Basic and Clinical Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Feature Extraction With Stacked Autoencoders for EEG Channel Reduction in Emotion Recognition.","authors":"Elnaz Vafaei, Fereidoun Nowshiravan Rahatabad, Seyed Kamaledin Setarehdan, Parviz Azadfallah","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.5138.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2023.5138.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Emotion recognition by electroencephalogram (EEG) signals is one of the complex methods because the extraction and recognition of the features hidden in the signal are sophisticated and require a significant number of EEG channels. Presenting a method for feature analysis and an algorithm for reducing the number of EEG channels fulfills the need for research in this field.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Accordingly, this study investigates the possibility of utilizing deep learning to reduce the number of channels while maintaining the quality of the EEG signal. A stacked autoencoder network extracts optimal features for emotion classification in valence and arousal dimensions. Autoencoder networks can extract complex features to provide linear and non- linear features which are a good representative of the signal.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The accuracy of a conventional emotion recognition classifier (support vector machine) using features extracted from SAEs was obtained at 75.7% for valence and 74.4% for arousal dimensions, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Further analysis also illustrates that valence dimension detection with reduced EEG channels has a different composition of EEG channels compared to the arousal dimension. In addition, the number of channels is reduced from 32 to 12, which is an excellent development for designing a small-size EEG device by applying these optimal features.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11470895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"fMRI-Based Multi-class DMDC Model Efficiently Decodes the Overlaps between ASD and ADHD.","authors":"Zahra Zolghadr, Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli, Hamid Alavi Majd, Lida Shafaghi, Yadollah Mehrabi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.4302.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2023.4302.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neurodevelopmental disorders comprise a group of neuropsychiatric conditions. Presently, behavior-based diagnostic approaches are utilized in clinical settings, but the overlapping features among these disorders obscure their recognition and management. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have common characteristics across various levels, from genes to symptoms. Designing a computational framework based on the neuroimaging findings could provide a discriminative tool for ultimate more efficient treatment. Machine learning approaches, specifically classification methods are among the most applied techniques to reach this goal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We applied a novel two-level multi-class data maximum dispersion classifier (DMDC) algorithm to classify the functional neuroimaging data (utilizing datasets: ADHD-200 and autism brain imaging data exchange (ABIDE)) into two categories: Neurodevelopmental disorders (ASD and ADHD) or healthy participants, based on calculated functional connectivity values (statistical temporal correlation).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our model achieved a total accuracy of 62% for healthy controls. Specifically, it demonstrated an accuracy of 51% for healthy subjects, 61% for autism spectrum disorder, and 84% for ADHD. The support vector machine (SVM) model achieved an accuracy of 46% for both the healthy control and ASD groups, while the ADHD group classification accuracy was estimated to be 84%. These two models showed similar classification indices for the ADHD group. However, the discrimination power was higher in the ASD class.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The method employed in this study demonstrated acceptable performance in classifying disorders and healthy conditions compared to the more commonly used SVM method. Notably, functional connections associated with the cerebellum showed discriminative power.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11470894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive Rehabilitation for Adult Patients With Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Farah Bakizadeh, Saba Mokhtari, Fahime Saeed, Asieh Mokhtari, Pouria Akbari Koli, Mohammadreza Shalbafan","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.1604.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.1604.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling mental condition. Many studies have shown that OCD patients have cognitive deficits in various aspects of their cognition, which is a worsening factor of symptom severity, a potential endophenotype, insight predictor, and prognostic indicator of OCD. We designed this systematic review to evaluate the clinical efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in cognitive deficits and symptom severity of patients with OCD following the PRISMA guidelines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library using the MeSH terms and keywords of 'cognitive rehabilitation' and 'obsessive-compulsive disorder'. The database search identified 200 records of interest, and then 105 duplicates were removed from them. From 95 remaining studies, six articles were eligible for the study and met the inclusion criteria. The six articles described individual RCT studies representing a wide variety of study designs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The six included studies investigated the effect of \"organizational training\", \"cognitive remediation\", \"attention splitting\" and \"goal management training\" on cognitive impairments and symptom severity of OCD patients.There are a small number of studies with different designs and some biases that have examined the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation in OCD patients, with conflicting results regarding the effect of cognitive rehabilitation on OCD symptom severity or cognitive deficit.