Basic and Clinical Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Graph-based Analysis to Predict Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment Response in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder Using EEG Signals.","authors":"Behrouz Nobakhsh, Ahmad Shalbaf, Reza Rostami, Reza Kazemi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.2034.5","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2023.2034.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-pharmacological treatment for drug-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Since the success rate of rTMS treatment is about 50%-55%, it is essential to predict the treatment outcome before starting based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, leading to identifying effective biomarkers and reducing the burden of health care centers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To this end, pretreatment EEG data with 19 channels in the resting state from 34 drug-resistant MDD patients were recorded. Then, all patients received 20 sessions of rTMS treatment, and a reduction of at least 50% in the total beck depression inventory (BDI-II) score before and after the rTMS treatment was defined as a reference. In the current study, effective brain connectivity features were determined by the direct directed transfer function (dDTF) method from patients' pretreatment EEG data in all frequency bands separately. Then, the brain functional connectivity patterns were modeled as graphs by the dDTF method and examined with the local graph theory indices, including degree, out-degree, in-degree, strength, out-strength, in-strength, and betweenness centrality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated that the betweenness centrality index in the Fp2 node and the δ frequency band are the best biomarkers, with the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.85 for predicting the rTMS treatment outcome in drug-resistant MDD patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The proposed method investigated the significant biomarkers that can be used to predict the rTMS treatment outcome in drug-resistant MDD patients and help clinical decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 2","pages":"199-210"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11367214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142124696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myasthenia Gravis and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Amirhossein Nafari, Seyedpouzhia Shojaei, Reza Jalili Khoshnood, Mahsa Ghajarzadeh, Arash Tafreshinejad, Saeid Safari, Omid Mirmosayyeb","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.4360.5","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2023.4360.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), an autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction, exhibits varying rates of COVID-19 infection across different studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to estimate the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 infection in individuals with MG.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and gray literature, including references to the research published before October 2021. The total number of participants, the first author, the publication year, the country of origin, the number of MG patients, their symptoms, hospitalization rates, and deaths were all extracted as study data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our literature search yielded 253 articles, of which 75 remained after removing duplicates. Finally, 18 articles were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of COVID-19 infection in MG cases was found to be 2% (95% CI, 1%, 3%; I²=85%, P<0.001). Additionally, the pooled prevalence of hospitalization among those with COVID-19 infection was 43% (95% CI, 26%, 60%; I²=97.6%; P<0.001), and the pooled prevalence of MG exacerbation was 33% (95% CI, 20%, 46%; I²=92.6%; P<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In summary, this systematic review and meta-analysis reveal that the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 infection in individuals with MG is 2%.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 2","pages":"175-184"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11367215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142124697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disrupting Maternal Behavior and Inducing Cannibalism Due to Valproic Acid: An Unexplored Insight.","authors":"Ashish Jain, Neha Dhir, Harvinder Singh, Amit Raj Sharma, Bikash Medhi, Ajay Prakash","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.4410.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2022.4410.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Valproic acid (VPA) is the most widely used chemical to develop the preclinical model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, in addition to inducing autism, it causes different teratogenic effects like teeth malformation, tail kink, and abnormal body growth in offspring. So far, no study has explored VPA-induced maternal misbehavior, miscarriage, and maternal cannibalism. We aimed to determine the cannibalistic effects of VPA in pregnant female Wistar rats and VPA's influence on causing miscarriage frequency.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Our study was conducted on pregnant Wistar rats. On gestation day (GD) 12.5, they were treated with VPA (600 mg/kg intraperitoneal) dissolved in saline at 250 mg/mL concentration. The observations were mean litter size, mean male/female pups, mean mortality, maternal cannibalism, mean number of pups alive, cannibalism of malformed pups, miscarriage, survival analysis of pups, and odds and risk ratio were calculated for deaths observed in both study (control and VPA-treated) groups. The study was conducted till the weaning period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VPA-exposed pregnant females portrayed significantly decreased litter size (P<0.0001), significantly higher cannibalistic behavior (P=0.0023), and significantly higher cannibalism of malformed pups (P=0.0484) than the control group. VPA had caused complete pregnancy loss (miscarriage) in 5 pregnant females. Moreover, the VPA group's mortality percentage (P=0.0019) was significantly higher than the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, VPA has marked teratogenic effects (anatomical and morphological changes in offspring) with maternal behavior disruption, which causes cannibalism in Wistar female rats. The current manuscript findings can aid in investigating the novel mechanisms involved in maternal behavior disruption during the development of the VPA autism model.