ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Electrospun PCL Mats Modified with Magnetic Nanoparticles and Tannic Acid with Antibacterial and Possible Antiosteosarcoma Activity for Bone Tissue Engineering and Cancer Treatment.","authors":"Anna Hlukhaniuk, Małgorzata Świętek, Vitalii Patsula, Olga Janoušková, Antonín Brož, Marina Malić, Anna Kołodziej, Aleksandra Wesełucha-Birczyńska, Jiří Hodan, Miroslav Slouf, Waldemar Tokarz, Beata Zasońska, Lukáš Bystrianský, Milan Gryndler, Lucie Bačáková, Daniel Horák","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modifying scaffolds with agents that at the same time positively influence osteogenic cells and have a negative impact on cancerous growth, is a promising solution for patients with bone tissue defects following tumor excision. Such materials may not only boost tissue regeneration but also limit the risk of cancer reoccurrence. In our study, we developed novel bifunctional scaffolds containing magnetic nanoparticles grafted with PCL (MNP@PCL) and tannic acid (TA), which may be directed to support normal bone cells and suppress osteosarcoma cells. First, MNPs were postsynthetically surface-modified, by grafting poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) from the surface via ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone, to provide their uniform distribution within the polymer matrix. Then, fiber mats containing a fixed amount of MNPs (2 wt %) and increasing content of TA (0, 1, 5, and 10 wt %) were prepared by electrospinning method. Both MNP@PCL and TA decreased polymer crystallinity. The interaction between the MNPs and TA significantly influenced the mat morphology, thermal properties, and initial hydrolytic performance. The most intensive TA release was observed mainly within first 6 h of incubation, and it was 3.5-fold higher (ca. 0.02 mg of TA/per mg of mat) for mfPCL@TA-10 compared to mfPCL@TA-5. Moreover, TA-containing magnetic mats suppressed the metabolic activity of osteosarcoma cells. They also demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial properties against the bacteria typically accompanying orthopedic complications, reducing the population of Gram-positive bacteria by more than 90% compared to the neat PCL mat. This proves the high potential of these materials for combining cancer treatment with bone tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internal Water-Induced Acceleration, Chemical Pathways, and Contributing Factors in the Degradation of Poly(lactic-<i>co</i>-glycolic acid) (PLGA) Microparticles and Devices.","authors":"Joseph B Mayer, Samruddhi M Patil, Sung-Ho Shin, Jin Yoo, You-Yeon Won","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(lactic-<i>co</i>-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are FDA-approved, biodegradable polymers widely used in medical applications, especially in controlled drug release systems and surgical devices. To be able to predict and control the degradation kinetics of such systems, it is essential to study the effect of various parameters on the degradation rate. In this work, a review is presented concerning the hydrolytic degradation of PLA and PLGA. The effects of solvent dielectric constant, pH, lactate and glycolate content, stereoisomers and crystallinity, degradation temperature, glass transition temperature (<i>T</i>_g), and melting temperature (<i>T</i>_m), monomer sequence in PLGA copolymers, and polymer molecular weight in PLA/PLGA are reviewed. In vitro/in vivo correlation (IVIVC) limitations are addressed. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the results on the hydrolytic degradation of PLA/PLGA available in the literature and to offer clarification on certain aspects that remain less well understood. In particular, we aim to provide insights into the factors underlying the varying and sometimes contrasting findings reported in relatively recent studies. We propose a new explanation for accelerated degradation in the core of PLA/PLGA matrices─internal water-induced acceleration─and discuss how this perspective offers an alternative to existing acid-acceleration models, which appear insufficient to explain some of the more recent data. Additionally, we address topics related to (i) the absence of the backbiting reaction in bulk matrices, (ii) the presence and influence of mass transport of both water and the degradation products, and (iii) the effect of monomer sequence on PLGA copolymer degradation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanically and Chemically Robust Lanmodulin-Functionalized Silk Sponges for Rare Earth Element Sequestration.","authors":"Logan D Morton, Ryan A Scheel, Jugal Kishore Sahoo, Julian B Gilbert, Joseph A Cotruvo, Yongqin Jiao, Dan M Park, David L Kaplan","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The extraction of rare-earth elements (REEs) from low-grade sources like electronic waste (E-waste) could supplement current unsustainable mining practices. REEs are crucial for various industries, but supply struggles to meet growing demand. Herein, we present an environmentally friendly method for REE extraction using silk protein sponges functionalized with lanmodulin (LanM), a protein that selectively binds REEs. These sponges are relatively facile to fabricate and scale, while offering highly selective REE binding. The REEs can then be recovered via simple acid leaching, allowing sponge reuse for multiple cycles as well as specific desorption of different REEs by changing the pH of the desorption buffer. This method avoids harmful solvents used in traditional extraction and enables recycling of REEs from industrial and E-waste.