ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Correction to LAPONITE-Polyethylenimine Based Theranostic Nanoplatform for Tumor-Targeting CT Imaging and Chemotherapy.","authors":"Ying Zhuang, Lingzhou Zhao, Linfeng Zheng, Yong Hu, Ling Ding, Xin Li, Changcun Liu, Jinhua Zhao, Xiangyang Shi, Rui Guo","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01336","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoparticle-Woven Stem Cells as Innovative Building Blocks for Enhanced 3D Bone Development and Tissue Regeneration.","authors":"Laura Ha, Won Hoon Jung, Kyoung Jin Choi, Sung Bum Park, Byumseok Koh, Ki Young Kim","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several major issues in conventional 3D spheroid systems include cellular heterogeneity, uncontrolled cell differentiation, and batch-to-batch variations. In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (mSiO₂ NPs), human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSCs), and boronate-phenolic interactions are applied for the first time to address these issues. Stable attachment of the NPs to hADMSCs via boronate-phenolic interactions produced nanobiohybrids, a novel building block for 3D spheroids. The developed 3D spheroids demonstrated enhanced cell viability while maintaining their structural stability and improved uniform differentiation into bone tissue with reduced heterogeneity within the spheroids. Lastly, 6 weeks after transplanting nanobiohybrid-incorporated spheroids onto an <i>in vivo</i> mouse calvarial defect, the regenerated bone area was significantly enhanced. These findings indicate that nanobiohybrid-enabled spheroids represent a potential strategy to overcome the inherent limitations of conventional cell spheroids, providing a superior platform for the regeneration of various tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EGF, TNF-α, and Hypoxia Preconditioning Enhances the Production and Therapeutic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Regenerative Medicine","authors":"Yin-Hsueh Chen,&nbsp;Xu Duan,&nbsp;Qing Nie,&nbsp;Li-Jun Li,&nbsp;Gang Chen*,&nbsp;Ye Li* and Hong-Yu Yang*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00898","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00898","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs) are promising therapeutic agents for various diseases. However, current methods to improve MSC-EV production are insufficient to meet the clinical demands. Although various strategies have been investigated to enhance MSC-EV production, they are often hampered by limited scalability, loss of stemness, or suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. Our study identified three key stimulators that significantly boosted MSC-EV production: epidermal growth factor (EGF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and hypoxia. Employing an orthogonal design, we developed an optimized cell culture condition, subsequently referred to as ETH (EGF 10 ng/mL, TNF-α 50 ng/mL, and a hypoxic environment of 1% O₂) preconditioning. This approach led to a remarkable 4- to 5-fold increase in MSC-EV yield while preserving the stemness of MSCs. Through proteomic analysis, we elucidated the underlying mechanisms of ETH preconditioning, providing insight into the complex processes driving enhanced MSC-EV production. Notably, MSC-EVs generated through ETH preconditioning demonstrated enhanced therapeutic potential including superior angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and regulation of inflammation. These findings present a scalable and effective strategy for elevating MSC-EV production, paving the way for its broader clinical application in regenerative medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"11 9","pages":"5572–5585"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00898","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GelMA-Based Sealant: an Unconventional Surgical Approach to the Management of Selected Retinal Breaks","authors":"Chaolan Shen,&nbsp;Zhihao Jiang,&nbsp;Xiaohui Wang,&nbsp;Jingshun Xie,&nbsp;Xintong Jiang,&nbsp;Andina Hu and Jie Hu*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00339","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00339","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) represents a sight-threatening condition that requires surgical intervention. While current surgical approaches are effective, they present notable limitations, including stringent postoperative positioning requirements and a steep surgical learning curve. In this study, we developed a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based synthetic hydrogel as a retinal break sealant, leveraging its unique tissue-adhesive properties. Our results demonstrated excellent ocular biocompatibility of GelMA, with maintained cell viability exceeding 90% across multiple retinal cell types. To optimize intraocular