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the results, we cannot conclude about the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in adults with OCD. Considering the importance of cognitive deficits in OCD patients, it is necessary to design and conduct standard trials to investigate the role of cognitive rehabilitation in these disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11470898/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of IGF1 and MGF on Neural Stem Cells in Hypoxic Conditions.","authors":"Tuğba Aydıntuğ-Gürbüz, Fatih Toprak, Selin Toprak, Selçuk Sözer","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.3981.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.3981.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ischemic stroke has high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Low oxygen (O₂) levels detected in such conditions create a vulnerable environment for neural stem cells (NSC), altering neuronal function, and leading to neuronal injury or death. There are still no effective treatments for such consequences. This study investigates the molecular and functional effects of growth factors, namely, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) and mechano growth factor (MGF), in NSC exposed to low O₂ levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An in vitro ischemia model was created by rat hippocampal NSC grown in culture that was exposed to varying oxygen levels, including 0%, 3%, and 20 % for the representation of anoxic, hypoxic, and normoxic conditions, respectively, during 24 h. NSC has investigated <i>IGF-I</i>, <i>MGF</i>, and <i>HIF1-Alpha (HIF-1α)</i> gene expressions by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The effects of external administration of growth factors (IGF-I and MGF) on NSC proliferation in such conditions were explored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Increased <i>IGF-I</i> and <i>MGF</i> gene expressions were detected in the samples exposed to low O₂. Anoxia was the highest stimulant for <i>IGF-I</i> and <i>MGF</i> gene expressions. Meanwhile, HIF1-α that encodes hypoxia-inducible factor-1α revealed downregulation in relative gene expression fold change with IGF-I application in all conditions, whereas <i>MGF</i> application upregulated its change in an anoxic environment. Furthermore, MGF-induced NSC had more proliferationmigration rate in all oxygen conditions. <i>IGF-I</i> induced significant NSC proliferation in 0% and 20% O₂.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that IGF-I and MGF expressions were increased to reduce the damage in NSC exposed to low oxygen, and exogenous MGF and IGF-I application increased NSC proliferation at the time of injury. The results might imply the role of exogenous MGF and IGF-I in the treatment of ischemia for relieving the effect of neuronal damage due to their neuroprotective and proliferative effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11470890/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Combined Balance Training and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for the Recovery of Postural Control Following Chronic Stroke: A Study Protocol.","authors":"Fariba Yadolahi, Mohammad Mohsen Roostayi, Minoo Khalkhali Zavieh, Abas Rahimi, Masoud Mehrpour, Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1724.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1724.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Stroke is one of the most debilitating diseases among adults worldwide and leads to persistent rehabilitation needs even at the chronic stage. Achieving good postural control is a critical requirement for daily activities which enhances quality of life (QoL) in patients with stroke. There is increasing evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can be considered a promising adjunct technique to improve motor recovery after stroke. Evidence of augmented neuroplasticity after tDCS suggests that paired rehabilitation followed by consecutive use of tDCS may optimize recovery outcomes. Although a few randomized controlled trials have been conducted on upper limb rehabilitation in chronic stroke using tDCS, no study focused on balance training in chronic stroke patients. The present randomized, sham-controlled, double-blinded clinical study addresses brain stimulation targeting postural control using tDCS in chronic stroke.