commercial retinal oximeter in nine participants undergoing routine ophthalmic examination. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association between methods, and agreement was additionally evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean arterial oxygen saturation was 99.4 ± 5.7% with serial illumination and 100.4 ± 3.0% with standard oximetry. Mean venous oxygen saturation was 71.5 ± 7.0% and 69.5 ± 11.6%, respectively. The mean absolute differences between both techniques were 3.6 ± 2.7% for arteries and 8.4 ± 9.3% for veins. Bland-Altman analysis showed a small arterial bias of 0.94% with limits of agreement from - 7.9% to + 9.8%. For venous measurements, bias was - 1.98% with wider limits of agreement (- 26.9% to + 22.9%). Arterial measurements showed borderline non-significant correlation (R = 0.606, p = 0.084). Venous measurements showed no correlation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Serial illumination is feasible for retinal vessel oximetry and mitigates detector-level spectral crosstalk associated with simultaneous dual-wavelength imaging using one-chip color cameras. Arterial measurements showed only a small systematic bias compared with the commercial retinal oximeter, whereas venous measurements demonstrated greater variability, indicating the need for further optimization and validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13455296/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148705241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of surgeon seniority in predicting surgically induced astigmatism after phacoemulsification surgery: a machine learning study.","authors":"Denizcan Özizmirliler, Ceren Durmaz Engin, Özlem Özkan, Furkan Güney, Barbaros Hayrettin Ünlü, Hamit Ali, Ziya Ayhan, Canan Aslı Utine","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05203-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05203-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate whether surgeon seniority influences postoperative astigmatic change after phacoemulsification cataract surgery and to assess the performance of machine-learning models in predicting postoperative astigmatic outcomes using preoperative clinical data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 169 eyes of 169 patients who underwent phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Surgeons were categorized as residents (n = 101) or specialists (n = 68). Astigmatism was quantified using both classical magnitude-based analysis and vector decomposition. Potential determinants of postoperative astigmatic change were evaluated using multivariable regression analyses. Machine-learning models, including Gradient Boosting, K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree, and Support Vector Machine models, were used to predict classical and vector astigmatism outcomes. Model performance was assessed using mean absolute error, root mean square error, and the coefficient of determination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 169 eyes, 101 were operated on by residents and 68 by specialists. Postoperative astigmatic change did not differ significantly between resident- and specialist-performed procedures in either classical or vector analyses. Within the resident group, increasing surgical seniority was not associated with postoperative astigmatic change. In multivariable analysis, preoperative cylindrical error was the only significant predictor in the vector model, whereas no significant predictor was identified in the classical model. Overall, machine-learning models demonstrated limited predictive performance, with only modest utility for classical astigmatism and poor explanatory performance for vector outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Surgeon seniority was not a significant determinant of surgically induced astigmatism after phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Machine-learning models based on preoperative clinical data provided only limited predictive value, particularly for vector astigmatism outcomes. Incorporating intraoperative variables may improve future predictive performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13595648/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic accuracy and reliability of portable visual field-testing devices for detecting manifest glaucomatous visual-field loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Raghad Saleh Alajlan, Abdulrahman Almazrou, Lama Althubiti, Lama Alsenani, Bayan Hazazi, Yara Alsarhan, Lamia Alharbi, Sheikah Alotaibi","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05092-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05092-1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Portable visual-field testing devices have emerged as accessible approaches for detecting and monitoring manifest glaucomatous visual-field loss, particularly where standard automated perimetry is difficult to access. Their diagnostic accuracy and clinical reliability, however, remain uncertain due to heterogeneous study designs, variable thresholds, and inconsistent performance metrics. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy, test duration, and correlation of all portable VF devices compared with SAP, across multiple device categories and glaucoma severities.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP, and Google Scholar was conducted from inception through December 2025, without language restrictions. Eligible studies included diagnostic-accuracy or cohort designs comparing portable VF devices, including virtual-reality, tablet-based, web-based, or paper-based against SAP as the reference standard. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed quality using QUADAS-2. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratios (DOR) were calculated using bivariate random-effects models, with heterogeneity and publication bias evaluated via I², τ², and Deeks' funnel asymmetry tests. Secondary outcomes included test duration and correlation coefficients for mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), and visual field index (VFI).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;From 639 screened records, 21 studies involving 2,254 participants (1,362 glaucoma, 892 controls) were included. Pooled sensitivity was 86% (95% CI, 80-90) and pooled specificity 88% (95% CI, 80-93), with an overall DOR of 28.6 (95% CI, 14.3-57.2). Substantial heterogeneity was observed across studies and device categories. Virtual-reality/head-mounted devices showed the highest diagnostic performance, whereas tablet-based devices demonstrated the lowest pooled specificity; however, sensitivity did not differ significantly between device categories, and specificity differences were not statistically significant. Test durations were significantly shorter for portable perimetry overall (SMD - 1.60; 95% CI, - 2.63 to - 0.57), with the largest reductions for tablet-based and paper-based devices, whereas VR/head-mounted systems showed no significant difference. Global index correlations were strong (r = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.75-0.88).