performance, we incorporated 15% (w/v) glucose into the GelMA hydrogel, achieving two critical improvements: (1) increased density (1.026 g/cm³ versus vitreous 1.005 g/cm³) for better tissue targeting, and (2) enhanced adhesive strength (25 kPa lap-shear strength), surpassing conventional fibrin glue (13.05 ± 2.15 kPa). <i>In</i> <i>vivo</i> experiments revealed that the hydrogel facilitated retinal reattachment in 75% of cases (8/12 eyes), significantly higher than the 16.7% reattachment rate in controls (2/12 eyes; <i>p</i> = 0.038). The biodegradable hydrogel promoted tissue repair over a 2-month period through coordinated retinal pigment epithelium and choroidal mechanisms, while maintaining &gt;90% visible light transmittance for optimal optical clarity. These findings suggest that glucose-modified GelMA hydrogels offer a promising alternative approach to conventional RRD surgical management, addressing several key limitations of current techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"11 9","pages":"5638–5649"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injectable Dual Network Hydrogel Containing Mg2+-Gallate-Based MOF and Bone Growth Polypeptide for Extraction Socket Site Preservation","authors":"Yupu Yang,&nbsp;Yu Liu,&nbsp;Shengmiao Wang,&nbsp;Xinyu Feng,&nbsp;Jing Lan* and Zheqin Dong*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01060","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01060","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Tooth extraction often leads to significant alveolar bone resorption, posing a major clinical challenge that compromises subsequent prosthodontic rehabilitation. This impaired bone regenerative capacity is primarily attributed to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), insufficient angiogenesis, and inadequate osteoinductive stimulation within the socket, collectively delaying the healing process. To address this, we developed an injectable dual-network hydrogel system loaded with metal–organic framework (MOF) and osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) to promote the tooth extraction socket healing. The double-network hydrogel, composed of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and oxidized dextran (ODex), forms a dynamic network through the Schiff base reaction between the amino groups of GelMA and the aldehyde groups of ODex, enabling injectability and adaptation to the irregular shape of the socket, while the second covalent network, formed by photo-cross-linking, enhances its mechanical properties. Besides, MOF decomposes to release magnesium ion (Mg²⁺) and gallic acid (GA) to eliminate excess ROS and promote endothelial cell differentiation, facilitating angiogenesis, while OGP is an efficient osteoinductive agent. In vitro studies demonstrate that the composite hydrogel system efficiently exerts antioxidant properties to eliminate ROS, promotes angiogenesis, and enhances osteogenesis. Moreover, in vivo trials show that the composite hydrogel facilitates angiogenesis and bone formation in the tooth extraction socket, ultimately promoting the bone repair process.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"11 9","pages":"5600–5615"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Deep Learning Approach for Tracking Colorectal Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Colon and Lung Models","authors":"Giulia Chiabotto,&nbsp;Bianca Dumontel,&nbsp;Luca Zilli,&nbsp;Veronica Vighetto,&nbsp;Giorgia Savino,&nbsp;Francesca Alfieri,&nbsp;Michela Licciardello,&nbsp;Massimo Cedrino,&nbsp;Sabrina Arena,&nbsp;Chiara Tonda-Turo,&nbsp;Gianluca Ciardelli and Valentina Cauda*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00380","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00380","url":null,"abstract":"<p >According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the World Health Organization, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world and the main cause of gastrointestinal cancer-related deaths. Despite advances in therapeutic regimens, the incidence of metastatic CRC is increasing due to the development of resistance to conventional treatments. Metastases, particularly in the liver and lungs, represent the leading cause of death and poor prognosis in CRC patients. Recent evidence demonstrates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in communication between cancer cells and the surrounding environment. Understanding the potential mechanisms underlying EV-driven metastasis and tumor progression could facilitate the development of innovative strategies for early diagnosis and effective treatment of CRC metastasis. In this work, we developed a deep learning-based approach to track CRC-derived EVs in colon and lung models, enabling precise quantification of their uptake and trafficking <i>in vitro</i>. Moreover, we observed their tropism toward heterologous healthy cells in biologically relevant 3D models of colon and lung tissues, indicating the inherent role of CRC-EVs in metastatic niche formation and tumor initiation, raising their potential as innovative diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets in CRC.