Basic and Clinical Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Attenuating <i>NF-κB/VCAM-1</i> Expression in the Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model by Viola Odorata: Protection Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats.","authors":"Kiana Karimifar,&nbsp;Hiva Alipanah,&nbsp;Ava Solatani Hekmat,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Bigdeli","doi":"10.32598/bcn.12.6.2061.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.12.6.2061.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The death of neurons and cerebral edema are the main consequences of stroke. However, inflammatory processes play key roles in aggravating cerebral damage following a stroke. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Viola odorata extract (VOE) on the infarct volume (IV), neurologic deficits (ND), and the expression of <i>NF-κB</i> and <i>VCAM-1</i> in the Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The animals were randomly separated into 6 groups: (1) control group, (2) vehicle-treated group, (3) MCAO group, (4) VOE25 group, (5) VOE50 group, and (6) VOE75 group (n= 12). VOE (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg) and distilled water were administered daily for 30 days. Two hours after the last gavage, the rats were exposed to MCAO for 60 minutes. Twenty-four hours later, <i>IV, ND</i>, and <i>NF-κB/VCAM-1</i> expressions were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Viola odorata extract exhibited excellent neuroprotective effects by reducing IV (mainly in the core and subcortex areas), and induced downregulation of <i>NF-κB</i> and <i>VCAM-1</i> expression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Viola odorata could also activate intracellular pathways, reducing the expression of <i>NF-κB</i> and <i>VCAM-1</i>. It is useful for developing a novel medical herb for treating cerebral ischemia.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>A stroke occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced.Viola odorata extract (VOE) reduced the infarct volumes (IV) in rats' brains 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).VOE may decrease <i>IV</i> in the <i>MCAO</i> model by downregulating the <i>NF-κB/VCAM-1</i> expression.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. After an interruption of blood flow, energy stores are rapidly depleted, and complex cellular cascades induce excitotoxic cell death. So far, no effective and specific treatment has been suggested for the stroke. In this study, the neuroprotective effects of the viola odorata extract (VOE) were screened. The V. odorata extract exhibited excellent neuroprotective effects by reducing infarct volume and inducing downregulation of <i>NF-κB/VCAM-1</i> expression. This finding suggests that <i>V. odorata</i> may be useful for developing a novel medical herb for treating cerebral ischemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 3","pages":"357-371"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7b/04/BCN-13-357.PMC9706287.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40456500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Date Extract on Nerve Conduction Velocity in Male Rats.","authors":"Hossein Ali Ebrahimi,&nbsp;Mandana Jafari,&nbsp;Narges Khanjani,&nbsp;Najmeh Moradi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.878.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.878.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neuropathy is a condition in which the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is disordered. Studying the effects of antioxidants on the performance improvement of this system is vital. This study aimed to investigate the effects of date extract on Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV), Distal Motor Latency (DML), and wave height of the sciatic nerve in male rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This laboratory study used 24 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g, divided into the test and control groups. The test group received 10% date extract daily, at 4 mL/kg of body weight, for three weeks. In the beginning, nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV), Distal Motor Latency (DML), and wave height of the sciatic nerve were examined in all animals and reexamined for NCV three weeks later. P-values lower than 0.05 were considered significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sciatic NCV and wave height were significantly increased; however, compared to the control group, DML of the knee significantly declined in the test group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The compositions of date extract accelerate electrical signal transmission.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Irreparable damages to the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) are major problems in societies.Different therapeutic methods have been adopted for peripheral nerve repair.According to FAO, the production and use of dates are rising.Dates are used in traditional medicine for curing hoarseness, paralysis, backache, and rheumatic pains.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>Dates are highly important in our nutrition. There have been studies on the positive antioxidative effects of date extract in preventing diabetic neuropathy. Dates are used in traditional medicine for curing hoarseness, paralysis, backache, and rheumatic pains, among others. The importance of dates is derived from their rich compositions of carbohydrates, salts and minerals, dietary fiber, vitamins, fatty acids, amino acids, and proteins. Different therapeutic methods have been adopted for PNS, still, 50% of these damages become permanent and cause disability. Date palms are in the palm family native to Iran, and found in relatively tropical regions.Dates are used in traditional medicine for curing hoarseness, paralysis, backache, and rheumatic pains, among others. In short, the compositions of date extract accelerate electrical signal transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 3","pages":"385-391"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/dc/d8/BCN-13-385.PMC9706299.