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study participants included chronic ischemic stroke individuals with postural control impairments who passed the exclusion criteria. Active or sham anodal tDCS was delivered to the lesioned leg motor cortex combined with balance training. The experimental group received active anodal tDCS stimulation (2 mA) for 20 min, daily for 5 days paired with balance training. Linear and nonlinear approaches were used to analyze postural sway changes pre-and post-intervention. Postural sway fluctuation, functional balance assessment using the Berg balance scale, and timed up-and-go test were conducted to compare the active and sham groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This trial could have significant implications for balance rehabilitation after stroke in the ambulatory setting. If effective, this novel approach may improve rehabilitation protocol in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11470899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69705387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introducing a New Method for Studying the Effects of Movement Synchrony in Virtual Reality.","authors":"Milad Yekani, Mehdi Tehrani-Doost, Milad Rahimi, Abdol-Hossein Vahabie","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.4697.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.4697.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study introduces a new method to create virtual reality (VR) environments for studying synchrony in human body movements and their prosocial effects. Previous studies have shown the positive effects of synchrony, but more controlled and ecologically valid paradigms are needed to explore these effects deeper and translate them to the therapeutic domain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 82 healthy subjects participated in this study. They performed simple periodic hand movements in a virtual environment with a virtual character (VC) mimicking them. We used inverse kinematics (IKs) to create character movements. The VCs mimic the participants after a short delay in the synchronous group and after a great delay in the nonsynchronous group. The subjective feeling of synchrony and social closeness was measured using a set of rating questionnaires.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The participants in the synchronous group reported more synchrony than the nonsynchronous group. The degree of social closeness between the two groups was not significantly different; however, there was a significant positive correlation between the reported degree of synchrony and social closeness within each group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Using a simple VR environment in which body movements are simulated by IKs can engender the feeling of synchrony and exert its prosocial effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11470896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Various Types of Chronic Psychological Stress on Cognitive Functions and Behaviors in Rats.","authors":"Hamed Adavi, Rasoul Kowsar, Maryam Radahmadi, Hojjatalah Alaei","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.2346.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2023.2346.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Psychological stress impairs cognitive performance and affects mood states. This study compares the effect of four types of psychological stress (crowding, relocation, isolation, and restraint) on locomotor activity, learning, and memory, as well as anxiety-like behaviors performed by the open field, elevated plus maze, and passive avoidance tests.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Wistar rats were randomly assigned to different groups of crowding, relocation, isolation, and restraint stress, and control. The stress induction was administered for 21 consecutive days (6 h/day). To evaluate various types of behaviors, the open field, elevated plus maze, and passive avoidance tests were employed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to the PA test results, the latency to enter the darkroom decreased significantly in all stress groups, especially in the crowding and isolation stress groups. However, it had an inverse relationship with serum corticosterone (CORT) levels. The total dark stay time increased significantly in the restraint and crowding stress groups, and also particularly, in the isolation stress group. In the isolation stress group, the number of darkroom entries decreased significantly. All stress groups spent a significantly shorter time in the open arms of the EPM apparatus. Finally, the total distance traveled, in the open field test was significantly lower in all stress groups, particularly in the isolation stress group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Crowding and social isolation were the two stress types that had the most adverse effect on cognitive performance, as they induced stress-driven anxiety-like behaviors, probably due to increased CORT secretion. A high or low population of social density may create a condition, in which the nervous system could not efficiently manage stress, particularly at chronic levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11470892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal Dynamics of Neural Response to Drug Cues in abstinent Methamphetamine Users.","authors":"Mohamad Bagher Soleymani, Arshiya Sangchooli, Mitra Ebrahimpoor, Mohamad Amin Najafi, Bijan Vosoughi Vahdat, Alireza Shahbabaie, Mohammad Ali Oghabian, Hamed Ekhtiari","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.3126.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.3126.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cue-induced craving is central to addictive disorders. Most cue-reactivity functional magnetic resonance imaging studies are analyzed statically and report averaged signals, disregarding the dynamic nature of craving and task fatigue. Accordingly, this study investigates temporal dynamics of the neural response to drug cues as a functional magnetic resonance imaging study among methamphetamine users.