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"11 9","pages":"5343–5355"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00380","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Matrix Stiffness on the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells in a Three-Dimensional Culture Hydrogel: A Preliminary Study","authors":"Shiyang Wu,&nbsp;Zhen Chai,&nbsp;Yanshen Yang,&nbsp;Rong Ding,&nbsp;Bei Gao,&nbsp;Chen Chen,&nbsp;Siyu He,&nbsp;Zhuofu Zhang,&nbsp;Wanting Wan* and Rui Zou*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01151","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01151","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Two-dimensional (2D) models fail to mimic a three-dimensional (3D) environment in studying mechanosensing of stem cells. Here, we present a 3D culture model to investigate how 3D matrix stiffness influences YAP activation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) and evaluate the osteogenic potential of hydrogels in vivo. In this study, a 3D culture model with an adjustable matrix stiffness was established. In the in vitro study, first the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs by the expression of OCN, ALP, COL-1, and RUNX-2 was assessed using qRT-PCR, accompanied by ALP staining, and then YAP expression was evaluated by immunofluorescence. In the in vivo study, hPDLSCs, together with gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels of different stiffnesses, were implanted into a rat alveolar bone defect model. As matrix stiffness increased, hPDLSCs showed reduced spreading and significantly decreased expression of OCN, ALP, COL-1, RUNX-2, and YAP activation. Specifically, COL-1 expression in the low-stiffness group was 4.3-fold higher than that in the high-stiffness group, and the YAP nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio under low stiffness was 5.5-fold greater than that under high stiffness at day 7. In vivo, the soft-matrix-cell-laden group exhibited more new bone (86.04%) and collagen formation (74.43%) in the defect area than other groups at week 6. Reduced matrix stiffness likely promotes hPDLSC proliferation, spreading, and osteogenic differentiation through YAP activation, and low-stiffness GelMA hydrogels loaded with hPDLSCs significantly enhance alveolar bone regeneration in vivo.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"11 9","pages":"5616–5626"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV Removal by MOF-Based Microspheres: A Potential Adsorbent for Hemoadsorption","authors":"Yanjia Zhang,&nbsp;FangFei Xue,&nbsp;Yunzheng Du,&nbsp;Biao Wang,&nbsp;Mengya Chen,&nbsp;Lichun Wang,&nbsp;Nan Li,&nbsp;Yamin Chai*,&nbsp;Zuoliang Dong* and Lailiang Ou*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01045","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01045","url":null,"abstract":"<p >At present, AIDS remains a significant global health issue that requires ongoing attention. Although there is no practical cure for AIDS, hemoadsorption can effectively remove the virus from the blood and may serve as a promising treatment strategy. In this research, cellulose acetate/metal–organic framework composite beads (CA/MIL-125) with interconnected macropores were first fabricated using a one-step phase inversion method and then applied as a viral hemoadsorbent for the treatment of AIDS. The results showed that CA/MIL-125 exhibited excellent specific surface areas (221.17 m² g^–1) and an interconnected macropore structure, which allows HIV molecules to be transported freely within the pores of the beads. The CA/MIL-125 composite beads reached a 97.37% adsorption rate of HIV in plasma, which was 90 times higher than that of pure cellulose acetate (CA) microspheres, demonstrating that MIL-125 played a dominant role in HIV adsorption. Furthermore, the adsorption of CA/MIL-125 on HIV primarily obeys the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich model, with a maximum adsorption capacity (<i>Q</i>_m) of 642.2 ng g^–1. Tests for hemolysis, coagulation time, and cytotoxicity confirmed that CA/MIL-125 had good blood compatibility and biocompatibility. This study presents an effective strategy for HIV adsorption through hemoperfusion, suggesting a promising new treatment approach for AIDS.