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40458027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Sialic Acid on MiR-320a and Let-7e Expression in Human Glial Cell Line.","authors":"Negar Noorbakhsh,&nbsp;Hamid Galehdari,&nbsp;Mohammad Shafiei","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.2090.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.2090.1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Sialic acid is pivotal in various critical physiological events at molecular and cellular levels and pathological processes. Changes in sialic acid concentration are observed in many pathological processes; for example, some available data exist on the evaluated level of sialic acid and neurodegenerative prevalence. Presumably, sialic acid can play a significant role in regulating a diverse range of uncovered neurodegeneration factors and downstream targets. matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP9) is one factor that changes the exposure of different concentrations of sialic acid solution. Hence, we aimed to examine the possible effect of sialic acid solution exposure on the glial cell line in the expression patterns of miR-320a and let-7e as two upstream factors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Human glial cell line was prepared from the Pasteur Institute of Iran and cultured in a dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; value of sialic acid was obtained by colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl (MTT), and the glial cell line was treated with sialic acid in 300, 500, 1000 μg/mL for 24 h to investigate the effect of the sialic acid ligand on the expression pattern of the miR-320a and let-7e. Total RNA was isolated from approximately 10×10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; glial cells and was used from each sample for complementary dna (cDNA) synthesis. For quantitative analysis of miR-320a and let-7e, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and for statistical analysis, the SPSS v. 21 software was applied.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Analyzing the real-time data revealed that the expression of miR-320a and let-7e was significantly increased (P&lt;0.0001) in 300, 500, and 1000 μg/mL treated glial cells by sialic acid compared to the control group.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;A possible linkage of sialic acid on miR-320a and let-7e regulation was observed in the glial cell line as proinflammatory factors in the inflammation pathway.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;Differing in sialic acid concentration is seen in various pathological states.MicroRNAs play a role in numerous biological processes and human disorders.miR-320a and let-7e expression levels displayed a significant increase in different sialic acid concentrations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plain language summary: &lt;/strong&gt;Inflammation in the nervous system occurs because of numerous factors. Sialic acid is an inflammatory factor that promotes cellular inflammation, particularly in the glial cells. That is why it could serve as a useful model for simulating several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and Multiple sclerosis. Changes in sialic acid concentration are observed in many pathological states, which could be a useful marker for identifying the inflammatory process. The present study was carried out to examine the impact of different concentrations of sia","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 3","pages":"315-323"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4d/62/BCN-13-315.PMC9706290.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40457532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lateral Hypothalamus Corticotropin-releasing Hormone Receptor-1 Inhibition and Modulating Stress-induced Anxiety Behavior.","authors":"Masoumeh Eghtesad,&nbsp;Mahmoud Elahdadi Salmani,&nbsp;Taghi Lashkarbolouki,&nbsp;Iran Goudarzi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.445.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.445.3","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Stress is a reaction to unwanted events disturbing body homeostasis and its pathways and target areas. Stress affects the brain through the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), the orexinergic system that mediates the effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) through CRH Receptor Type 1 (CRHr1). Therefore, this study explores the outcome of stress exposure on anxiety development and the involvement of the LHA through LHA-CRHr1.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Male Wistar rats (220-250 g) implanted with a cannula on either side of the LHA received acute or chronic stress. Subsequently, exploratory behavior was examined using the Open Field (OF), and anxiety was tested by Elevated Plus Maze (EPM). Before sacrifice, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the blood were sampled. Nissl stain was performed on fixed brain tissues.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Acute stress reduced exploration in of and increased anxiety in EPM. LHA-CRHr1 inhibition reversed the variables to increase the exploration and decrease anxiety. In contrast, chronic stress did not show any effect on anxiety-related behaviors. Chronic stress decreased the cell population in the LHA, which was prevented by the CRHr1 inhibition. However, the CRHr1 inhibition could not reverse the chronic stress-induced increase in the CSF orexin level. Furthermore, plasma corticosterone levels increased through acute or chronic stress, impeded by the inhibition of CRHr1.