Bioengineering最新文献

{"title":"DSOF: A Rapid Method to Determine the Abundance of Microalgae and Methanotrophic Bacteria in Coculture Using a Combination of Differential Sedimentation, Optical Density, and Fluorescence.","authors":"Carlos Cartin-Caballero, Christophe Collet, Daniel Gapes, Peter A Gostomski, Matthew B Stott, Carlo R Carere","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12091000","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12091000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cocultivation of microalgae and aerobic methanotrophs represents an emerging biotechnology platform to produce high-protein biomass, yet quantifying individual species in mixed cultures remains challenging. Here, we present a rapid, low-cost method-differential sedimentation, optical density, and fluorescence (DSOF)-to determine the abundance of coculture members. DSOF exploits differences in cell size and pigment autofluorescence between the thermoacidophilic microalga and methanotrophic species <i>Galdieria</i> sp. RTK37.1 and <i>Methylacidiphilum</i> sp. RTK17.1, respectively, to selectively sediment algal cells and estimate population contributions via OD₆₀₀ and phycocyanin fluorescence. Evaluation with model suspensions across a wide cell density range (0 ≤ [<i>Galdieria</i>]: ≤ 3.23 A.U., and 0 ≤ [<i>Methylacidiphilum</i>] ≤ 1.54 A.U.) showed strong agreement with known values, with most absolute errors < 0.1 A.U. and relative errors < 10% at moderate biomass levels. Application to live batch cocultures under microalga or methanotroph growth-suppressed conditions, and during simultaneous growth, demonstrated accurate tracking of population dynamics and revealed enhanced methanotroph growth in the presence of oxygenic microalgae. While DSOF accuracy decreases at very concentrated biomass (>2.0 A.U. for <i>Galdieria</i>) or under nitrogen-limiting conditions, the model provides a practical, scalable alternative to more complex, invasive or expensive techniques, enabling near real-time monitoring of microalgae-methanotroph cocultures.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haptic Feedback Systems for Lower-Limb Prosthetic Applications: A Review of System Design, User Experience, and Clinical Insights.","authors":"Mohammadmahdi Karimi, Nashmin Yeganeh, Ivan Makarov, Atli Örn Sverrisson, Karl Fannar Gunnarsson, Kristín Briem, Sigurður Brynjólfsson, Árni Kristjánsson, Runar Unnthorsson","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090989","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090989","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systems presenting haptic information have emerged as an important technological advance in assisting individuals with sensory impairments or amputations, where the aim is to enhance sensory perception or provide sensory substitution through tactile feedback. These systems provide information on limb positioning, environmental interactions, and gait events, significantly improving mobility in amputees and their confidence about using such devices. This review summarizes recent progress in haptic feedback systems by providing a comparative analysis of different feedback approaches, evaluating their clinical effectiveness and usability, tactile feedback system design, and user experience, while identifying key gaps in the literature. These insights can contribute to the advancement of more effective, user-centered haptic feedback systems tailored for lower limb prosthetics. The findings are aimed at guiding future research in designing adaptive, intuitive, and clinically viable feedback mechanisms, fostering the widespread implementation of haptic systems in both assistive and rehabilitative applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467846/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Spinopelvic Anatomy with the Level of Lumbar Disc Herniation.","authors":"Jannis Löchel, Moritz Hanisch, Justus Bürger, Kirsten Labbus, Robert Zahn","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090993","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the level of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and individual spinopelvic anatomy.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Spinopelvic parameters were retrospectively evaluated in 57 patients with symptomatic LDH at L4/5 and L5/S1 undergoing minimal invasive sequestrectomy at our institution. LDH was diagnosed in 23 patients at L5/S1 and in 34 patients at L4/5. Patients with further segment degeneration at the index level were excluded from the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Spinopelvic parameters between the two groups were significantly different. Patients with LDH at L5/S1 had statistically significant lower Pelvic Incidence (PI), Pelvic Tilt (PT), Relative Lumbar Lordosis (RLL) and PI-LL than patients with LDH at L4/5. C7 Sagittal Vertical Axis (C7SVA) was statistically significant lower in patients with LDH at L5/S1. Both groups had no sagittal imbalance. Patients with LDH at L5/S1 were significantly younger than patients with LDH at L4/5. There was a significant positive correlation between age and PT. We observed