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfluidic Systems to Mimic the Blood-Brain Barrier: from Market to Engineering Challenges and Perspectives.","authors":"Gabriela Gomes da Silva, Daniel Pereira Sacomani, Bruna Gregatti de Carvalho, Marimélia Aparecida Porcionatto, Angelo Gobbi, Renato Sousa Lima, Lucimara Gaziola de la Torre","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c02221","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c02221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studying and understanding complex biological systems is a challenge that requires technologies that go beyond traditional cell culture methods. Among the new technologies that have been developed in recent times, blood-brain barrier-on-a-chip (BBB-on-a-chip) models are becoming popular. Due to their ability to integrate fluid flow, which is absent in traditional static models, it has been possible to create a cellular microenvironment that mimics blood vessels and blood flow. In addition, the possibility of coculturing different cell types in multicellular models allows the observation of their interactions and increases interest in these systems. With different possibilities in terms of prototyping techniques (e.g., laminate manufacturing, molding, and 3D impression), chip designs (e.g., planar and cylindrical configurations), and materials (e.g., thermoplastics, elastomers, and hydrogels), the number of publications in the BBB research field has significantly increased in the last five years. In parallel, the emergence and consolidation of several companies have made the commercialization and application of these chips possible, mainly in the pharmaceutical area, which is not yet integrated into the drug development pipeline. In this context, the present review describes the intersection between technique, market, and applications that mimic the BBB. We showed organ-on-a-chip (OoC) market growth and the collaborative research between the main OoC supplier companies and industrial collaborators. Also, we present an overview of the primary fabrication methods used in constructing the OoC systems and their application in developing the BBB models. In addition, we discussed the BBB-on-a-chip designs developed in the last five years, including their engineering aspects (such as materials, dimensions, and configuration), characterization, and challenges in mimicking the BBB.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advancements in Near-Infrared Light-Propelled Nanomotors for Biomedical Applications.","authors":"Yina Su, Guizhen Xu, Wei Wu, Xiao Li, Simin Chen, Shanni Hong, Xiahui Lin","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00586","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanomotors (NMs) achieve autonomous motion by converting external energy into mechanical work, enabling them to perform complex tasks on demand. Among the various propulsion mechanisms for NMs, near-infrared (NIR) light propulsion has attracted significant attention due to its excellent biocompatibility, deep tissue penetration, minimal damage to normal tissues, precise on/off control, and rapid response. Furthermore, NIR propulsion can be integrated with other propulsion mechanisms to overcome the limitations of single-mode systems. In this review, we explore the design of NIR light-propelled NMs, categorizing their mechanisms into three types: (1) photothermal propulsion, (2) NIR light-triggered bubble propulsion, and (3) photothermal-bubble dual-driven propulsion systems. We also highlight the applications of NIR light-propelled NMs in treating diseases such as tumors, thrombosis, and bacterial infections. In addition, the challenges and future prospects for the development of NIR light-propelled NMs are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144473281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Multifunctional Antioxidant Self-Healing Hydrogel for Rapid Hemostasis and Abdominal Aorta Wound Healing.","authors":"Shuai Gao, Yue Wang, Shuiyan Zhao, Yi Liu, Huiting Zhong, Zuoxiang Dong, Silin Pan","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Uncontrolled arterial bleeding and wound infection following severe trauma pose significant challenges to existing tissue adhesives. This study developed an injectable hydrogel based on ε-polylysine, carboxymethyl chitosan, and oxidized dextran (DECG) to address the deficiencies of current materials. This hydrogel not only possesses rapid and strong adhesion and self-healing properties by incorporating basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) but also demonstrates excellent porosity (30 μm), biocompatibility, antioxidant properties, and