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Our results recognize LHA-CRHr1 as a capable candidate that modulates acute stress-induced anxiety development and chronic stress-induced changes in the cellular population of the region.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;Acute stress, increased immobility of the rat in open field and elevated plus maze.Chronic stress, increased orexin production while decreasing neuronal survival.The anxiety and immobility were not developed in presence of CRHr1.CRHr1 blocking reversed the chronic stress changes in corticosterone and orexin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plain language summary: &lt;/strong&gt;Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) is a region involved in sleep and appetite regulation and recently known to play role in stress pathophysiology. The stress mediating function of the LH is performed through Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor type-1 (CRHr1). This study explored the role of LH- CRHr1 in anxiety development and orexin production. Acute and chronic stress affected the behavior and molecular changes, differently. The acute stress increased the anxiety condition, while the chronic stress could only change the molecular criteria. Although we assumed that the inability of the chronic stress to develop anxiety may be attributable to habituation, the chronic stress could increase the plasma corticosterone and orexin level. All of the stress mal-changes in behavior and molecular level prevented by antagonising CRHr1 in the LH, indicating a gating function of LH-CRHr1 for stress development.&lt;","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 3","pages":"373-384"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/61/e0/BCN-13-373.PMC9706292.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40457854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prenatal Stress-induced Spatial Memory Deficit in a Sex-specific Manner in Mice: A Possible Involvement of Hippocampal Insulin Resistance.","authors":"Masoomeh Mohammadi,&nbsp;Ali Haeri Rohani,&nbsp;Parichehr Yaghmaei,&nbsp;Hedayat Sahraei","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.15.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.15.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In the present study, the effects of prenatal stress on spatial learning and memory deficit and its relationship with hippocampal insulin resistance were examined in male and female offspring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Female NMRI mice were mated with males overnight, and the 0-day of pregnancy was detected (Gestational day 0-GD0). The pregnant mice were then randomly divided into stress and control groups. The stress group received stress from the GD0 to GD10. On post natal day 30 (PND30), the offspring were divided into 4 subgroups, namely: male-control, female-control, male-stress, and female-stress. Barnes maze method was used for spatial learning evaluation. Plasma cortisol and insulin levels were measured at the beginning of the experiments. At the end of the experiments, the animals' brains were removed, and their hippocampus was extracted. The hippocampus was homogenized, and its insulin and insulin-receptor contents were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The stressed animals needed more time for reaching to target hole. In addition, they spend more distance to find the target hole, which was more pronounced in the male offspring. Both plasma and hippocampal insulin content were reduced in the stressed groups. Moreover, the hippocampal insulin receptors protein was reduced in the stressed animals. There was a positive relationship between plasma and hippocampal content and memory deficit in the stressed groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results indicated that prenatal stress could induce spatial learning and memory deficit in offspring, which is associated with plasma and hippocampal insulin and receptor content reduction (hippocampal insulin resistance) in these animals.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Maternal stress is very harmful for fetus.The effect of stress is significant during the early days of gestation.This effect is due to several hormonal and neuronal disturbances including Insulin resistance.The effects of stress on the fetus is gender dependent.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>The possible effectiveness of prenatal stress on learning and memory in neonates and also the changes in hippocampus as of essential part of the brain involved in learning and memory. We found that prenatal stress can reduce the insulin effects in hippocampus and it may be the main cause of stress on neonatal memory deficits.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 3","pages":"275-283"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a1/e3/BCN-13-275.PMC9706291.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40546578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Administration of Lidocaine at Body Temperature on Anesthesia Success in Rodent Model: A Behavioral and Electrophysiology Study.","authors":"Sina Kakooei,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Afarinesh,&nbsp;Masoud Parirokh,&nbsp;Reza Nikzad,&nbsp;Mahshid Mostafavi,&nbsp;Amir Nekouei,&nbsp;Mansoureh Sabzalizadeh,&nbsp;Vahid Sheibani","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.1102.