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;In included validation studies, portable visual-field devices showed promising diagnostic performance relative to SAP for detecting manifest glaucomatous visual-field loss in validation-study settings, and most devices reduced testing time. However, because many studies used case-control designs, pooled accuracy estimates may be optimistic. Prospective, population-based studies in unselected cohorts are needed before these technologies are used as","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13445791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148683519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Undiagnosed visual disorders among first-grade children in Türkiye: a school-based photoscreening cross-sectional study with cost analysis.","authors":"Eray Ontas, Onur Ozalp","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05172-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05172-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Türkiye's national vision screening programme relies on LEA Symbol acuity testing by family health workers at primary-care centres, with no instrument-based or school-based component and was formalised only months before the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020) disrupted preventive services. This study evaluated the clinical yield and cost implications of school-based photoscreening among first-grade children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A two-phase, district-wide, school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Devrek district, Zonguldak Province, Türkiye (May 2022). All 509 first-grade students across seven primary schools were targeted for screening with the Plusoptix S12R photoscreener. Screen-positive children underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination including cycloplegic refraction and best-corrected visual acuity assessment. Confirmatory examination failure levels followed the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) 2021 guidelines; amblyopia was defined according to American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern criteria. A provider-perspective cost analysis was performed using opportunity costs in euros.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 509 children, 467 were screened (91.7% coverage). Eighty-seven (18.6%) met referral criteria; 55 (63.2%) completed comprehensive examination. Nineteen (34.5% of examined) met AAPOS-2021 criteria for at least one target condition, with astigmatism > 1.75 D being the most prevalent condition (20.0%). Spectacles were prescribed to 45 children (81.8%), of whom 39 (86.7%) had no prior spectacle history. Three children (5.5%) met criteria for confirmed amblyopia and an additional 11 (20.0%) were classified as having subnormal visual acuity below the national age-norm (not meeting amblyopia criteria). All three confirmed cases were newly detected. Total programme cost was €1,844 (€3.95/child screened; €47.3/newly identified treatable condition).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>School-based photoscreening at school entry revealed a substantial burden of previously undiagnosed visual disorders in a Turkish district where, amid post-pandemic disruption to preventive services, national-programme delivery and outcomes were not retrievable for the cohort. More than six in seven children requiring spectacles (86.7%) were previously unknown to the healthcare system. Because no individual national-programme results were available, the incremental yield over routine care could not be quantified. These findings support evaluating instrument-based screening within Türkiye's school health framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13483538/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valsalva retinopathy following brief hanging from a window in a khat user: a case report.","authors":"Abdullahi Ali Roble, Abdisalam Ismail Hassan, Said Abdi Mohamed, Hassan Muhumed Mohamed, Mohamed Salad Kadiye, Ahmed Muhammad Bashir","doi":"10.1186/s12886-026-05173-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12886-026-05173-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Valsalva retinopathy is a well-recognized cause of sudden, painless visual loss resulting from preretinal hemorrhage following an abrupt increase in intrathoracic or intra-abdominal pressure. It is most commonly associated with activities such as coughing, vomiting, and physical exertion.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We report the case of a 23-year-old previously healthy male who presented with acute, painless visual loss in the left eye following khat chewing and brief hanging from a window. Ophthalmic examination revealed a dense premacular hemorrhage associated with marked visual impairment. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) confirmed a subhyaloid hemorrhage, demonstrating a dome-shaped premacular hemorrhagic cavity beneath the posterior hyaloid face. A diagnosis of Valsalva retinopathy was established based on the clinical and imaging findings. The patient underwent Nd laser hyaloidotomy using a Q-switched Nd laser, resulting in successful drainage of the hemorrhage into the vitreous cavity. At one-month follow-up, complete visual recovery (6/6) was achieved, with complete resolution of the hemorrhage and no procedure-related complications.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This case highlights an uncommon presentation of Valsalva retinopathy following brief hanging from a window. The hanging episode was considered the most likely precipitating event because of its potential to generate substantial Valsalva stress and a sudden increase in retinal venous pressure. Although khat use has not been established as a direct cause of Valsalva retinopathy, its sympathomimetic cardiovascular effects may have contributed to vascular susceptibility. This report expands the spectrum of atypical triggers associated with Valsalva retinopathy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Valsalva retinopathy should be considered in young patients presenting with sudden visual loss, even when the precipitating event is unconventional. Early treatment with Nd laser hyaloidotomy can result in excellent anatomical and visual outcomes in selected patients with dense premacular hemorrhage.</p>","PeriodicalId":9058,"journal":{"name":"BMC Ophthalmology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13425857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148648157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}