Biofouling最新文献_第6页

The arrangement of dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Issatchenkia orientalis can be modified by the medium: effect of Voriconazole. 培养基可改变白色念珠菌和东方 Issatchenkia 的双种生物膜的排列：伏立康唑的影响。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2389848

Juliene Cristina da Silva Passos, Ana Beatriz Furtado Rodrigues, Carlos Alberto-Silva, Maricilia Silva Costa

{"title":"The arrangement of dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Issatchenkia orientalis can be modified by the medium: effect of Voriconazole.","authors":"Juliene Cristina da Silva Passos, Ana Beatriz Furtado Rodrigues, Carlos Alberto-Silva, Maricilia Silva Costa","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2024.2389848","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08927014.2024.2389848","url":null,"abstract":"Both Candida albicans and Issatchenkia orientalis have been isolated from different types of infections over the years. They have the ability to form communities of microorganisms known as biofilms. It has been demonstrated that the medium employed in studies may affect the biofilm development. The aim of this study was to investigate the arrangement of dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and I. orientalis cultivated on either RPMI-1640 or Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB), as well as the inhibitory effect of Voriconazole (VRC). For the experiments performed, ATCC strains were used, and yeast-mixed suspensions were inoculated in 96-well plates with either RPMI-1640 or SDB, in the presence or absence of VRC. The results were observed by counting the number of CFU obtained from scraping off the biofilms produced and plating the content on CHROMagar Candida medium. It was observed that for all conditions tested the medium chosen affected the arrangement of dual-species biofilms: when RPMI-1640 was used, there was a prevalence of C. albicans, while the opposite was noted when SDB was used. It could be suggested that the medium and environment could regulate interactions between both yeast species, including the response to different antifungal drugs.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":" ","pages":"527-537"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141900856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Genetic determinants of increased sodium hypochlorite and ciprofloxacin susceptibility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 biofilms. 铜绿假单胞菌 PA14 生物膜对次氯酸钠和环丙沙星敏感性增加的遗传决定因素。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2395378

Waleska Stephanie da Cruz Nizer, Madison Elisabeth Adams, Megan Catherine Montgomery, Kira Noelle Allison, Carole Beaulieu, Joerg Overhage

{"title":"Genetic determinants of increased sodium hypochlorite and ciprofloxacin susceptibility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 biofilms.","authors":"Waleska Stephanie da Cruz Nizer, Madison Elisabeth Adams, Megan Catherine Montgomery, Kira Noelle Allison, Carole Beaulieu, Joerg Overhage","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2024.2395378","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08927014.2024.2395378","url":null,"abstract":"Reactive chlorine species (RCS) like sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) are potent oxidizing agents and widely used biocides in surface disinfection, water treatment, and biofilm elimination. Moreover, RCS are also produced by the human immune system to kill invading pathogens. However, bacteria have developed mechanisms to survive the damage caused by RCS. Using the comprehensive Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 transposon mutant library in a genetic screen, we identified a total of 28 P. aeruginosa PA14 mutants whose biofilms showed increased susceptibility to NaOCl in comparison to PA14 WT biofilms. Of these, ten PA14 mutants with a disrupted apaH, PA0793, acsA, PA1506, PA1547, PA3728, yajC, queA, PA3869, or PA14_32840 gene presented a 4-fold increase in NaOCl susceptibility compared to wild-type biofilms. While none of these mutants showed a defect in biofilm formation or attenuated susceptibility of biofilms toward the oxidant hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), all but PA14_32840 also exhibited a 2-4-fold increase in susceptibility toward the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Further analyses revealed attenuated levels of intracellular ROS and catalase activity only for the apaH and PA1547 mutant, providing insights into the oxidative stress response in P. aeruginosa biofilms. The findings of this paper highlight the complexity of biofilm resistance and the intricate interplay between different mechanisms to survive oxidative stress. Understanding resistance strategies adopted by biofilms is crucial for developing more effective ways to fight resistant bacteria, ultimately contributing to better management of bacterial growth and resistance in clinical and environmental settings.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":" ","pages":"563-579"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142071931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Antibiotics stimulates the development of persistent cells in biofilms of Candida albicans bloodstream isolates. 抗生素会刺激血液中分离出的白色念珠菌生物膜中持久细胞的发展。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2396013