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.1102.2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Success in anesthesia administration relieves the perception of pain during surgery. Lidocaine is the most commonly used local anesthetic agent in clinical medicine. Moreover, anesthetic agents' temperature changes can influence cell membrane permeability. Here, the effectiveness of different temperatures of Lidocaine (Lid.) on anesthesia success rate has been investigated in rats.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Wistar male rats were pretreated by fast injection of lidocaine or saline into the hind paw or intradermal cheek at Room Temperature (RT) and Body Temperature (BT) (22°C and 37°C, respectively). Then, rat behaviors were evaluated by formalin-induced hind paw pain and orofacial pain tests, respectively. Moreover, using a single-unit recording technique, the spontaneous activity of the marginal nerve was recorded at room temperature in the RT-Lid. and BT-Lid. groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Data analysis revealed that lidocaine had significant antinociceptive effects in both the BT-Lid. and RT-Lid. groups compared to the control groups (P&lt;0.05). Also, the number of spikes in the BT-Lid. and RT-Lid. groups were significantly lower than their baselines (P&lt;0.05). However, lidocaine at body temperature decreased the total time spent licking the hind paw, the number of lip rubbings, and the number of spikes firing by about 10%-15% compared to room temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;In both behavioral and neural levels of the study, our results showed that an increase in the temperature of lidocaine toward body temperature could increase anesthesia success rate compared to administration of lidocaine at room temperature. These findings can be considered in the treatment of patients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;Lidocaine at body temperature acted better than room temperature on pain control in the formalin-induced hind paw test.Lidocaine at body temperature acted better than room temperature on pain control in the orofacial formalin test.Lidocaine with different temperatures decreased the firing rate of the marginal nerve.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plain language summary: &lt;/strong&gt;Pain is defined as an unpleasant experience caused by tissue damage or fear of injury. During anesthetic injection in dentistry, pain has long been one of the problems of dentists. Studies have shown that one out of every three people is worried about going to dentistry, and one of four dental patients is afraid of injections. The fear of a patient in one of twenty patients is so much that interferes with dental treatment which consequently leads to stress when you visit the dentist, results in less oral hygiene and reduces the number of referrals. Lidocaine is the most commonly used local anesthetic agent in clinical medicine. Here, the effectiveness of different temperatures of lidocaine on anesthesia success rate in rats has been investigated in rats. The present study showed that warming the lidocaine cartridges to 3","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 3","pages":"305-314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7a/6c/BCN-13-305.PMC9706297.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40546594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ameliorating Effect of Morin Hydrate on Chronic Restraint Stress-induced Biochemical Disruption, Neuronal, and Behavioral Dysfunctions in BALB/c Mice.","authors":"Elizabeth Akinluyi,&nbsp;Adegbuyi Aderibigbe,&nbsp;Olusegun Adeoluwa,&nbsp;Adaeze Adebesin,&nbsp;Gladys Adeoluwa","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.1059.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.1059.2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Morin hydrate (MH) is a bioflavonoid component of many fruits and vegetables. Our previous research demonstrated that MH provides neuroprotection in mouse models of acute restraint stress and sleep deprivation by attenuating hippocampal neuronal damage and enhancing memory. Based on these findings, our study investigated the role of MH in chronic stress-induced neuronal and biochemical perturbations in BALB/c mice.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Male BALB/c mice were divided into 6 groups (n=6). Groups 1 and 2 received vehicle (10 mL/kg normal saline), groups 3-5 received MH (5, 10, 20 mg/kg IP), while group 6 received ginseng (25 mg/kg) daily and 30 minutes afterward were restrained in a plastic cylindrical restrainer for 14 days.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Immobility time in the forced swim test increased in the MH-treated group, indicating an antidepressant-like effect. Also, a reduction in frequency and duration of open arms exploration was observed in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test in stressed mice, and administration of MH (5, 10, 20 mg/kg, IP) reversed these effects. An increase in blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and brain malondialdehyde and nitrite levels was observed in the stressed groups, which was reversed by MH. Furthermore, MH reversed the stress-induced reduction in HDL cholesterol and glutathione (GSH) levels and attenuated stress-induced alterations in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Our findings suggest that MH attenuated chronic restraint stress-behavioral and biochemical perturbations, probably due to its capability to decrease oxidative stress and brain neuronal damage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;Chronic stress perturbs physiological and psychological homeostasis;Morin hydrate normalized chronic stress-induced biochemical disruptions;Morin hydrate attenuated structural changes in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plain language summary: &lt;/strong&gt;Stress is a state of being overwhelmed by demands exceeding the personal