ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Advances and Challenges of Sensing in Water Using CRISPR-Cas Technology","authors":"Moein Safarkhani,&nbsp;Bahareh Farasati Far,&nbsp;Su-Hyeon Kim,&nbsp;Pooyan Makvandi,&nbsp;Mi-Kyung Park,&nbsp;YunSuk Huh,&nbsp;Navid Rabiee","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01689","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01689","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The groundbreaking gene-editing mechanism, CRISPR (ClusteredRegularlyInterspaced Short Palindromic Repeats), paired with the protein Cas9,has significantly advanced the realms of biology, medicine, and agriculture.Through its precision in modifying genetic sequences, CRISPR holdsthe potential to alter the trajectory of genetic disorders and accelerateadvancements in agriculture. While its therapeutic potential is profound,the technology also invites ethical debates centered on responsibleuse and equity in access. Parallelly, in the environmental monitoringsphere and sensing in water, especially biosensors have been instrumentalin evaluating natural water sources’ quality. These biosensors,integrating biological components with detection techniques, havethe potential to revolutionize healthcare by providing rapid and minimallyinvasive diagnostic methods. However, the design and application ofthese sensors bring forth challenges, especially in ensuring sensitivity,selectivity, and ethical data handling. This article delves into theprospective use of CRISPR-Cas technology for sensing in water, exploringits capabilities in detecting diverse biomarkers, hazardous substances,and varied reactions in water and wastewater systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"5723–5738"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140565147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence of a Calcium-Chelating Protein Involved in Silkworm Silk Fiber Spinning","authors":"Benjamin J. Allardyce,&nbsp;Stuart M. Linton,&nbsp;Dilendra Wijesekara,&nbsp;Martin Zaki,&nbsp;Chris Holland,&nbsp;Heena Faulder,&nbsp;Rangam Rajkhowa","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01458","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01458","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Silk cocoons consist primarily of fibroin and sericin but also contain hundreds of uncharacterized proteins with unknown biological function. This study characterizes a silk extract produced using a recently developed extraction method that preserves native protein structure and composition, revealing proteins that are likely lost or overlooked using conventional extraction approaches. As expected, it extracted the primary fibroin and sericin proteins, but unexpectedly, the extract was dominated by sericin 3 and an 18.4 kDa protein with unknown function. We propose two possible functions: firstly, that it facilitates sericin 3 expression or secretion and secondly, that it acts as a “calcium chelator”, acting as a molecular trigger for fiber formation. In addition, analysis of the theoretical fractional charges of the primary silk proteins predicts that sericin 3 and fibrohexamerin (P25) transitions from negatively charged to neutral charge at the pH in the anterior silk gland, suggesting a previously unrecognized mechanism for regulating protein interactions during spinning. Together, these findings point towards an explanation for how silkworms can store silk proteins at high concentrations in the gland without aggregation then selectively destabilize the mixture on demand during fiber spinning. This understanding could have significant implications for the development of regenerated silk feedstocks for artificial silk spinning.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"6107–6118"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural Anisotropy in Bone-Mimetic Silk Constructs Promotes Self-Mineralization","authors":"Anyelo R Diaz,&nbsp;Yunteng Cao,&nbsp;Liliana Liverani,&nbsp;Aldo R Boccaccini,&nbsp;Benedetto Marelli,&nbsp;Chiara E Ghezzi","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00931","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00931","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding how organic matrix architecture regulates biomineralization remains a central challenge in mineralized tissue regeneration. Emerging evidence highlights the importance of coupled phenomena, including nanoconfinement, ionic and pH regulation, and hierarchical structural remodeling, in directing mineral formation. Silk fibroin (SF) is a versatile structural protein widely used in biomaterials due to its tunable mechanics, scalable processing into micro- and nanoscale constructs, controllable biodegradation, and ability to support cell infiltration and tissue integration, including in bone. However, despite its favorable biological properties, SF exhibits limited intrinsic self-mineralization in physiological fluids, restricting its mechanical reinforcement and osteogenic potential. In this study, we engineered SF scaffolds with controlled microstructure and anisotropy and incorporated bioactive inorganic phases, nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) or 45S5 bioactive glass (BG) to promote self-directed mineralization. Scaffolds were evaluated in simulated body fluid under static and dynamic conditions to assess mineral formation and distribution. Isotropic architectures supported more uniform, volumetric mineral integration, whereas anisotropic scaffolds promoted preferential surface mineral deposition. Incorporation of HA or BG significantly enhanced mineralization, leading to the formation of carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite (CHA). These compositional and structural effects translated into marked improvements in compressive mechanical properties. