Sisi Liang, Quy Van-Chanh Le, R Dario Arrua, Tyron Turnbull, Ivan Kempson
{"title":"Improved Control of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Tumor and Metastasis with a pH-Sensitive Hyaluronic Acid Nanocarrier for Doxorubicin Delivery.","authors":"Sisi Liang, Quy Van-Chanh Le, R Dario Arrua, Tyron Turnbull, Ivan Kempson","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01485","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polymer based nanoformulations offer substantial prospects for efficacious chemotherapy delivery. Here, we developed a pH-responsive polymeric nanoparticle based on acidosis-triggered breakdown of boronic ester linkers. A biocompatible hyaluronic acid (HA) matrix served as a substrate for carrying a doxorubicin (DOX) prodrug which also possesses natural affinity for CD44<sup>+</sup> cells. DOX was functionalized with a boronic acid group, which was covalently linked with the HA polymer, resulting in a stable chemical linker at neutral pH. Under acidic conditions, the boronic ester linker is degraded, dissociating DOX. Compared to free DOX, the DOX HA NPs exhibited preferential accumulation in 4T1 cells. In a BALB/c mouse model, DOX HA NPs improved antitumor activity, dramatically improved control of lung metastases, and ultimately led to enhanced survival. The pH-sensitive HA nanocarriers provide a promising approach to enhance therapeutic outcomes and reduce toxicity in chemotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"623-633"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142890577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanan Gao, Akalabya Bissoyi, Qiongyu Guo, Matthew I Gibson
{"title":"Induced Extracellular Ice Nucleation Protects Cocultured Spheroid Interior and Exterior during Cryopreservation.","authors":"Yanan Gao, Akalabya Bissoyi, Qiongyu Guo, Matthew I Gibson","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00958","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spheroids and other 3D cellular models more accurately recapitulate physiological responses when compared to 2D models and represent potential alternatives to animal testing. The cryopreservation of spheroids remains challenging, limiting their wider use. Standard DMSO-only cryopreservation results in supercooling to low subzero temperatures, reducing viability, shedding surface cells, and perforating spheroid interiors. Here, cocultured spheroids with differentially labeled outer cell layers allow spatial evaluation of the protective effect of macromolecular ice nucleators by microscopy and histology. Extracellular nucleation is shown to reduce damage to both interior and exterior regions of the spheroids, which will support the development of \"off-the-shelf\" 3D models.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"208-212"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11733914/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142306508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marko S Chavez, Magdalene A MacLean, Nir Sukenik, Sukrampal Yadav, Carolyn Marks, Mohamed Y El-Naggar
{"title":"Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles by Electrode-Respiring <i>Geobacter sulfurreducens</i> Biofilms.","authors":"Marko S Chavez, Magdalene A MacLean, Nir Sukenik, Sukrampal Yadav, Carolyn Marks, Mohamed Y El-Naggar","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01183","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electroactive microorganisms such as <i>Geobacter sulfurreducens</i> can couple organic electron donor oxidation to the respiration of electrode surfaces, colonizing them in the process. These microbes can also reduce soluble metal ions, such as soluble Pd, resulting in metallic nanoparticle (NP) synthesis. Such NPs are valuable catalysts for industrially relevant chemical production; however, their chemical and solid-state syntheses are often energy-intensive and result in hazardous byproducts. Utilizing electroactive microbes for precious metal NP synthesis has the advantage of operating under more sustainable conditions. By combining <i>G. sulfurreducens</i>'s ability to colonize electrodes and synthesize NPs, we performed electrode cultivation ahead of biogenic Pd NP synthesis for the self-assembled fabrication of a cell-Pd biomaterial. <i>G. sulfurreducens</i> biofilms were grown in electrochemical reactors with added soluble Pd, and electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and electron microscopy were used to confirm (1) metabolic current production before and after Pd addition, (2) simultaneous electrode respiration and soluble Pd reduction over time, and (3) biofilm-localized Pd NP synthesis. Utilizing electroactive microbes for the controlled synthesis of NPs can enable the self-assembly of novel cell-nanoparticle biomaterials with unique electron transport and catalytic properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"298-307"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11733918/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142805523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdullah-Bin Siddique, Keith A Williams, Nathan S Swami