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 2","pages":"261-272"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11367216/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142124694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of Stroke After the COVID-19 Infection.","authors":"Mahsa Babaee, Karim Atashgar, Ali Amini Harandi, Atefeh Yousefi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.3608.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.3608.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Although several studies have been published about COVID-19, ischemic stroke is known yet as a complicated problem for COVID-19 patients. Scientific reports have indicated that in many cases, the incidence of stroke in patients with COVID-19 leads to death.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The obtained mathematical equation in this study can help physicians' decision-making about treatment and identification of influential clinical factors for early diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective study, data from 128 patients between March and September 2020, including their demographic information, clinical characteristics, and laboratory parameters were collected and analyzed statistically. A logistic regression model was developed to identify the significant variables in predicting stroke incidence in patients with COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters for 128 patients (including 76 males and 52 females; with a mean age of 57.109±15.97 years) were considered as the inputs that included ventilator dependence, comorbidities, and laboratory tests, including WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet count, C-reactive protein, blood urea nitrogen, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve (ROC-AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were considered indices to determine the model capability. The accuracy of the model classification was also addressed by 93.8%. The area under the curve was 97.5% with a 95% CI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings showed that ventilator dependence, cardiac ejection fraction, and LDH are associated with the occurrence of stroke and the proposed model can predict the stroke effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 1","pages":"89-100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11403102/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142279940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Menthol Dissolved in Dimethyl Sulfoxide Protects Against Epileptiform Activity Induced by Pentylenetetrazol in Male Rats.","authors":"Yousef Panahi, Mohammad Amin Monazzah, Gholamreza Vafaei Saiah","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.3025.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2022.3025.1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;This research aims to investigate the protective action of menthol dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on experimental epileptiform activity induced by the intraperitoneal (IP) injection of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in male rats.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Thirty adult male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly assigned to five equal groups. The control animals received normal saline (200 μL) and the rest four cohorts were considered as treatment. Menthol was dissolved in DMSO and intraperitoneally injected at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg into the first, second, and third groups (M100, M200, and M400 V=200 μL), respectively. The fourth treatment was injected with the solvent (200 μL). The animals were anesthetized, then underwent cranial surgery and a recording electrode was implanted in the stratum radiatum of the hippocampal carbonic anhydrase 1 (CA1) region (AP=-2.76 mm, ML=-1.4 mm and DV=3 mm). The seizure activity was induced by PTZ (IP) and assessed by counting and measuring amplitudes of the spikes for 10 minutes using the eTrace program.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Menthol was observed to significantly reduce the activity level of PTZ-induced epileptiform activity, as well as exert a protective and inhibitory action on proconvulsant effect of DMSO in a dose-dependent manner.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Menthol can potentially be used as an adjuvant to prevent seizure activity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) induces proconvulsant effects, significantly increasing spike counts.Menthol 100 mg/kg also stimulates seizure activity, leading to a substantial spike count increase.Menthol 200 and 400 mg/kg exhibit inhibitory effects, decreasing seizure activity and spike counts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plain language summary: &lt;/strong&gt;In this study, we explored the potential protective effects of menthol, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), on experimentally induced epileptiform activity in male rats. Our research involved thirty adult male Wistar rats, divided into five groups. While the control group received normal saline, the remaining four groups were treated with different doses of menthol in DMSO. The rats underwent surgery, and electrodes were implanted in the hippocampal region for recording. Using pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) to induce seizure activity, we observed that menthol, administered at varying doses, significantly reduced the level of epileptiform activity triggered by PTZ. Notably, menthol also