no significant differences for preoperative values of Lumar Lordosis (LL) and Sacral Slope between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first study to reveal individual spinopelvic anatomy and, in particular, PI to be associated with the distinct level of LDH. These findings substantiate the biomechanical influence of the sagittal profile on the pathogenesis of LDH. Individual spinopelvic compensatory mechanisms were available independently of the patient's age. Minimal invasive sequestrectomy is a reliable treatment for symptomatic LDH without further segment degeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study on COVID-19 Dynamics: Mathematical Modeling, Predictions, and Resource Allocation Strategies in Romania, Italy, and Switzerland.","authors":"Cristina-Maria Stăncioi, Iulia Adina Ștefan, Violeta Briciu, Vlad Mureșan, Iulia Clitan, Mihail Abrudean, Mihaela-Ligia Ungureșan, Radu Miron, Ecaterina Stativă, Roxana Carmen Cordoș, Adriana Topan, Ioana Nanu","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090991","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090991","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research provides valuable insights into the application of mathematical modeling to real-world scenarios, as exemplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. After data collection, the preparation stage included exploratory analysis, standardization and normalization, computation, and validation. A mathematical model initially developed for COVID-19 dynamics in Romania was subsequently applied to data from Italy and Switzerland during the same time interval. The model is structured as a multiple-input single-output (MISO) system, where the inputs underwent a neural network-based training stage to address inconsistencies in the acquired data. In parallel, an ARMAX model was employed to capture the stochastic nature of the epidemic process. Results demonstrate that the Romanian-based model generalized effectively across the three countries, achieving a strong predictive accuracy (forecast accuracy > 98.59%). Importantly, the model maintained robust performance despite significant cross-country differences in testing strategies, policy measures, timing of initial cases, and imported infections. This work contributes a novel perspective by showing that a unified data-driven modeling framework can be transferable across heterogeneous contexts. More broadly, it underscores the potential of integrating mathematical modeling with predictive analytics to support evidence-based decision-making and strengthen preparedness for future global health crises.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467258/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weakly Supervised Gland Segmentation Based on Hierarchical Attention Fusion and Pixel Affinity Learning.","authors":"Yanli Liu, Mengchen Lin, Xiaoqian Sang, Guidong Bao, Yunfeng Wu","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090992","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Precise segmentation of glands in histopathological images is essential for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, as the changes in gland morphology are associated with pathological progression. Conventional computer-assisted methods rely on dense pixel-level annotations, which are costly and labor-intensive to obtain. The present study proposes a two-stage weakly supervised segmentation framework named Multi-Level Attention and Affinity (MAA). The MAA framework utilizes the image-level labels and combines the Multi-Level Attention Fusion (MAF) and Affinity Refinement (AR) modules. The MAF module extracts the hierarchical features from multiple transformer layers to grasp global semantic context, and generates more comprehensive initial class activation maps. By modeling inter-pixel semantic consistency, the AR module refines pseudo-labels, which can sharpen the boundary delineation and reduce label noise. The experiments on the GlaS dataset showed that the proposed MAA framework achieves the Intersection over Union (IoU) of 81.99% and Dice coefficient of 90.10%, which outperformed the state-of-the-art Online Easy Example Mining (OEEM) method with an improvement of 4.43% in IoU. Such experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of integrating hierarchical attention mechanisms with affinity-guided refinement for annotation-efficient and robust gland segmentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467702/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of La₂O₃ Nanoparticles and Their Effects on Bacteria, Vero and MG63 Cells, and Zebrafish Development.","authors":"Jugal Kishore, Tharaka Srinatha Dunuwilla, Venkatagiri Krishnamoorthy Bupesh Raja, Stanley Abraham Louis, Lokesh Kumar Boopathy, Durai Saravanan, Mzia Zhvania, Manoj Gupta","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090995","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study reports, for the first time, lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃) nanoparticles (NPs) that simultaneously suppress osteosarcoma MG63 cell proliferation and promote normal Vero cell