{"title":"Nanogrooved Elastomeric Diaphragm Arrays for Assessment of Cardiomyocytes under Synergistic Effects of Circular Mechanical Stimuli and Electrical Conductivity to Enhance Intercellular Communication.","authors":"Abdullah-Bin Siddique, Keith A Williams, Nathan S Swami","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01298","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of mortality, necessitating advancements in <i>in vitro</i> cardiac tissue engineering platforms for improved disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative therapies. The chief challenge to recapitulating the beating behavior of cardiomyocytes is creation of the circular stress profile experienced by hollow organs in the natural heart due to filling pressure and integrated strategies for intercellular communication to promote cell-to-cell connections. We present a platform featuring addressable arrays of nanogrooved polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) diaphragms for cell alignment and circular mechanical stimulation, with embedded silver nanowires (AgNWs) for electrical cues, so that cardiomyocyte functionality can be assessed under these synergistic influences. Central to our innovation is a two-layer PDMS diaphragm design that electrically isolates the liquid metal (EGaIn) strain sensor in the bottom layer to enable detection and control of mechanical stimulation from conductive portions of embedded AgNWs in the top layer that supports cardiomyocyte culture and communication. In this manner, through localized detection and control of the circular mechanical stimulation, the essential role of multiaxial stretching on cardiomyocyte function is elucidated based on their contractility, sarcomere length, and connexin-43 expression. This <i>in vitro</i> platform can potentially transform cardiac tissue engineering, drug screening, and precision medicine approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"672-681"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11733923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142826637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Zheng, Yuan Ma, Pan He, Lei Yan, Huixia Cao, Fengmin Shao
{"title":"Phycocyanin/Hyaluronic Acid Microneedle Patches Loaded with Celastrol Nanoparticles for Synergistic Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy.","authors":"Yan Zheng, Yuan Ma, Pan He, Lei Yan, Huixia Cao, Fengmin Shao","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01787","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01787","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although multifunctional drug delivery systems have shown significant potential in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy (DN), developing an efficient synergistic drug delivery strategy remains a major challenge. The purpose of this paper is to develop a nanoparticle-loaded microneedle (MN) patch transdermal drug delivery system aimed at achieving blood glucose control and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging for the synergistic treatment of DN. MNs are composed of hyaluronic acid and phycocyanin (PC), both exhibiting excellent biocompatibility and degradation properties. Subsequently, insulin and celastrol (CEL)-based nanoparticles were incorporated into the MN to create the transdermal drug delivery platform (MN-IN&NPs). MN-IN&NPs can penetrate through the stratum corneum of skin and reach the dermis layer. Accompanied by the dissolution of MN, PC, insulin, and CEL-based NPs are continuously released. PC possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that enable it to scavenge excessive ROS, thereby exerting synergistic effects alongside CEL nanoparticles. Furthermore, MN-IN&NPs significantly enhance drug transdermal delivery efficiency, while prolonging insulin's action duration. Therefore, MN-IN&NPs effectively integrate blood glucose control with ROS scavenging functions, presenting a promising therapeutic strategy for DN.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"371-382"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142851629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Miniaturized Liver Disease Mimics to Gain Insights into MMP Expression during Disease Progression.","authors":"Simran Kaur Rainu, Neetu Singh","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of liver conditions, ranging from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and severe outcomes such as cirrhosis or cancer. The progression from hepatic steatosis to fibrosis involves significant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, characterized by increased collagen deposition and cross-linking of ECM proteins, causing increased tissue stiffness and altered MMP expression patterns. Dysregulated MMP expression and extracellular acidosis are key contributors to NAFLD progression. Unlike other MMPs, which may be relevant only at specific disease stages, MMP-9 serves as a universal marker, allowing for monitoring of its expression