demonstrated a protective and inhibitory effect on the proconvulsant action of DMSO, and this effect was dose-dependent. In simpler terms, our findings suggest that menthol has the potential to be used as an additional treatment to prevent seizure activity. This means that incorporating menthol, especially at specific doses, may offer a protective influence against epileptic events. This research sheds light on a promising avenue for potential therapeutic","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"14 6","pages":"805-812"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11273200/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141787186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse Drug Reactions of Multiple Sclerosis Disease-modifying Drugs.","authors":"Maryam Salehbayat, Roya Abolfazli, Niayesh Mohebbi, Seyed Mehrdad Savar, Gloria Shalviri, Kheirollah Gholami","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2848.2","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2848.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>High frequency of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) challenges multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment. This study aims to assess the nature and frequency of ADRs induced by MS medications in an observational cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>ADRs of all outpatients who had seen a neurologist and had received at least one disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for MS during the last three months were investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 484 ADRs were detected in these patients. The preventability rate was 5.9%, and 0.61% of reactions were serious.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The high frequency of adverse drug reactions in this study shows a strong need for strategy planning to increase patients' adherence to treatment.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are common in MS patients using disease modifying therapies.Such ADRs are more common in women than men.Various brand names of biosimilar disease-modifying therapy (DMT)s may have a different ADR profile.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition that can be managed by using disease modifying medications. Such medication could trigger an adverse reaction in the patients., affecting their commitment to the treatment. By identifying these adverse reactions and educating the MS patients about these reactions and how the adverse effects can be managed, healthcare providers can improve the treatment process. This study recorded the adverse drug reactions in 250 MS patients who were receiving the medication for at least three months. Most of the patients (76.4%) experienced some kind of adverse reaction. A bigger proportion of women experienced adverse reactions than men. About 84% of these reactions occurred within the first 3 hours of receiving the medication. Depending on the medication's brand name, the rate of adverse drug reactions were different in some cases. The results of this study point out the fact that experiencing adverse drug reactions is common in MS patients and these experiences could be different for each medication with a different brand name. Therefore, it is important for the healthcare providers to inform the patients about such reactions and the patients should seek all the information they need to manage these adverse effects by consulting their physician.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"14 6","pages":"879-883"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11273197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141787170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Antinociceptive Effects of Combined Treatment With Atorvastatin and Vitamin C in the Chronic Constriction Injury Model of Rats.","authors":"Abolfazl Abbaszadeh, Najmeh Pirzadroozbahani, Mahmood Reza Moradkhani, Amin Hasanvand","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.895.2","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2022.895.2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Neuropathic pain (NP) is caused by damage to the somatosensory system. Nerve damage often results in chronic pain states, including hyperalgesia and allodynia. This study aims to evaluate the anti-nociceptive effects of atorvastatin, vitamin C, and their combination on various laboratory tests in an experimental model NP in rats.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;To assess the analgesic effects of atorvastatin (5 and 10 mg/kg), vitamin C (500 mg/kg), and their co-administration on chronic constriction injury (CCI) was induced in rats. Behavioral tests, motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative markers were measured. Furthermore, histopathological examination was performed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;In the present study, it was found that the CCI model can significantly cause hyperalgesia and allodynia on the 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; postoperative day. It was found that the co-administration of vitamin C and atorvastatin has attenuating effects on allodynia and hyperalgesia. Co-administration of vitamin C and atorvastatin also improved MNCV. In the treatment groups, the inflammatory reactions and oxidative markers decreased. Moreover, the co-administration of atorvastatin and vitamin C decreased the perineural inflammation around the sciatic nerve.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The results of this study showed that vitamin C potentiates the analgesic effects of atorvastatin in this model of experimental pain, and simultaneous consumption of these medications may be considered as effective therapeutics for NP. The protective properties of atorvastatin, and vitamin C, and their combination on the NP that were assessed can be regarded as a novelty for this study.