and social means of coping. Exposure to excessive stress has resulted in disruption of neurochemical and physiological processes, which sometimes manifest as behavioural abnormalities. Therefore to cope with the stressful life style, there is need to develop a therapeutic agent of plant origin. Morin hydrate is a flavonoid with known antioxidant and neuroprotective properties; however, its effect in a stressful condition has not been studies. The study thus evaluated ameliorating effect of Morin hydrate on chronic restraint stress-induced biochemical disruption, neuronal and behavioral dysfunctions in BALB/c mice. To achieve this, mice were exposed to chronic restraint stress protocol for fourteen days. Behavioural changes were examined using various techniques. The vital parameters like antioxidant, glucose and nitrite levels were also taken. Our findings show that Morin hydrate","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 3","pages":"393-406"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/22/75/BCN-13-393.PMC9706294.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40570507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pain-induced Impact on Movement: Motor Coordination Variability and Accuracy-based Skill.","authors":"Hasan Arieh,&nbsp;Behrouz Abdoli,&nbsp;Alireza Farsi,&nbsp;Abbas Haghparast","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2930.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.2930.1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Studies on pain are generally conducted for two purposes: first, to study patients with pain who have physical changes due to nerve and muscle lesions, and second, to regain the appropriate kinematic post-pain pattern. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of pain on the coordination variability pattern and throwing accuracy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The study participants included 30 people aged 18-25 years who volunteered to participate in the study. Participants practiced and acquired skills in 10 blocks of 15 trials. In the test phase associated with pain, Individuals were randomly divided into three groups: local pain, remote pain, and control. In their respective groups, participants were tested in a 15-block trial, 24 hours, and 1 week after acquisition.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The results revealed that pain did not affect the throwing accuracy (P=0.456). Besides, in the phase of acceleration in throwing, movement variability in the pain-related groups in the shoulder and elbow joints (P=0.518), elbow and wrist (P=0.399), and the deceleration and dart drop phase movement variability in the pain-related groups in the shoulder and elbow joints (P=0.622), elbow and wrist (P=0.534).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Based on the results, the accuracy and coordination variability in pain-related groups were similar. However, to confirm these results, more research is needed on performing motor functions in the presence of pain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;Pain are generally conducted for two purposes.pain which has physical changes due to nerve and muscle lesions and pain to regain the appropriate kinematic post-pain pattern.People who experience pain show poor motor results.Pain restriction is ordinary in joints and the body compensates by increasing movement.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plain language summary: &lt;/strong&gt;One of the constant concerns of sports science experts is to find ways to improve performance or to know the factors that strengthen or weaken motor learning. After injury, pain has been described as one of the passive symptoms, and the mechanism of how overexertion of joints and muscles increases injury and pain is unknown. Following any injury, pain is one of the most important causes of disability and one of the most important problems in people's general health. Many treated individuals present with pain and impaired movement, and typically changes in movement control are a result of the pain. Research evidence suggests that pain induces changes in cortical excitability and the neuroplasticity model that accompanies practice of a new motor task interferes with the performance improvement that must occur simultaneously. According to the new approaches of motor and biomechanical learning and control, movement variability, especially in movement coordination, is considered as an important and influential factor of a person with different conditions. Novice athletes show hi","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 3","pages":"421-431"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/02/79/BCN-13-421.PMC9706296.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40457851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prenatal Zinc Supplementation Ameliorates Hippocampal Astrocytes Activation and Inflammatory Cytokines Expression Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in a Rat Model of Maternal Immune Activation.","authors":"Ebrahim Savareh,&nbsp;Nahid Davoodian,&nbsp;Ronak Mousaviyan,&nbsp;Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman,&nbsp;Ali Atashabparvar,&nbsp;Ebrahim Eftekhar","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.3361.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.3361.