viability, a dual effect not previously documented for La₂O₃ or similar metal oxide NPs. Physico-chemical characterization revealed a unique needle-like morphology, cubic crystallinity, and dispersion stability in DMSO without acidic dispersants, properties that can influence cellular uptake, ROS modulation, and biocompatibility. Comprehensive characterization (fluorescence spectroscopy, particle size/zeta potential, Raman, XRD, TGA, ATR-FTIR, and TEM) confirmed structural stability and surface chemistry relevant to biological interactions.La₂O₃ NPs exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity (Gram-positive <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>, <i>Bacillus cereus</i>; Gram-negative <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>) and strong enzymatic/non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity, supporting potential use in implant coatings and infection control. MTT assays demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity in MG63 cells, with enhanced proliferation in Vero cells. In zebrafish embryos, developmental toxicity assays yielded an LC₅₀ of 2.6 mg/mL higher (less toxic) than values reported for Ag NPs (~0.3-1 mg/mL) with normal development at lower concentrations and dose-dependent malformations (e.g., impaired somite formation and skeletal deformities) at higher doses. Collectively, these findings position La₂O₃ NPs as a multifunctional platform for oncology and regenerative medicine, uniquely combining selective anticancer activity, normal cell support, antimicrobial and antioxidant functions, and a defined developmental safety margin.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical and Mechanical Characterization of Two Self-Curing Composite Resins for Direct Provisional Prostheses.","authors":"Oscar Javier Valencia Blanco, Saray Fernández-Hernández, Hector de Llanos-Lanchares, Miquel Punset Fuste, José Angel Delgado García-Menocal, Javier Gil Mur, Aritza Brizuela Velasco","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090996","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090996","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this experimental in vitro study, both the physicochemical and mechanical properties of two self-curing dental composites were compared: Structur 3 (based on Bis-GMA) and Visco III (based on Bis-EMA), which are used for the direct fabrication of temporary dental prostheses. The properties evaluated included flexural strength, toughness, hydrophilicity (measured using the contact angle), density, microhardness, water absorption, and wear and scratch resistance. In terms of flexural strength, Structur 3 exhibited a higher value (127 ± 16 MPa) than Visco III (103 ± 25 MPa). In addition, the dental composite based on Bis-GMA showed a higher toughness (36.52 ± 9.20 mJ) compared to 16.55 ± 7.55 mJ for the dental composite based on Bis-EMA) and a greater displacement to fracture (2.50 ± 0.38 mm compared to 1.72 ± 0.38 mm). However, Visco III showed a higher microhardness (17.045 ± 0.93 HV0.5) compared to Structur 3 (8.10 ± 0.76 HV0.5) and a lower water absorption (11.2 ± 0.4 µg/mm³ compared to Structur 3). In wear tests, Structur 3 showed greater wear (0.047 ± 0.021 mm² wear channel area) compared to Visco III (0.031 ± 0.013 mm²). Density analysis showed that Visco III is denser (1.5917 ± 0.006 g/cm³) than Structur 3 (1.324 ± 0.005 g/cm³). Fractography analysis showed that both dental composites exhibited brittle fractures. Contact angle tests revealed a similar hydrophilicity of both dental composites with values below 90°. These differences in properties may be influenced by the filler composition of the two dental composites, as Visco III contains macro-fillers with elements such as aluminum and barium, which increase radiopacity. The conclusion is that Visco III is preferable in terms of durability and resistance, while Structur 3 is more suitable for applications that require flexibility, such as in provisional prostheses with pontics or in situations that require high esthetic quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute and Subacute Effects of Session with the EXOPULSE Mollii Suit in a Multiple Sclerosis Patient: A Case Report.","authors":"Serena Filoni, Francesco Romano, Daniela Cardone, Roberta Palmieri, Alessandro Forte, Angelo Di Iorio, Rocco Salvatore Calabrò, Raffaello Pellegrino, Chiara Palmieri, Emanuele Francesco Russo, David Perpetuini, Arcangelo Merla","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090994","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease often resulting in motor and autonomic dysfunction. This case report investigates the acute and subacute effects of the EXOPULSE Mollii Suit (EMS), a wearable device capable of delivering transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to multiple anatomical regions, in a 43-year-old woman with MS. The patient underwent a clinical evaluation before the EMS treatment, during which central nervous system (CNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses were monitored using electroencephalography (EEG), heart rate variability (HRV), and infrared thermography (IRT). Immediately