Basic and Clinical Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Interference Control Under the Stroop Task and Brain Oscillatory Activity among Internet Addicts Compared to Non-addicts.","authors":"Farzad Rostami, Ali Esteki, Atiye Sarabi-Jamab","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.4974.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2023.4974.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>It is common for individuals with internet addiction disorder (IAD) to demonstrate impairments in interference and inhibitory control. A primary objective of this study was to explore how interference control is related to event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) and whether participants with IAD experience changes in these spectral dynamics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-one IAD participants and 20 healthy controls (HCs) were administered a Stroop task while their brains' electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded. ERSPs were extracted from the EEG, and a cluster-based random permutation test was conducted to compare the power between the two groups at each time-frequency level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the IAD group, the Stroop effect was significantly less for theta than in the HC group in an earlier time window. According to these results, IADs could not successfully inhibit their brain activation for stimulus conflict detection. Furthermore, IAD participants displayed a significant ERSP Stroop effect at beta2 and gamma frequencies, with the main contribution coming from bilateral dorsal frontal and parietal cortex over the scalp compared to HC participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In our study, IADs displayed reduced conflict detection and response selection compared to HCs, as measured by theta band indices, as well as impaired conflict resolution, as revealed by altered interaction dynamics between beta2 and gamma bands. Among the first studies investigating oscillatory dynamics in conflict resolution for IAD groups, this study uses cluster-based random permutation tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 5","pages":"631-648"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12198735/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Percutaneous vs Transcutaneous Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation in Overactive Bladder Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Tannaz Ahadi, Ismaeel Noori, Shayesteh Khalifeh Soltani, Pouya Ghaboosi, Gholam Reza Raissi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.4896.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2023.4896.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Overactive bladder (OAB) is a symptom syndrome consisting of urgency, frequency, and nocturia. It is a common urologic disorder. Percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) is a minimally invasive, well-tolerated, and effective treatment of OAB. Recently, transcutaneous PTN stimulation (TTNS) with surface electrodes has been used, which is non-invasive. This study examines and compares the efficacy of these two therapy methods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this randomized clinical trial, 44 patients with OAB were randomly assigned to PTNS and TTNS groups. In both groups, the therapeutic interventions were performed thrice a week for four weeks, 12 sessions. Incontinence quality of life questionnaire (I-QOL) and OAB symptom score (OABSS) were evaluated before the intervention, then one week and four weeks after completing the sessions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 44 patients (41 females and 3 males), the mean age of the subjects was 51.95 years in the PTNS group and 56.86 years in the TTNS group (P=0.9). In our study, the patients' urinary symptoms and QOL improved in both groups over time. Both interventions had no significant difference (P=0.796, P=0.372, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PTNS and TTNS effectively improved patients' symptoms of OAB and their QOL. TTNS can be considered as effective as conventional PTNS and a less invasive alternative for PTNS in OAB treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 4","pages":"499-508"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11565666/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral and Biological Bases of Herding and Conformity.","authors":"Mostafa Deldoost","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.4654.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2022.4654.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans are inherently complex creatures, and this issue became even more complicated when they decided to construct social relationships. Research into human behavior is an interdisciplinary and multifaceted endeavor studied by various disciplines, such as psychology, economics, sociology, anthropology, and neurosciences. Today, with the cooperation of researchers in different fields, it is possible to link the cellular dynamic of neurons to brain function and human behavior. Cognitive science and neurosciences, along with other disciplines, can enrich our knowledge about mechanisms of social influence, which may assist policymakers in influencing public behaviors toward creating a better society. This review aims to describe previous research on social influence's behavioral, cognitive, and neural basis and provide more understanding of human behavior in society. I review and evaluate the relevant literature from multiple databases of peer-reviewed journals, books, and conferences and hand-searching reference lists of relevant studies that consider conformity from psychological, economic, neurobiological, and neurochemical aspects. This paper has been divided into four parts. First, I start by defining and describing two kinds of social influences. The second section focuses on psychological and economic evidence of social influence. It will then explore the neurobiological and neurochemical approaches to studying social influence. Finally, the conclusion summarizes and highlights three points I believe social neuroscience as an interdisciplinary and vibrant field should consider for future developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 4","pages":"433-442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11565668/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The PCSK9 Protein Is Not Necessarily a Risk Factor for Major Depressive Disorder.","authors":"Elahe Habibitabar, Shima Khanverdiloo, Mona Doostizadeh, Leila Jahangard, Jamshid Karimi, Gholamreza Shafiee","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.4044.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2022.4044.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the common psychiatric disorders that is characterized by abnormal neurobiological responses. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) is important in cholesterol homeostasis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study aimed to investigate PCSK9 levels and oxidative stress with MDD disease. The study included 30 patients with MDD and 30 healthy controls. Their blood samples were collected in sterile tubes, and the serum PCSK9 concentration, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were determined by ELISA kits. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and copper concentration were determined manually. There was a significant increase in PCSK9 levels in the patient group (P<0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve with a sensitivity of 57% and specificity of 52% was 0.928 (95% CI, 0.86-0.996) for PCSK9 in the patient group (P<0.001). It was found that MDA (P=0.036) level was higher in the MDD group, but TAC (P=0.445) level, SOD (P=0.148), GPx (P=0.019) activities, and copper concentration were lower in the patient group compared with the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study results confirm the relationship between oxidative stress and MDD and also suggest a link between PCSK9 and MDD disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 4","pages":"519-530"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11565667/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142650566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 40-Hz White Light Emitting Diode to Alleviate Psychiatric Symptoms Induced by Streptozotocin In Vivo.","authors":"Elham Soleimani, Abolhassan Ahmadiani, Maryam Bazrgar, Fariba Khodagholi, Afsaneh Eliassi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2024.1856.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2024.1856.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>A 40-Hz white light emitting diode (WLED) has emerged as an alternative nonpharmacological and noninvasive approach to Alzheimer disease (AD). Here, we investigated the therapeutic effects of 40-Hz WLED on psychiatric symptoms (PS) and the contribution of mitochondrial factors in the early stages of sporadic AD (sAD) in rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In male Wistar rats, the AD model was induced via intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ). After recovering (7 days) from stereotaxic surgery, 40-Hz WLED exposure was performed for 7 consecutive days lasting 15 min/d. Behavioral (elevated plus maze (EPM), force swim test, and social interaction test), enzymatic, and molecular assays were conducted 24 hours after the last 40-Hz WLED exposure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Behavioral tasks revealed that 40-Hz WLED exposure in STZ-induced toxicity rats lowered anxiety and depression and increased social interaction. Furthermore, the 40-Hz WLED therapy in STZ-induced toxicity rats increased catalase (CAT) activity in the amygdala, decreased the activity of monoamine oxidases A and B in the whole brain, and increased mitochondrial DNA in the hippocampus.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current study supports that 40-Hz WLED therapy improved PS and biomarkers in the early stages of sAD. Also, a potential relationship between PS and alterations in mitochondrial markers in certain brain regions seems to exist.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 4","pages":"463-476"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11565670/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feature Extraction With Stacked Autoencoders for EEG Channel Reduction in Emotion Recognition.","authors":"Elnaz Vafaei, Fereidoun Nowshiravan Rahatabad, Seyed Kamaledin Setarehdan, Parviz Azadfallah","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.5138.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2023.5138.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Emotion recognition by electroencephalogram (EEG) signals is one of the complex methods because the extraction and recognition of the features hidden in the signal are sophisticated and require a significant number of EEG channels. Presenting a method for feature analysis and an algorithm for reducing the number of EEG channels fulfills the need for research in this field.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Accordingly, this study investigates the possibility of utilizing deep learning to reduce the number of channels while maintaining the quality of the EEG signal. A stacked autoencoder network extracts optimal features for emotion classification in valence and arousal dimensions. Autoencoder networks can extract complex features to provide linear and non- linear features which are a good representative of the signal.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The accuracy of a conventional emotion recognition classifier (support vector machine) using features extracted from SAEs was obtained at 75.7% for valence and 74.4% for arousal dimensions, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Further analysis also illustrates that valence dimension detection with reduced EEG channels has a different composition of EEG channels compared to the arousal dimension. In addition, the number of channels is reduced from 32 to 12, which is an excellent development for designing a small-size EEG device by applying these optimal features.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 3","pages":"393-402"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11470895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of IGF1 and MGF on Neural Stem Cells in Hypoxic Conditions.","authors":"Tuğba Aydıntuğ-Gürbüz, Fatih Toprak, Selin Toprak, Selçuk Sözer","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.3981.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.3981.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ischemic stroke has high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Low oxygen (O₂) levels detected in such conditions create a vulnerable environment for neural stem cells (NSC), altering neuronal function, and leading to neuronal injury or death. There are still no effective treatments for such consequences. This study investigates the molecular and functional effects of growth factors, namely, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) and mechano growth factor (MGF), in NSC exposed to low O₂ levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An in vitro ischemia model was created by rat hippocampal NSC grown in culture that was exposed to varying oxygen levels, including 0%, 3%, and 20 % for the representation of anoxic, hypoxic, and normoxic conditions, respectively, during 24 h. NSC has investigated <i>IGF-I</i>, <i>MGF</i>, and <i>HIF1-Alpha (HIF-1α)</i> gene expressions by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The effects of external administration of growth factors (IGF-I and MGF) on NSC proliferation in such conditions were explored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Increased <i>IGF-I</i> and <i>MGF</i> gene expressions were detected in the samples exposed to low O₂. Anoxia was the highest stimulant for <i>IGF-I</i> and <i>MGF</i> gene expressions. Meanwhile, HIF1-α that encodes hypoxia-inducible factor-1α revealed downregulation in relative gene expression fold change with IGF-I application in all conditions, whereas <i>MGF</i> application upregulated its change in an anoxic environment. Furthermore, MGF-induced NSC had more proliferationmigration rate in all oxygen conditions. <i>IGF-I</i> induced significant NSC proliferation in 0% and 20% O₂.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that IGF-I and MGF expressions were increased to reduce the damage in NSC exposed to low oxygen, and exogenous MGF and IGF-I application increased NSC proliferation at the time of injury. The results might imply the role of exogenous MGF and IGF-I in the treatment of ischemia for relieving the effect of neuronal damage due to their neuroprotective and proliferative effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 3","pages":"343-354"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11470890/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive Rehabilitation for Adult Patients With Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Farah Bakizadeh, Saba Mokhtari, Fahime Saeed, Asieh Mokhtari, Pouria Akbari Koli, Mohammadreza Shalbafan","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.1604.