Fernando Victor Monteiro Portela, Ana Raquel Colares de Andrade, Lívia Maria Galdino Pereira, Bruno Nascimento da Silva, Paulo Henrique Soares Peixoto, Bruno Rocha Amando, Nicole de Mello Fiallos, Pedro de Freitas Santos Manzi de Souza, Reginaldo Gonçalves de Lima-Neto, Glaucia Morgana de Melo Guedes, Débora Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco, Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro

{"title":"Antibiotics stimulates the development of persistent cells in biofilms of Candida albicans bloodstream isolates.","authors":"Fernando Victor Monteiro Portela, Ana Raquel Colares de Andrade, Lívia Maria Galdino Pereira, Bruno Nascimento da Silva, Paulo Henrique Soares Peixoto, Bruno Rocha Amando, Nicole de Mello Fiallos, Pedro de Freitas Santos Manzi de Souza, Reginaldo Gonçalves de Lima-Neto, Glaucia Morgana de Melo Guedes, Débora Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco, Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2024.2396013","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08927014.2024.2396013","url":null,"abstract":"Candida albicans invasive candidiasis is considered a global health problem. In such cases, biofilm formation on implanted devices represents a therapeutic challenge and the presence of metabolically inactive persistent cells (PCs) in these communities increases their tolerance to fungicidal drugs. This study investigated the influence of amoxicillin, AMX; cefepime, CEF; gentamicin, GEN; amikacin, AMK; vancomycin, VAN; and ciprofloxacin, CIP; on the production of PCs in biofilms of C. albicans bloodstream isolates. 48 h-mature biofilms (n = 6) grown in RPMI-1640 supplemented with antibiotics were treated with 100 μg ml-1 amphotericin B and then evaluated for PCs. Biofilms grown in the presence of antibiotics produced more PCs, up to 10×, when exposed to AMX and CIP; 5 × to CEF; and 6 × to GEN and VAN. The results indicate that antibiotics can modulate PC production in C. albicans biofilms. This scenario may have clinical repercussions in immunocompromised patients under broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":" ","pages":"593-601"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142103986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Interkingdom biofilm of Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans: establishment of an in vitro model and dose-response validation of antimicrobials. 化脓性链球菌和白色念珠菌的界间生物膜：体外模型的建立和抗菌剂的剂量反应验证。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2395390

Guilherme Dos Santos Gomes Alves, Amanda Munarolo Piacenza de Oliveira, Ana Carolyna Becher Roseno, Natália Pereira Ribeiro, Maria do Socorro Alves, Caio Sampaio, Rosana Leal do Prado, Juliano Pelim Pessan, Douglas Roberto Monteiro

{"title":"Interkingdom biofilm of Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans: establishment of an in vitro model and dose-response validation of antimicrobials.","authors":"Guilherme Dos Santos Gomes Alves, Amanda Munarolo Piacenza de Oliveira, Ana Carolyna Becher Roseno, Natália Pereira Ribeiro, Maria do Socorro Alves, Caio Sampaio, Rosana Leal do Prado, Juliano Pelim Pessan, Douglas Roberto Monteiro","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2024.2395390","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08927014.2024.2395390","url":null,"abstract":"Although Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans may colonize tonsillar tissues, the interaction between them in mixed biofilms has been poorly explored. This study established an interkingdom biofilm model of S. pyogenes and C. albicans and verified the dose-response validation of antimicrobials. Biofilms were formed on microplates, in the presence or absence of a conditioning layer of human saliva, using Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth or artificial saliva (AS) as a culture medium, and with variations in the microorganism inoculation sequence. Biofilms grown in AS showed higher mass than those grown in BHI broth, and an opposite trend was observed for metabolism. The number of S. pyogenes colonies was lower in AS. Amoxicillin and nystatin showed dose-dependent effects. The inoculation of the two species at the same time, without prior exposure to saliva, and using BHI broth would be the model of choice for future studies assessing the effects of antimicrobials on dual S. pyogenes/C. albicans biofilms.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":" ","pages":"580-592"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142078958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characterization of methanogens from landfill samples: implications for sustainable biogas production. 垃圾填埋场样本中甲烷菌的特征：对可持续沼气生产的影响。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2393841