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;The co-administration of atorvastatin and vitamin C significantly decreases inflammatory cytokines.The co-administration of atorvastatin and vitamin C significantly decreases stress oxidant markers.The co-administration of atorvastatin and vitamin C significantly attenuated nociceptive effects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plain language summary: &lt;/strong&gt;Nerve damage causes the deposition of inflammatory factors and or oxidative stress at the site of injury, which in turn activates glial cells that are involved in increasing the inflammatory process by producing and releasing pro-inflammatory agents and oxidative stress. Among statins, atorvastatin is a drug to reduce inflammation, and its effectiveness has been recorded as an antioxidant effect. Vitamin C is known as a neuroprotective agent. Ascorbate inhibits the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in monocytes in high doses (20 mM) by inhibiting them. The rats were randomly divided into 7 groups of 10 animals as follows: 1: Sham-operated, 2: Chronic constriction injury (CCI), 3: CCI+vitamin C (500 mg/kg), 4: CCI+atorvastatin (5 mg/kg), 5: CCI+atorvastatin (10 mg/kg), 6: CCI+vitamin C (500 mg/kg)+atorvastatin (5","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"14 6","pages":"727-739"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11273201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141787187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations in Diffusion Tensor Imaging-derived Indices of Auditory Pathway-related Fiber Tracts in Children With Sensorineural Hearing Loss.","authors":"Samira Sadeghinasab, Ali Reza Eftekhari Moghadam, Nader Saki, Arash Bayat, Ghasem Saki","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.3593.2","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2023.3593.2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Hearing loss is the most common sensory-neurological defect in humans. The most common hearing impairment is sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) caused by the inner ear and related nerves. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an advanced MRI technique that can provide valuable information about auditory neural pathways and their microstructural changes. The present study was designed to investigate the microstructural changes in auditory pathways-related fiber tracts in children with SNHL.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Twenty-two children including 11 subjects with SNHL aged 1-4 years and 11 healthy children were examined as controls. Then, DTI-derived parameters, such as fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AxD), and radial diffusivity (RD), and volume of fiber tracts were extracted from the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, acoustic radiation, and uncinate fasciculus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The results showed an increase in MD, RD, and AxD as well as a decrease in FA, volume, and diameter of auditory-pathway-related fiber tracts. Interestingly, there was an increase in the FA of acoustic radiation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;White matter connections in the auditory canal decrease and AR integrity increases due to compensatory effects. These probably reflect atrophy or degradation as well as compensatory cross-modal reorganization in the absence of auditory input and the use of sign language.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) plays an important role in preoperative planning.Anatomical knowledge of the auditory tract is essential for lacrimal drainage surgeries, such as cochlear implantation.DTI-based biomarkers for brain changes and allows us to better understand the pathophysiological changes of auditory tract.Microstructural changes in the fiber tracts associated with the auditory pathway can distinguish sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) from healthy subjects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plain language summary: &lt;/strong&gt;Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is the most common type and accounts for the majority of all hearing loss. SNHL is a congenital deficit and refers to any cause of hearing loss due to a pathology of the cochlea, auditory nerve, or central nervous system. One of the chief treatment planning is cochlear implant for these patients. So, it is necessary to evaluate the auditory system by imaging devices such as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) before treatment. Diffusion tensor imaging tractography, or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography, is an MRI technique that measures the rate of water diffusion between cells to understand and create a map of the body's internal structures; it is most commonly used to provide imaging of the brain. The purpose of the present research was to assess the auditory system and its nerve routs in children before cochlear implant. This study showed that DT imaging is a novel approach for assessment","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"14 6","pages":"857-865"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11273202/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141787182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain MRI Volumetric Assessment of Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: The Volume of Basal Ganglia, Thalamus, and Posterior Fossa.","authors":"Sima Fallah Arzpeyma, Sara Janeshin, Niusheh Soofi Afshar, Alia Saberi, Hamidreza Ghalyanchi Langroodi, Mohammad Ebrahim Ghaffari, Kamal AmirAshjei","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.1324.4","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2023.1324.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system, which is associated with brain atrophy and volume changes in some brain structures. This study aimed to compare the volume of the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem in patients with relapsing-remitting MS with that of the control group using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, MRI brain scans were obtained from 25 patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 25 healthy control subjects. Volumetric analyses were performed using Brain Suite software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the MS and the control groups was 33.96±8.75 and 40.40±8.72, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found in gender (P=0.747). The bilateral putamen and caudate nuclei volumes were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (P<0.001). Moreover, lower the volume of the brainstem, cerebellum, bilateral thalamus, and globus pallidus were identified in the MS patients compared to the control group (P<0.001). There was an inverse correlation between the disease and treatment duration with the thalamus and cerebellum volume in MS patients (P=0.001). Treatment duration also had an inverse correlation with brainstem volume (P=0.047).