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.1604.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling mental condition. Many studies have shown that OCD patients have cognitive deficits in various aspects of their cognition, which is a worsening factor of symptom severity, a potential endophenotype, insight predictor, and prognostic indicator of OCD. We designed this systematic review to evaluate the clinical efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in cognitive deficits and symptom severity of patients with OCD following the PRISMA guidelines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library using the MeSH terms and keywords of 'cognitive rehabilitation' and 'obsessive-compulsive disorder'. The database search identified 200 records of interest, and then 105 duplicates were removed from them. From 95 remaining studies, six articles were eligible for the study and met the inclusion criteria. The six articles described individual RCT studies representing a wide variety of study designs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The six included studies investigated the effect of \"organizational training\", \"cognitive remediation\", \"attention splitting\" and \"goal management training\" on cognitive impairments and symptom severity of OCD patients.There are a small number of studies with different designs and some biases that have examined the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation in OCD patients, with conflicting results regarding the effect of cognitive rehabilitation on OCD symptom severity or cognitive deficit.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the results, we cannot conclude about the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in adults with OCD. Considering the importance of cognitive deficits in OCD patients, it is necessary to design and conduct standard trials to investigate the role of cognitive rehabilitation in these disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 3","pages":"287-300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11470898/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Combined Balance Training and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for the Recovery of Postural Control Following Chronic Stroke: A Study Protocol.","authors":"Fariba Yadolahi, Mohammad Mohsen Roostayi, Minoo Khalkhali Zavieh, Abas Rahimi, Masoud Mehrpour, Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1724.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1724.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Stroke is one of the most debilitating diseases among adults worldwide and leads to persistent rehabilitation needs even at the chronic stage. Achieving good postural control is a critical requirement for daily activities which enhances quality of life (QoL) in patients with stroke. There is increasing evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can be considered a promising adjunct technique to improve motor recovery after stroke. Evidence of augmented neuroplasticity after tDCS suggests that paired rehabilitation followed by consecutive use of tDCS may optimize recovery outcomes. Although a few randomized controlled trials have been conducted on upper limb rehabilitation in chronic stroke using tDCS, no study focused on balance training in chronic stroke patients. The present randomized, sham-controlled, double-blinded clinical study addresses brain stimulation targeting postural control using tDCS in chronic stroke.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study participants included chronic ischemic stroke individuals with postural control impairments who passed the exclusion criteria. Active or sham anodal tDCS was delivered to the lesioned leg motor cortex combined with balance training. The experimental group received active anodal tDCS stimulation (2 mA) for 20 min, daily for 5 days paired with balance training. Linear and nonlinear approaches were used to analyze postural sway changes pre-and post-intervention. Postural sway fluctuation, functional balance assessment using the Berg balance scale, and timed up-and-go test were conducted to compare the active and sham groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This trial could have significant implications for balance rehabilitation after stroke in the ambulatory setting. If effective, this novel approach may improve rehabilitation protocol in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"1 1","pages":"421-432"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11470899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69705387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Effect of High-voltage Towers on the Cerebellum and Cognitive Impairments in the Monkey.","authors":"Hamed Aliyari, Hedayat Sahraei, Mohammad Bagher Menhaj, Masoomeh Kazemi, Behrooz Vahidi, Seyed Hossein Hosseinian","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1340.5","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1340.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Today, high-voltage (HV) lines create a pernicious environment for humans living or working in the vicinity and even under these lines. The male rhesus monkey is used to investigate the effects of fields produced by HV towers. This study examines the function and level of impact in rhesus monkeys' brains from the cerebellum's cognitive, biological, and structural perspective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two monkeys have been used, one as a control and the second as a test. The monkey under test was subjected to a simulated HV electrical field of 3 kV/m, 4 hours a day, for 1 month. Behavioral tests were performed using a device designed and built for this purpose. Concentration analysis of adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) and inspection of glucocorticoid receptor gene's (GR) expression were performed by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method. Changes in cerebellar anatomy were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All tests were performed before and after the study period and compared with the control monkey.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cognitive tests showed a significant reduction for the monkey exposed to the HV electrical field in the first week after imposition compared with the same time before. Also, the expression of the <i>GR</i> gene decreased, and the concentration of ACTH hormone in plasma increased. Surveying the level of cerebral MRI images did not show any difference, but hemorrhage was evident in a part of the cerebellum.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The tested monkey's cognitive, biological, and MRI results showed a decrease in visual learning and memory indices.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 2","pages":"185-198"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11367210/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142124695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}