after the first EMS application, the clinical evaluation was repeated. The intervention continued at home for one month, followed by a post-treatment evaluation similar to the pre-intervention assessment. Functional evaluations showed improvements in sit-to-stand performance (from 8 s to 6 s), muscle tone (MAS scale for the right side from 3 to 2 and for the left side from 2 to 1), clonus, and spasticity (from 3 to 2). EEG results revealed decreased θ-band power (on average, from 0.394 to 0.253) and microstates' reorganization. ANS activity modifications were highlighted by both HRV (e.g., RMSSD from 0.118 to 0.0837) and IRT metrics (e.g., nose tip temperature sample entropy from 0.090 to 0.239). This study provides the first integrated analysis of CNS and ANS responses to EMS in an MS patient, combining functional scales with multimodal instrumental measurements, emphasizing the possible advantages EMS for MS treatment. Although preliminary, these results demonstrated the potentiality of the EMS to deliver effective and personalized rehabilitative interventions for MS patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467079/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Setup for the Validation of Photoplethysmography Devices for the Evaluation of Arteriovenous Fistulas.","authors":"Simone Chiorboli, Adriano Brugnoli, Vincenzo Piemonte","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090990","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090990","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study describes the design and validation of an experimental setup for testing photoplethysmographic (PPG) devices intended for the non-invasive monitoring of vascular accesses in hemodialysis patients. Continuous assessment of arteriovenous fistulas is essential to detect pathological conditions such as stenosis, which can compromise patient safety and dialysis efficacy. While PPG-based sensors are capable of detecting such anomalies, their clinical applicability must be supported by controlled in vitro validation. The developed system replicates the anatomical, mechanical, optical, and hemodynamic features of vascular accesses. A 3D fistula model was designed and fabricated via 3D printing and silicone casting. The hydraulic circuit used red India ink and a PWM-controlled pump to simulate physiological blood flow, including stenotic conditions. Quantitative validation confirmed anatomical accuracy within 0.1 mm tolerance. The phantom exhibited an average Shore A hardness of 20.3 ± 1.1, a Young's modulus of 10.4 ± 0.9 MPa, and a compression modulus of 105 MPa-values consistent with soft tissue behavior. Burst pressure exceeded 2000 mmHg, meeting ISO 7198:2016 standards. Flow rates (400-700 mL/min) showed <1% error. Compliance was 2.4 ± 0.2, and simulated blood viscosity was 3.9 ± 0.3 mPa·s. Systolic and diastolic pressures fell within physiological ranges. Photoplethysmographic signals acquired using a MAX30102 sensor (Analog devices Inc., Wilmington, MA, USA) reproduced key components of in vivo waveforms, confirming the system's suitability for device testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467338/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Safety Limit of the Number of Artificial Canals That Can Be Prepared by Two Rotary Endodontic Files Operated at Two Different Speeds: A Novel Approach.","authors":"Omar Alzahrani, Khalid Merdad, Tariq Abuhaimed, Zuhair S Natto, Amna Y Siddiqui, Osama S Alothmani","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering12090985","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bioengineering12090985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Utilizing a novel approach that concomitantly assessed cyclic fatigue and torsional overloading, we aimed to establish the maximum number of artificial canals that can be prepared by Hyflex EDM and NeoNiTi A1 operated at two different speeds until their separation. Forty-eight files were equally divided into four groups: (A) Hyflex EDM operated at 300 rotations per minute (RPM) and (B) at 500 RPM, and (C) NeoNiTi A1 at 300 RPM and (D) at 500 RPM. Files were used to completely shape 10 sequential artificial canals unless file separation occurred. Maximum number of canals prepared was noted and averaged. Fractography was conducted to determine the mechanism of file separation. Hyflex EDM prepared significantly more canals compared to NeoNiTi A1 (<i>p</i> = 0.008). When operated at 300 RPM, Hyflex EDM prepared significantly more canals compared to NeoNiTi A1 (<i>p</i> = 0.028), whereas no significant difference was observed when they were operated at 500 RPM (<i>p</i> = 0.116). One NeoNiTi file broke due to cyclic fatigue while another one separated due to torsional overloading. Hyflex EDM files showed signs of both mechanisms. Within the limitations of this study, one file safely prepared four to five canals before its fracture. There was a trend towards fewer prepared canals as the RPM increased.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12467048/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145172411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}