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Evidence suggests that gestational exposure to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in fetal zinc deficiency and eventually neurodevelopmental abnormalities. In this study, we utilized a rat model of Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) to investigate the possible neuroprotective effects of zinc supplementation during pregnancy on hippocampal astrocytes activation as well as inflammatory cytokines expression in adult offspring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pregnant rats received intraperitoneal injections of either LPS (0.5 mg/kg) or saline on Gestational Days (GD) 15 and 16, and orally gavaged with zinc sulfate (30 mg/kg) during pregnancy. Astrocyte density and histological assessment were evaluated in the hippocampus of adult offspring on Postnatal Days (PND) 60 to 62. Also, the mRNA levels of <i>IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB</i>, and <i>GFAP</i> were measured using qPCR analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prenatal exposure to LPS resulted in upregulated expression levels of <i>IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB</i>, and <i>GFAP</i> in the hippocampus of adult pups. Moreover, the offspring from the LPS group showed an increased astrocyte density in the CA1 region with no histological alterations in CA1 and CA3 areas. However, maternal zinc supplementation ameliorated the LPS-induced inflammatory alterations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study supports the premise that zinc supplementation during pregnancy might be an early treatment option to inhibit hippocampal inflammation induced by the maternal immune response to infectious agents.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Maternal immune activation induced mild hippocampal inflammation in adult offspring.Zinc supplementation suppressed LPS-induced hippocampal inflammation in offspring.Zinc might be an early therapeutic option to inhibit neurodevelopmental impairments.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>Schizophrenia is a chronic and disabling psychiatric disorder, affecting an estimated one percent of the world's population. To date, the biological mechanisms underlying this mental disorder remain largely elusive, however, research has demonstrated the involvement of both genetic and environmental factors. Of environmental factors, gestational exposure to rubella, influenza, and genital-reproductive infections have gained particular interest among researchers. Based on this evidence, in the present study, we used an animal model of schizophrenia and showed the beneficial effect of zinc supplementation during pregnancy to protect against LPS-induced inflammation in the hippocampus of adult offspring. Collectively, our study provides support for the premise that early treatment might be a suitable option to prevent schizophrenia risk in progeny.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 3","pages":"335-347"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4e/bf/BCN-13-335.PMC9706288.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40548137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Predictive Model for Emotion Recognition Based on Individual Characteristics and Autonomic Changes.","authors":"Ateke Goshvarpour,&nbsp;Atefeh Goshvarpour,&nbsp;Ataollah Abbasi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.632.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.632.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Studies have repeatedly stated the importance of individual differences in the problem of emotion recognition. The primary focus of this study is to predict Heart Rate Variability (HRV) changes due to affective stimuli from the individual characteristics. These features include age (A), gender (G), linguality (L), and sleep (S). In addition, the best combination of individual variables was explored to estimate emotional HRV.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To this end, HRV indices of 47 college students exposed to images with four emotional categories of happiness, sadness, fear, and relaxation were analyzed. Then, a novel predictive model was introduced based on the regression equation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results show that different emotional situations provoke the importance of different individual variable combinations. The best variables arrangements to predict HRV changes due to emotional provocations are LS, GL, GA, ALS, and GALS. However, these combinations were changed according to each subject separately.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The suggested simple model effectively offers new insight into emotion studies regarding subject characteristics and autonomic parameters.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>HRV affective states was predicted using the individual characteristics.A novel predictive model was proposed utilizing the regression.Distinctive emotional situations provoke the importance of different individual variable combinations.The close association exists between gender and physiological changes in emotional states.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>In everyday life, emotions play a critical role in health, social relationships, and daily functions. Among physiologicalmeasures, the ANS activity, especially Heart Rate Variability (HRV), plays an important role in many recent theories of emotion. Many studies have analyzed HRV differences in the physiological mechanism of emotional reactions as a function of individual variables such as age, gender, and linguality, as well as other factors like sleep duration. It is the first study that explored the importance of individual characteristic's involvements and combinations was explored in the problem of emotion prediction based on an HRV parameter. To this effect, an emotion predictive model was proposed based on the linear combinations of individual differences with acceptable performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 3","pages":"285-294"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/24/18/BCN-13-285.PMC9706293.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40568987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}