antibacterial performance. Additionally, the adhesive strength of the hydrogel reached 0.627 MPa, capable of withstanding pressures of 657.6 ± 18.71 mmHg. The hydrogel transitions from a liquid to a solid state within just 10 s. More importantly, this study used the rat abdominal aorta as an in vivo hemostasis model, clearly confirming that the DECG hydrogel can effectively prevent fatal noncompressible hemorrhage in the rat abdominal aorta injury model. Further investigations revealed that the DECG hydrogel also promoted the high expression of COL-1, CD31, VEGF, α-SMA, and PCNA, improving arterial wound healing and reducing the occurrence of aneurysms. Overall, the meticulously developed DECG hydrogel in this study demonstrates outstanding performance, precisely meeting the urgent demands of clinical applications and showing promising clinical prospects in controlling difficult bleeding situations and promoting the healing of challenging infectious wounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled Release of Minoxidil through Hydrogel Cross-Linking to Treat Androgenetic Alopecia.","authors":"Leo L Wang, Spencer Tuohy, Elaine Kim, Arben Nace, Karen L Xu, Ruifeng Yang, Ying Zheng, George Cotsarelis","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Minoxidil is the only FDA approved topical treatment for androgenetic alopecia, which is male- or female-pattern hair loss. However, its use is limited by its efficacy and tolerability. Here, we describe a novel bioengineered approach to improve local delivery to the skin. We showed that Schiff bases form between the diamines of minoxidil and aldehyde-modified hyaluronic acid, leading to cross-linking and formation of injectable hydrogels. Hydrogels exhibited tunable release of minoxidil over 6 weeks <i>in vitro</i> with induction of hair growth <i>in vivo</i> in a mouse model after intradermal injection. To improve delivery, hydrogels were fabricated into hydrogel-forming microneedle patches, which allowed controlled, precise, and uniform delivery of minoxidil into skin. Through our approach, we formed highly mechanically robust microneedle patches with heights of 600 or 800 μm with sufficient mechanical strength to penetrate human skin. Minoxidil hydrogel microneedle patches similarly led to anagen induction in a mouse model. Our technology represents a promising new approach to improve minoxidil use and patient outcomes in androgenetic alopecia.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> Extracellular Vesicle-Host Interaction Using a Microfluidic Platform with Caco-2 Spheroides-on-Chip.","authors":"Silvia Tea Calzuola, Jeanne Malet-Villemagne, Debora Pinamonti, Francesco Rizzotto, Céline Henry, Christine Péchaux, Jean Baptiste Blondé, Emmanuel Roy, Marisa Manzano, Goran Lakisic, Sandrine Truchet, Jasmina Vidic","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00750","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> is a foodborne pathogen that adheres to and invades the epithelial cells of the human intestinal tract. The extracellular vesicles (EVs) of <i>C. jejuni</i> have an important impact during pathogenicity, but their role in invasion of host intestinal epithelial cells remains largely unknown. <i>In vitro</i> models lack the complexity of tissue and fail to accurately replicate the dynamic interactions between EVs and human intestinal epithelial cells, while animal infection models have species-specific differences that limit their translational relevance and are associated with ethical concerns. To bridge this gap, we propose a microfluidic platform integrated with an impedimetric sensor to monitor <i>C. jejuni</i> EV interactions with human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. When cultured in this microfluidic device, Caco-2 epithelial cells underwent spontaneous 3D morphogenesis into spheroid-like structures with diameters ranging from 50 to 100 μm. Functional assays revealed that the <i>C. jejuni</i> secretome and EVs (multiplicity of infection, MOI 10) caused a 60% reduction in Caco-2 cell viability in 2D plate cultures, as measured by the MTT assay. In contrast, 3D Caco-2 spheroids showed significantly increased resistance to cytotoxic effects of secreted virulence factors of <i>C. jejuni</i>. By combining impedance spectroscopy and live microscopic observation, the platform allowed real-time monitoring of cellular spatial growth and sensitive detection of EV interactions with intestinal epithelial cells, highlighting the protective role of 3D cell organization. The physiological relevance of the model was confirmed by TEER measurements that suggested that <i>Campylobacter</i> EVs diffused paracellularly. The developed microfluidic device is a promising platform for investigating host-microbe interactions and may have a broad impact on biomedical research on gastroenteritis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144473277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature-Inspired Bioelectric Stimuli-Based Electroactive Polymeric Therapeutics Technology for Osteoarthritis Treatment─A Review.","authors":"Prajna Nagaraj Hegde, Anjaneyulu