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that synergistic control over scaffold architecture and bioactive cargo can direct in situ mineralization, enabling the design of silk-based constructs with enhanced mechanical performance and potential for bone regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"6319–6332"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149163303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herb-Derived Carbon Dots","authors":"Xiuzhi Guo,&nbsp;Meizhe Yu,&nbsp;Hongyang Wang,&nbsp;Ning Xin,&nbsp;Mengmeng Yu,&nbsp;Xiaonan Tan,&nbsp;Chuanzhi Kang,&nbsp;Xiaodong Xing","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00958","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00958","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Herbs possess a long history of medicinal use and abundant pharmacological activities. However, the inherent limitations of their poor bioavailability often restrict their therapeutic efficacy. In recent years, carbon dots (CDs) have shown great potential in biomedical applications owing to their excellent optical properties, good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and small size. Using herbs as precursors to prepare CDs can preserve the \"multicomponent, multitarget\" characteristics of the crude herbs, enhance and transform their functions through nanoscale effects, offering unique advantages in biomedicine. Quantitative analysis of 121 entries reveals that herb-derived CDs typically exhibit particle sizes of 1−6 nm (mean ≈ 3.4 nm), quantum yields up to 0.67 (mean ≈ 0.11), and broad emission tunability (400−730 nm), with 51 reports including <em>in vivo</em> biosafety testing, all of which showed no obvious toxicity. Based on the latest advances in herb-derived CDs, this review focuses on precursor selection, pretreatment, and synthesis methods. Furthermore, it discusses their applications in biomedicine, bioimaging, and sensing in detail. Finally, a summary and outlook for this significant and promising field are provided. We hope that this review will offer valuable insights for researchers developing herb-derived CDs and contribute to the ongoing modernization and sustainable development of traditional Chinese medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"5822–5861"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Modular Bottlebrush Polymer Platform for Decoupled Antibacterial and Antifouling Strategies against Wound Infections","authors":"Chang-Sheng Wang,&nbsp;Cecile Berne,&nbsp;Hu Zhang,&nbsp;Karine Dufresne,&nbsp;Wojciech Raj,&nbsp;Alessia Filippini,&nbsp;Hui Guo,&nbsp;Hermine Counil,&nbsp;Quoc Thang Phan,&nbsp;Duy Anh Pham,&nbsp;Nahid Hassanpour,&nbsp;Qiang Peng,&nbsp;Tzu-Hsuan Huang,&nbsp;Florina G. Halmac,&nbsp;Yves V. Brun,&nbsp;Xavier Banquy","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01161","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01161","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Surface-associated and device-related bacterial infections require materials that can both eliminate pathogens and prevent microbial colonization. However, antibacterial activity in solution and antifouling performance at interfaces are governed by distinct physicochemical principles, making their integration within a single material challenging. Here, we report a modular bottlebrush polymer (BBP) platform that decouples these functions through architectural design. A library of seven BBPs with monoblock and ABA triblock architectures was synthesized to independently control side-chain charge distribution and interfacial hydration. Multivalent cationic side chains promoted efficient bacterial killing in solution, whereas hydrated PEG or zwitterionic bottlebrush layers anchored by cationic termini formed stable antifouling coatings. In diabetic mice, the BBPs showed no evidence of local irritation, systemic toxicity, or impaired wound healing. In an infected wound model, bactericidal BBPs reduced bacterial burden, while antifouling BBPs suppressed local inflammation. Their combined application improved therapeutic outcomes, demonstrating the benefit of a functionally decoupled strategy. Collectively, these findings establish a generalizable architectural framework for designing multifunctional anti-infective materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"6484–6498"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computationally Guided Engineering of Short Peptides for Targeted RNA-Loaded pBAE Nanoparticles","authors":"Vladimir Stamenković,&nbsp;Mislav Brajković,&nbsp;Coral Garcia-Fernandez,&nbsp;Salvador Borrós,&nbsp;Xevi Biarnés,&nbsp;Cristina Fornaguera","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00945","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00945","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nanoparticles encapsulating therapeutic RNA have emerged as a