Renjbar Muksy, Kamal Kolo

引用次数: 0

Durable photobioreactor antibiofouling coatings for microalgae cultivation by photoreactive poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate). 光活性聚（2,2,2-三氟乙基甲基丙烯酸酯）用于微藻培养的耐用光生物反应器防污涂层。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2391000

Honghe Song, Yuheng Jiang, Caixiang Chen, Shumei Wen, Zhenzhen Zhou, Chenghu Yan, Wei Cong

{"title":"Durable photobioreactor antibiofouling coatings for microalgae cultivation by photoreactive poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate).","authors":"Honghe Song, Yuheng Jiang, Caixiang Chen, Shumei Wen, Zhenzhen Zhou, Chenghu Yan, Wei Cong","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2024.2391000","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08927014.2024.2391000","url":null,"abstract":"To improve the durability of the photobioreactor antibiofouling surface for microalgal cultivation, a series of photoreactive poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PTFEMA) were successfully synthesized and used to modify ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) films by a surface coating and UV light grafting method. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS) and fluorescence microscopy results indicated that PTFEMA were fixed successfully onto the EVA film surface through a covalent bond. During the microalgal adhesion assay, the number of EVA-PTFEMA film-adhered microalgae was 41.4% lower than that of the EVA film. Moreover, the number of microalgae attached to the EVA-PTFEMA film decreased by 61.7% after cleaning, while that of EVA film decreased by only 49.1%. It was found that the contact angle of EVA-PTFEMA film surface increased, and remained stable when immersed in acid and alkali solution for up to 90 days.HIGHLIGHTSDurable photobioreactor antibiofouling surfaces for microalgal cultivation were prepared successfully.The contact angle of antibiofouling coating surface remained stable in acid and base environment for 90 days.The attached microalgae on antibiofouling surface decreased 41.4% than those of unmodified surface.The attached microalgae on antibiofouling surface could be cleaned by 61.7% through changing the flow velocity of microalgal suspension.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":" ","pages":"538-548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142103988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Amphotericin B and micafungin duo-loaded nanoemulsion as a potential strategy against Candida auris biofilms. 两性霉素 B 和米卡芬净双载纳米乳液作为一种潜在的抗念珠菌生物膜策略。

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-08 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2396020

Gabriel Davi Marena, André Luiz Carneiro Soares do Nascimento, Gabriela Corrêa Carvalho, Rafael Miguel Sábio, Tais Maria Bauab, Marlus Chorilli

{"title":"Amphotericin B and micafungin duo-loaded nanoemulsion as a potential strategy against Candida auris biofilms.","authors":"Gabriel Davi Marena, André Luiz Carneiro Soares do Nascimento, Gabriela Corrêa Carvalho, Rafael Miguel Sábio, Tais Maria Bauab, Marlus Chorilli","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2024.2396020","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08927014.2024.2396020","url":null,"abstract":"Candida auris is a multidrug-resistant yeast that has seen a worrying increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. Give7/n this, new therapeutic options, such as controlled-release nanomaterials, may be promising in combating the infection. Therefore, this study aimed to develop amphotericin B (AmB) and micafungin (MICA)-loaded nanoemulsions (NEMA) and evaluated against biofilms of C. auris. Nanoemulsions (NEs) were characterized and determined minimum inhibitory concentration MIC90, checkerboard and anti-biofilm. NEMA presented a size of 53.7 and 81.4 nm for DLS and NTA, respectively, with good stability and spherical morphology. MICAmB incorporated efficiency was 88.4 and 99.3%, respectively. The release results show that AmB and MICA obtained a release of 100 and 63.4%, respectively. MICAmB and NEMA showed MIC90 values of 0.015 and 0.031 ug/mL, respectively and synergism. NEMA showed greater metabolic inhibition and morphological changes in mature biofilms. This drugs combination and co-encapsulation proved to be a promising therapy against C. auris biofilms.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":" ","pages":"602-616"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A comparison of the biofouling potential of field-collected and laboratory-cultured Ulva. 野外采集的莼菜和实验室培养的莼菜生物污染潜力比较。