in relation to disease states and ECM parameters. Understanding dysregulated MMP-9 expression across different NAFLD stages can provide crucial insights into disease progression and serve as both a diagnostic and a prognostic biomarker, identifying potential therapeutic targets. This study introduces a three-dimensional (3D) collagen/alginate-based liver disease model designed to investigate how matrix collagen content, elasticity, and diseased cell conditions influence MMP expression and pH levels <i>in situ</i> using nanoprobes. The platform offered an understanding of the relationships between these factors and their role in NAFLD progression, offering valuable insights into disease progression and potential resolution. To examine how various physicochemical and biological factors, particularly MMP expression and collagen deposition, drive NAFLD progression, three 3D NAFLD models were developed, simulating healthy (HL), steatotic (SL), and fibrotic (FL) liver matrices. Additionally, the role of collagenase treatment in the FL matrix in enhancing MMP expression and potentially mitigating fibrosis was also explored. By employing dual-sensitive fluorescent nanoprobes to monitor real-time <i>in situ</i> changes in MMP-9 expression and pH levels, this platform offers a novel approach to understanding the <i>in vitro</i> roles of matrix stiffness, collagen deposition, and diseased cell conditions in NAFLD pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":"476-484"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142968699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"l-Proline Enhanced Whole Ovary Cryopreservation by Inhibiting Ice Crystal Growth and Reducing Oxidative Stress.","authors":"Mengqiao Chi, Zhongrong Chen, Qi Feng, Mengfei Zhu, Dengyao Yi, Liyuan Zhang, Yue Cheng, Gang Zhao","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01403","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cryopreservation and transplantation of ovaries are considered to be effective methods for preserving the fertility of female cancer patients. However, ice crystal and oxidative damage occur during the freeze-thaw cycle, significantly reducing the effectiveness of cryopreservation and limiting its clinical application. Thus, new technologies or agents must be explored to enhance ovarian cryopreservation. Recently, l-proline, a natural amino acid, has been proven to have good biocompatibility and can clear reactive oxygen species produced during cryopreservation. Whether l-proline can play a positive role in ovarian cryopreservation has not yet been explored. Here, the effect of l-proline on ovarian cryopreservation was investigated. The oxidative antioxidant system, mitochondrial function, and cell apoptosis and proliferation after thawing were systematically evaluated. Moreover, the ice crystal inhibition of l-proline was examined. Furthermore, the morphology and function of oocytes in ovaries, as well as the state of the ovaries after heterotopic renal capsule transplantation, were evaluated to validate the feasibility and reliability of this study. The above results confirm that l-proline can effectively inhibit ice crystal growth, reduce reactive oxygen species production, and enhance cryopreservation effects at the optimal concentration of 20 mM. Altogether, l-proline can significantly improve the cryopreservation effect of ovaries, which is expected to provide a new perspective for the cryopreservation of female fertility.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"463-475"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junyan Liu, Wang Sun, Guorong Sun, Xiang Huang, Shun Lu, Yang Wang
{"title":"Portable Electroanalytical Platform Based on Eco-Friendly Biomass-Based Hydrogels with Bimetallic MOF Composites for Trace Acetaminophen Determination.","authors":"Junyan Liu, Wang Sun, Guorong Sun, Xiang Huang, Shun Lu, Yang Wang","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01751","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01751","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate acetaminophen (APAP) determination using smartphone-based portable sensing hinges on developing sensing interfaces with effective catalytic performance and high electron transfer efficiency. Herein, we report that various Ni-based bimetallic-organic framework materials (MOFs) were synthesized through the hydrothermal method. These MOFs were incorporated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) during the synthesis of chitosan-cationic guar gum hydrogels (HG). The resulting composite conductive hydrogel features a distinctive three-dimensional network structure with a large specific surface area, enhancing APAP enrichment and electrocatalytic activity. Among them, CuNi-MOF-based chitosan-cationic guar gum conductive hydrogel (CHG/CuNi-MOF) has the most desirable capability as a signal amplifier. Under optimal conditions, the sensor constructed with the screen-printed electrode (SPE) using CHG/CuNi-MOF (CHG/CuNi-MOF/SPE) has a wide detection range (0.07-1500 μM), a low detection limit (0.023 