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The volume of some structures of the brain, including globus pallidus, thalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem is lower in MS and can be one of the markers of disease progression and disability among MS patients.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Due to the degenerative process in multiple sclerosis, some cerebral structures may face volume change.The present study demonstrated that the volume of globus pallidus, thalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem is lower in MS patients compared to the controls.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is defined as an inflammatory disease involving the white matter of the brain, but experience has shown that many non-white matter structures also change in MS. In this study, we aimed to examine some parts of the brain, such as the thalamus, basal ganglia, brainstem, and cerebellum, for volume changes. The results showed that all these structures can have a smaller volume in MS patients than in healthy people. Especially in the case of the thalamus and cerebellum, this difference increases with increasing the disease duration. Changes in the size of these structures can be the result of degeneration of the neurons in these areas. These changes can cause significant disability in patients; however, there may not be significant changes in the number of plaques in patients. Attention to these changes can be essential in interpreting patients' clinical changes, including motor and cognitive disabilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"14 6","pages":"741-752"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11273203/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141787183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the Cortical Representation of Paraspinal Muscles Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Optimized in People With Chronic Back Pain.","authors":"Solaleh Saraiepour, Sedigheh Kahrizi, Mojdeh Ghabaee, Babak Bazrgari","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.4419.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2023.4419.1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a global burden with an unknown etiology. Reorganization of the cortical representation of paraspinal muscles in the primary motor cortex (M1) may be related to the pathology. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), commonly used to map the functional organization of M1, is not potent enough to stimulate the cortical maps of paraspinal muscles in M1 in CLBP patients with reduced corticospinal excitability (CSE) with intensities even as high as maximum stimulator output (100% MSO). This makes TMS mapping impractical for these patients. The aim of this study was to increase the practicality of TMS mapping for people with CLBP.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This study included eight men and ten women who had CLBP for over three months. A biphasic paired-pulse TMS paradigm, conjunct anticipatory postural adjustment (APA), and maximal voluntary activation of paraspinal muscles (MVC) were used to facilitate TMS mapping.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;TMS mapping was possible in all CLBP participants, with TMS intensities &lt;50% of the MSO. Reorganization in terms of an anterior and lateral shift of the center of gravity (COG) of the cortical maps of paraspinal muscles was observed in all participants with CLBP, and a reduced number of discrete peaks was found in 33%.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The facilitation of the CSE to paraspinal muscles makes TMS mapping more practical and tolerable in people with CLBP, lowering the risk of seizure and discomfort associated with high-intensity TMS pulses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;Conventional transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) brain mapping is not optimal for patients with Chronic low back pain (CLBP).Paired-pulse TMS dramatically lessens the energy needed for brain mapping.Maximal voluntary contraction of back muscles facilitates TMS mapping.Anticipatory postural activity of back muscles enhances the efficacy of TMS mapping.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plain language summary: &lt;/strong&gt;Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a social, emotional, and economic burden and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Yet the etiology of the CLBP is unknown. The persistence of aberrant or antalgic movement patterns observed in people with CLBP has been suggested as a possible cause of pain chronification by inducing continuous damage to sensitive structures of the lumbar spine. It is well known that the brain is in charge of the production and planning of movements, so it is likely that abnormal movement patterns also stem from the abnormalities in the brain. However, until recently, human knowledge about the structure and function of the brain has been very limited. The invention of noninvasive and painless brain imaging and stimulating techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during the last decades has augmented our knowledge about the structure and function of the brain. Modification in terms of shift, shrinkage, or e","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"14 6","pages":"827-841"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11273208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141787185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}