Udduttula","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00480","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00480","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The self-healing capacity of severely damaged articular cartilage is inherently limited due to weak cellular signaling, low cell turnover, poor extracellular matrix synthesis, and a lack of vascularization. Such damage to cartilage can lead to severe pain and the progression of osteoarthritis, significantly impacting patients' physical and mental well-being. Current surgical and nonsurgical interventions for repairing and regenerating cartilage tissue have shown inadequate long-term efficacy. Recently, the intrinsic electrical properties of bone tissue inspired researchers to focus on designing and fabricating regenerative biomaterials with bioelectrical properties such as piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ferroelectric, and dielectric for more effective treatment of bone defects. Among these electrical cues, piezoelectricity, in particular, plays a critical role in fracture healing and joint mechanics. The loss of cartilage alters biomechanics and may disrupt essential mechanotransduction pathways. However, the potential of these piezoelectrically active biomaterials with a combination of electroactive polymeric and biomimetic inorganic materials for regenerating cartilage and alleviating osteoarthritis has not been thoroughly explored. Therefore, developing natural, innovative, and biofunctional biomaterials with electrical properties is imperative to treating osteoarthritis effectively. The advancement of biomaterials with electroactive and other features offers the potential to transmit direct electrical signals to cells and stimulate faster tissue regeneration. In this review, we aim to understand and explore the electroactive properties of polymeric-based biomaterials by analyzing their potential applications and challenges in treating osteoarthritis. Specifically, we discussed how electroactive polymers can serve as bioinks for 3D bioprinting, hydrogels, coatings, and scaffolds in combination with bioactive inorganic materials to repair and regenerate articular cartilage. This comprehensive review will aid researchers in gaining a deeper understanding of electroactive polymers and provide insightful information for the development and advancement of electroactive biomaterials like piezo-activated next-generation biomaterials for the treatment of osteoarthritis in an effective manner.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144367622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greener Decellularization of Porcine Auricular Cartilage Using Supercritical Technology and Different Pretreatments for Application in Tissue Engineering.","authors":"Victor M de Souza, Carolina C Zuliani, Jéssica B da Cunha, Juliana Carron, Carmen S P Lima, Ibsen B Coimbra, Paulo T V Rosa, Ângela M Moraes","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c02155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c02155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scaffolds for tissue engineering can be obtained from synthetic or natural materials, with decellularized tissues being particularly attractive. Among these, porcine auricular cartilage is of special interest because of its availability, similarity to the human extracellular matrix (ECM), and cost-effectiveness. Decellularization of animal tissues yields extracellular matrices (ECM) rich in collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are essential for providing mechanical support and creating a favorable environment for cell adhesion and tissue development. Traditional decellularization methods that rely on surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), can have drawbacks, including protein denaturation, cytotoxic effects, the need for extensive washing, and the production of hazardous effluents. Alternative approaches involving the use of supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) combined with cosolvents and preceded by specific tissue pretreatments have the potential to minimize ECM degradation, reduce effluent production, and allow for the recycling of CO₂, thus lowering the overall carbon footprint. In this study, the decellularization of porcine auricular cartilage was investigated using osmotic shock and freeze-thaw pretreatments, followed by exposure to scCO₂ combined with either butanol or ethanol. For comparison, traditional SDS decellularization was also performed. The decellularized tissues were assessed based on ECM structure, cell removal efficiency, and mechanical properties through histological analysis, DNA quantification, and mechanical compression testing. The results showed that none of the treatments fully decellularized the cartilage, likely due to the tissue's high GAG content. However, the combination of freeze-thaw cycles followed by scCO₂ treatment with butanol yielded the most favorable results, preserving the mechanical properties of the cartilage while minimizing ECM degradation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144323816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}