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"11 9","pages":"5650–5660"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of GelMA-Based Hydrogel Scaffolds with Tunable Mechanical Properties for Applications in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration","authors":"Kylie M. Schmitz,&nbsp;Tanner L. Larson,&nbsp;Michael W. Borovich,&nbsp;Xianfang Wu,&nbsp;Geyou Ao,&nbsp;Megan Jack and Liqun Ning*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00023","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00023","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) have a significant impact on the quality of life for patients suffering from trauma or disease. In injuries with critical nerve gaps, PN regeneration requires tissue scaffolds with appropriate physiological properties that promote cell growth and functions. Hydrogel scaffolds represent a promising platform for engineering soft tissue constructs that meet key physiological requirements. Nonetheless, ongoing innovation remains essential, as current designs continue to fall short of replicating the functional performance of autografts in bridging critical-sized nerve defects. In this study, gelatin methacrylate (gelMA)-based hydrogels are evaluated to fully characterize their pore structure, compressive stiffness, viscoelasticity, and 3D bioprintability. Hyaluronic acid (HA) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are explored as gelMA additives to modify viscoelastic and electrically conductive properties, respectively. Finally, Schwann cell (SC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) growth and functions are quantified to assess the biocompatibility of the hydrogel composites as materials for nerve scaffold fabrication. It was found that the microstructure and mechanical properties of gelMA-based hydrogels can be precisely controlled by modifying the concentrations of each component. The addition of HA led to altered viscoelastic properties of the cured structures and SWCNTs increased electrical conductivity, with both additives maintaining cytocompatibility while influencing the protein expression of both SCs and HUVECs. These composite hydrogels have potential in PNI regeneration applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"11 9","pages":"5467–5481"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cooling-Triggered Release of Celecoxib from Implantable Alginate-Soluplus Composite Devices","authors":"Romario Lobban,&nbsp;Michael Carroll,&nbsp;Victoria Vest,&nbsp;Josh T. McCune,&nbsp;Sarah Hall,&nbsp;Fang Yu,&nbsp;Md. Jashim Uddin,&nbsp;Lawrence J. Marnett,&nbsp;Craig L. Duvall and Leon M. Bellan*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00867","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00867","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Currently, on-demand treatment of pain (both chronic and acute) is primarily achieved using opioids that are delivered systemically. Unfortunately, these drugs are highly addictive; over 5 people per hour die from opioid abuse in the US alone. A safer, nonsystemic mechanism for pain relief is therefore needed. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been explored for this purpose; they are nonaddictive, provide excellent pain relief, and can be delivered locally to minimize dosage and systemic side effects. However, an on-demand release method is needed to make local delivery of these drugs a viable, convenient replacement for opioids; external stimulus-triggered release from an implantable depot is one approach. Stimuli such as heat, light, ultrasound, and RF electromagnetic radiation have been used to trigger release of various drugs from implantable drug depots; however, these require energy input and complex apparatus and are thus not comparable to the ease of oral administration. We propose localized cooling as a safe, convenient stimulus. As icepacks are already widely applied to temporarily ease local pain, introducing a drug delivery mechanism switched “ON” by cooling could enable long duration, enhanced pain relief triggered by a method with which patients are already familiar. Herein, we demonstrate that cooling-triggered release of NSAIDs can be achieved by leveraging the gel-to-sol transition exhibited by physically cross-linked thermoresponsive polymer hydrogels upon cooling below their lower critical solution temperature (LCST). We demonstrate and characterize cooling-triggered release in simulated body fluid, in cell culture, in explanted tissue, and in a live animal wound model. We show that hydrogels loaded with an NSAID (Celecoxib) can be combined with a nonthermoresponsive membrane material to create implantable devices that demonstrate up to a ∼40× increase in drug release rate upon mild cooling (29 °C) and that support multiple cycles of triggered release. These results demonstrate that cooling-triggered release of therapeutics is a promising concept that could allow patients to use a familiar method (applying an icepack to pain points) to achieve enhanced pain relief.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"11 9","pages":"5413–5425"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00867","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}