transformative strategy in precision medicine, enabling a wide range of applications such as gene therapy for rare diseases, the silencing of toxic gene products, and the mobilization of the immune system to induce specific responses ranging from immune tolerance to fighting tumors. However, most current preclinical and clinical efforts rely on non-targeted delivery systems, limiting their safety, therapeutic efficacy, and selectivity. To enhance the therapeutic index of RNA-based therapeutic systems, we report on the design of a novel Clec9A-targeted polymeric nanoparticle aimed at exploring strategies to enhance delivery toward CLEC9A-expressing immune cells as a proof of concept in the field of mRNA vaccination. We began by evaluating in silico the binding potential of the previously reported 12-amino-acid WH peptide, known for its high affinity to mouse Clec9A, the human ortholog. Using computational tools, we designed and screened truncated variants of the peptide and identified promising candidates with retained, or even enhanced, binding capacity to human Clec9A. These optimized short peptides were synthesized and covalently conjugated to our proprietary poly(beta-amino ester) (pBAE) polymers. We evaluated the impact of the conjugation site on receptor targeting by comparing terminal versus lateral chain attachment. We show that peptide orientation significantly influences transfection efficiency in human THP-1 cells, used as a monocytic robust in vitro model. Additionally, we computationally generated and validated shorter mutant peptide variants with improved Clec9A affinity over the original sequences. Our findings demonstrate that rationally engineered short peptides improve transfection in a human monocytic cell model, which is consistent with the proposed Clec9A-targeting strategy suggested by computational modeling. This strategy lays the groundwork for the next generation of targeted RNA-based (immune)therapeutics, offering improved selectivity and consequent therapeutic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"6067–6078"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioenergetic and Meniscus-Inspired Anisotropic Hydrogel Scaffolds Loaded with Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Enhanced Meniscus Tear Repair","authors":"Yixi Li,&nbsp;Lei Liu,&nbsp;Dan Zhou,&nbsp;Saijiao Lan,&nbsp;Lingtian Lu,&nbsp;Zijie Zhang,&nbsp;Lei Zhao,&nbsp;Jian Zhu,&nbsp;Xiang Zhang,&nbsp;Wenping Pan,&nbsp;Fang Wang,&nbsp;Hongmei Liu,&nbsp;Decheng Wu","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00999","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c00999","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Meniscal tears have limited spontaneous healing due to poor vascularization and intrinsic repair capacity, often leading to post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Current clinical treatments fail to restore native meniscal structure and function, necessitating advanced regenerative strategies. Tissue-engineered scaffolds offer promise, yet conventional designs lack the anisotropic architecture and cannot mitigate the oxidative injury microenvironment. Herein, we developed a meniscus-inspired anisotropic hydrogel scaffold incorporating succinate for bioenergetic regulation and loaded with synovial mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) for repair of red-red and red-white transitional zones. The anisotropic structure was fabricated via freeze-casting to mimic native meniscal alignment, while succinate modification enabled bioenergetic regulation by reducing intracellular ROS levels, preserving mitochondrial homeostasis, and maintaining cellular energy status, thereby enhancing SMSC proliferation and migration. The scaffold improved SMSC behavior in vitro and promoted fibrocartilage-like meniscal repair while attenuating cartilage degeneration in a rabbit tear model. This bioenergetic, biomimetic scaffold integrates structural anisotropy, stem cell therapy, and metabolic regulation, representing a promising strategy for fibrocartilage-like meniscal repair and attenuation of secondary articular cartilage degeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"6364–6375"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149134017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chamber-Design-Associated In Situ Formation of HepG2 Spheroids in a Perfusable Organ-on-a-Chip","authors":"Juan Zhang,&nbsp;Hongze Yin,&nbsp;Huiying Yang,&nbsp;Yue Wang,&nbsp;Yichun Xu,&nbsp;Tao Yue","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01462","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01462","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Perfused spheroid platforms enable continuous mass transport, but the role of chamber architecture in <em>in situ</em> spheroid assembly remains insufficiently understood. Here, we developed a perfusable organ-on-a-chip platform for the <em>in situ</em> formation and culture of HepG2 spheroids and compared rectangle-, rhombus-, and round-chamber designs under matched key channel dimensions. Two-dimensional (2D) simulations revealed geometry-associated differences in intragel velocity and shear-rate distributions. Experimentally, chamber design was associated with differences in spheroid morphology, qualified spheroid proportion, and viability, with the round chamber showing the best overall performance under standardized conditions. Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibition impaired early spheroid compaction without a significant geometry-dependent treatment effect, whereas Matrigel supplementation improved spheroid morphology, hepatic functional readouts, and viability. Under nominal APAP and TBHP exposure conditions, chip and ultra-low-attachment plate cultures exhibited distinct concentration- and time-dependent injury responses. Together, these findings identify chamber architecture and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition as important design variables in perfused spheroid culture and provide a comparative platform for studying liver spheroid development and drug-induced injury under perfusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"6447–6459"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149126055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commercial and Novel Drug-Loaded Coatings with Anticoagulant and/or Antibacterial Functions for Clinical Applications","authors":"Qingyao Yu,&nbsp;Kangjia Sheng,&nbsp;Jiao Long,&nbsp;Yan Gao,&nbsp;Pandi Peng,&nbsp;Tao Bao,&nbsp;Yang Yan,&nbsp;Xinglong Zheng","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01086","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01086","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Drug-loaded coatings significantly improve the bioactivities of multiple medical devices. The most widespread applications are assembling anticoagulant coatings on blood-contacting medical devices to enhance blood compatibility and applying antibacterial coatings to prevent device-induced infection. Notably, a vicious cycle between bacterial infection and thrombosis may result in deterioration of condition and even lead to treatment failure. Thrombosis caused by blood incompatibility of medical devices provides niduses for bacterial colonization, whereas bacterial endotoxins accelerate thrombosis by activating platelets. In some situations, the interactional process can also trigger inflammatory responses and calcification processes. Therefore, the demands for anticoagulant and antibacterial are necessary and mutually influenced. This review presents a summary of current commercial drug-loaded anticoagulant coatings and a detailed report on novel drug-loaded coatings with anticoagulant and/or antibacterial effects. We highlight the synthesis and assembly techniques, drug-release duration, and biofunctional behavior of referenced coatings. Based on careful comparison and comprehensive summary of the state-of-the-art literature, this review reveals the difficulties in large-scale production of the emerging coatings and the functional differences compared to the existing commercial coatings, and predicts the general process for manufacturing and commercialization.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"5943–5966"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149230869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomaterial-Based Activation Enables Scalable Expansion of Stable Human Regulatory T-cells","authors":"Jodi Graf,&nbsp;Aida López Ruiz,&nbsp;Eric D. Slaughter,&nbsp;April M. Kloxin,&nbsp;Catherine A. Fromen","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01422","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6c01422","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) hold significant promise for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection, yet their clinical translation is limited by inefficient and inconsistent manufacturing strategies that fail to generate stable and functional cell populations at scale. Current <em>ex vivo</em> expansion approaches rely on bead-based activation systems that often induce transient FOXP3 expression and variable product quality. Here, we present a bioinspired hydrogel-based activation platform that enables robust expansion and stabilization of regulatory T-cell phenotypes from primary human T-cells. Using PEG-based hydrogels functionalized with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28, we demonstrate significantly enhanced induction and persistence of FOXP3⁺ T-cells compared to industry-standard bead-based activation. Hydrogel activation yields &gt;50% FOXP3⁺ cells and supports sustained expression following removal of activation cues, in contrast to the transient regulatory phenotype observed with conventional methods. Importantly, hydrogel-activated cultures exhibit substantial expansion of both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ FOXP3⁺ populations, alongside increased expression of key immunosuppressive cytokines including IL-10 and TGF-β. While coculture with M2-polarized macrophages modestly enriches regulatory phenotypes, it reduces overall cell expansion and provides limited benefit beyond hydrogel activation alone. These findings identify material-mediated activation as a dominant driver of Treg differentiation and stability. Together, this work establishes a scalable, biomaterial-based strategy for generating high-quality regulatory T-cell products and provides a foundation for improving the manufacturing of Treg-based therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"12 11","pages":"6511–6526"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149242101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}