IF 2.7 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2403371

Kayla R Kurtz,Lindsay Green-Gavrielidis,Lucie Maranda,Carol S Thornber,Danielle M Moloney,Vinka Oyanedel-Craver

{"title":"A comparison of the biofouling potential of field-collected and laboratory-cultured Ulva.","authors":"Kayla R Kurtz,Lindsay Green-Gavrielidis,Lucie Maranda,Carol S Thornber,Danielle M Moloney,Vinka Oyanedel-Craver","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2024.2403371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2024.2403371","url":null,"abstract":"The marine algae Ulva spp. are commonly used as model biofouling organisms. As biofouling studies are primarily conducted using field-collected specimens, factors including species identity, seasonal availability, and physiological status can hinder the replicability of the results. To address these limitations, a protocol was developed for the on-demand laboratory culture and release of Ulva zoospores. The biofouling potential of laboratory-cultured and field-collected Ulva blades was compared using a waterjet. No significant differences were found between field and laboratory-cultured samples in either spore adhesion (before waterjet) or the proportion of spores retained after waterjet exposure. However, there was significant variability within each session type in pre- and post-waterjet exposures, indicating that spore adhesion and retention levels vary significantly among trial runs. In addition, all our laboratory cultures were Ulva Clade C (LPP complex). In contrast, our field samples contained a mix of Ulva Clade C, U. compressa clade I, and U. flexuosa Clade D. This protocol for on-demand production of Ulva spores can improve biofouling research approaches, enables comparison of results across laboratories and regions, and accelerate the development of anti-biofouling strategies.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) on Desulfovibrio desulfuricans corrosion of pipeline welded joint. 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸（FAD）对脱硫弧菌腐蚀管道焊接接头的影响。

IF 2.7 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2404204

Qin Wang,Xiaobao Zhou,Zhen Zhong,Binbin Wang,Zhuowei Tan,Minghua Zhang,Tangqing Wu

引用次数: 0

Influence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone on biofilm dynamics, protease, and siderophore production by Burkholderia pseudomallei. 羰基氰化物间氯苯腙对假马勒伯克霍尔德氏菌生物膜动态、蛋白酶和嗜苷酸生产的影响

IF 2.6 3区生物学

Biofouling Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2385038

Glaucia Morgana de Melo Guedes, Crister José Ocadaque, Bruno Rocha Amando, Alyne Soares Freitas, Vinicius Carvalho Pereira, Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro, Silviane Praciano Bandeira, Pedro Filho Noronha Souza, Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha, José Júlio Costa Sidrim, Débora de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco

{"title":"Influence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone on biofilm dynamics, protease, and siderophore production by Burkholderia pseudomallei.","authors":"Glaucia Morgana de Melo Guedes, Crister José Ocadaque, Bruno Rocha Amando, Alyne Soares Freitas, Vinicius Carvalho Pereira, Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro, Silviane Praciano Bandeira, Pedro Filho Noronha Souza, Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha, José Júlio Costa Sidrim, Débora de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco","doi":"10.1080/08927014.2024.2385038","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08927014.2024.2385038","url":null,"abstract":"Efflux pump inhibitors are a potential therapeutic strategy for managing antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation. This article evaluated the effect of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) on the biofilm growth dynamics and the production of virulence factors by Burkholderia pseudomallei. The effects of CCCP on planktonic, growing, and mature biofilm, interaction with antibacterial drugs, and protease and siderophore production were assessed. CCCP MICs ranged between 128 and 256 µM. The CCCP (128 µM) had a synergic effect with all the antibiotics tested against biofilms. Additionally, CCCP reduced (p < .05) the biomass of biofilm growth and mature biofilms at 128 and 512 µM, respectively. CCCP also decreased (p < .05) protease production by growing (128 µM) and induced (p < .05) siderophore release by planktonic cells (128 µM) growing biofilms (12.8 and 128 µM) and mature biofilms (512 µM). CCCP demonstrates potential as a therapeutic adjuvant for disassembling B. pseudomallei biofilms and enhancing drug penetration.","PeriodicalId":8898,"journal":{"name":"Biofouling","volume":" ","pages":"514-526"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141791822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0