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 32 early abstinent methamphetamine users underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing visual methamphetamine cues. A craving > neutral contrast was obtained in regions of interest. To explore the changes over time, the pre-processed signal was divided into three intervals. Contrast estimates were calculated within each interval, and were compared using the analysis of variance followed by the post hoc t-tests. The results were compared with those from a static analysis across all blocks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A priori expected activations in the prefrontal cortex, insula, and striatum not detected by static analysis were discovered by the dynamic analysis. Post hoc tests revealed distinct temporal activation patterns in several regions. Most patterns showed rapid activation (including both ventral/dorsal striata and most regions in the prefrontal, insular, and cingulate cortices), whereas some had delayed activation (the right anterior insula, left middle frontal gyrus, and left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provided preliminary insights into the temporal dynamicity of cue-reactivity, and the potential of a conventional blocked-design task to consider it as a simple dynamic analysis. We highlight regional activations that were only uncovered by dynamic analysis and discuss the interesting and theoretically expected early versus late regional activation patterns. Rapidly activated regions are mostly those involved in the earlier stages of cue reactivity, while regions with later activation participate in cognitive functions relevant later, such as reappraisal, interoception, and executive control.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11470891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Olfactory Sensory Neurons Facilitation For Aerobic Exercise-induced Spatial Memory Improvement.","authors":"Farzaneh Zeynali, Mohammad Reza Raoufy, Reza Gharakhanlou","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.4029.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.4029.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The positive effects of exercise on spatial memory and learning have been demonstrated in research. The olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) respond to mechanical stimulation induced by nasal airflow which is associated with airflow intensity. Accordingly, nasal breathing can modulate brain oscillations in nonolfactory areas, and respiration-entrained oscillations aid the improvement of cognitive abilities. Given that aerobic exercise increases the rate of respiration and intensity of nasal airflow, this study evaluates the role of OSNs in mediating the effects of aerobic exercise on memory.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We examined spatial memory following exercise in animal models of olfactory sensory neuron impairment (methimazole injection 300 mg/kg/week).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Destroying OSNs significantly reduces olfactory bulb (OB) activity at delta and theta frequency bands as well as its coupling to respiration. More importantly, it abolished the positive effect of exercise on spatial memory (P<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The OB activity is one of the probable mechanisms for improving spatial memory following exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11470897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142456949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Effect of High-voltage Towers on the Cerebellum and Cognitive Impairments in the Monkey.","authors":"Hamed Aliyari, Hedayat Sahraei, Mohammad Bagher Menhaj, Masoomeh Kazemi, Behrooz Vahidi, Seyed Hossein Hosseinian","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1340.5","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1340.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Today, high-voltage (HV) lines create a pernicious environment for humans living or working in the vicinity and even under these lines. The male rhesus monkey is used to investigate the effects of fields produced by HV towers. This study examines the function and level of impact in rhesus monkeys' brains from the cerebellum's cognitive, biological, and structural perspective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two monkeys have been used, one as a control and the second as a test. The monkey under test was subjected to a simulated HV electrical field of 3 kV/m, 4 hours a day, for 1 month. Behavioral tests were performed using a device designed and built for this purpose. Concentration analysis of adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) and inspection of glucocorticoid receptor gene's (GR) expression were performed by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method. Changes in cerebellar anatomy were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All tests were performed before and after the study period and compared with the control monkey.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cognitive tests showed a significant reduction for the monkey exposed to the HV electrical field in the first week after imposition compared with the same time before. Also, the expression of the <i>GR</i> gene decreased, and the concentration of ACTH hormone in plasma increased. Surveying the level of cerebral MRI images did not show any difference, but hemorrhage was evident in a part of the cerebellum.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The tested monkey's cognitive, biological, and MRI results showed a decrease in visual learning and memory indices.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11367210/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142124695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}