μM), and a relatively high sensitivity (0.0450 μA·μM<sup>-1</sup>·cm<sup>-2</sup>) for the APAP determination. In addition, CHG/CuNi-MOF/SPE has good stability, repeatability and anti-interference properties, which make it possible to achieve selective determination of targets in complex analysis and ultimately obtain satisfactory recoveries (97.6-104.2%). This work successfully proves the feasibility of the application of MOFs-based conductive hydrogel in the electrochemical detection of phenolics in actual samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"649-660"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142851633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Dynamic Breathing Lung Chip for Precise Evaluation of Inhaled Drug Efficacy and Airway Epithelial Responses.","authors":"Chao-Yu Liu, Ying-Ru Chen, Hsuan-Yu Mu, Jen-Huang Huang","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01377","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01377","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inhaled therapy has become a crucial treatment option for respiratory diseases like asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), delivering drugs directly to bronchial and alveolar tissues. However, traditional static <i>in vitro</i> cell models, while valuable for studying pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), fall short in replicating the dynamic nature of physiological breathing. In this study, we present a breathing lung chip model that integrates a dynamic breathing mechanism with an air-liquid interface (ALI) culture environment to overcome these limitations. The platform replicates key aspects of lung physiology, including a functional airway interface, cyclic breathing motion, and medium circulation. Using the Calu-3 cell line to model airway epithelium, our experiments show that the incorporation of breathing motion significantly enhances the efficacy of inhaled drug delivery and cellular uptake, resulting in improved treatment outcomes compared to direct exposure of the drug. While further research is needed to explore its full potential, this platform holds promise for advancing inhaled drug screening and respiratory disease research.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"682-691"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11733924/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maciej Wnuk, Susel Del Sol-Fernández, Dominika Błoniarz, Julia Słaby, Tomasz Szmatoła, Michał Żebrowski, Pablo Martínez-Vicente, Grzegorz Litwinienko, María Moros, Anna Lewińska
{"title":"Design of a Magnetic Nanoplatform Based on CD26 Targeting and HSP90 Inhibition for Apoptosis and Ferroptosis-Mediated Elimination of Senescent Cells.","authors":"Maciej Wnuk, Susel Del Sol-Fernández, Dominika Błoniarz, Julia Słaby, Tomasz Szmatoła, Michał Żebrowski, Pablo Martínez-Vicente, Grzegorz Litwinienko, María Moros, Anna Lewińska","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00771","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00771","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The accumulation of senescent cells, a hallmark of aging and age-related diseases, is also considered as a side effect of anticancer therapies, promoting drug resistance and leading to treatment failure. The use of senolytics, selective inducers of cell death in senescent cells, is a promising pharmacological antiaging and anticancer approach. However, more studies are needed to overcome the limitations of first-generation senolytics by the design of targeted senolytics and nanosenolytics and the validation of their usefulness in biological systems. In the present study, we have designed a nanoplatform composed of iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with an antibody against a cell surface marker of senescent cells (CD26), and loaded with the senolytic drug HSP90 inhibitor 17-DMAG (MNP@CD26@17D). We have documented its action against oxidative stress-induced senescent human fibroblasts, WI-38 and BJ cells, and anticancer drug-induced senescent cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma A431 cells, demonstrating for the first time that CD26 is a valid marker of senescence in cancer cells. A dual response to MNP@CD26@17D stimulation in senescent cells was revealed, namely, apoptosis-based early response (2 h treatment) and ferroptosis-based late response (24 h treatment). MNP@CD26@17D-mediated ferroptosis might be executed by ferritinophagy as judged by elevated levels of the ferritinophagy marker NCOA4 and a decreased pool of ferritin. As 24 h treatment with MNP@CD26@17D did not induce hemolysis in human erythrocytes <i>in vitro</i>, this newly designed nanoplatform could be considered as an optimal multifunctional tool to target and eliminate senescent cells of skin origin, overcoming their apoptosis resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"280-297"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11733919/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142778760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}