Basic and Clinical Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"<i>Zanthoxylum Alatum</i> Attenuates Chronic Restraint Stress Adverse Behavioral Effects Via the Mitigation of Oxidative Stress and Modulating the Expression of Genes Involved in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Mice.","authors":"Chandana Choudhury Barua,&nbsp;Lipika Buragohain,&nbsp;Farida Rahman,&nbsp;Ramakrishna Elancheran,&nbsp;Hooriyah Rizavi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.1477.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2022.1477.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are important, particularly in the proteins' synthesis, folding, modification, and transport. Based on traditional medicine and our previous studies on <i>Zanthoxylum</i> alatum in lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive behavior and scopolamine-induced impaired memory, the present study explored the role of hydroalcoholic extract of <i>Z. alatum</i> (ZAHA) seeds in reducing the ER stress in mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The mice were restrained for 28 days in polystyrene tubes. ZAHA (100 and 200 mg/kg, PO) and imipramine (10 mg/kg, IP) were administered daily, 45 min before restraint from day 22 to 28. The mice were assessed by the forced swim test. Also, the antioxidant enzyme levels of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were measured in the hippocampus of mice. The expression of 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), 94 kDa Glucose-Regulated Protein (GRP94), and C/EBPhomologous protein (CHOP) genes was assessed by real-time PCR to explore the molecular mechanism.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ZAHA (100 and 200 mg/kg, PO, and imipramine, IP) counteracted the stress by significantly reducing the immobility time in the force swimming test, receding oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant enzyme (SOD and GSH) levels were elevated in the restraint stress group. Down-regulation of genes (GRP78, GRP94, and CHOP) compared to the chronic restraint stress group indicated stress modulating properties of the seeds in ER stress. Hesperidin, magnoflorine, melicopine, and sesamin, isolated from the active extract, were hypothesized to exert the activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It can be concluded that <i>Z. alatum</i> reverted chronic restraint stress through its antioxidant properties and down-regulation of genes involved in ER stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 5","pages":"647-660"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fd/6d/BCN-13-647.PMC10258593.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9633061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chondroitinase ABC Administration in Locomotion Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Mahmoud Yousefifard,&nbsp;Atousa Janzadeh,&nbsp;Kosar Mohamed Ali,&nbsp;Mohammad Hossein Vazirizadeh-Mahabadi,&nbsp;Arash Sarveazad,&nbsp;Arian Madani Neishaboori,&nbsp;Mostafa Hosseini","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1422.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1422.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The present systematic review and meta-analysis aims to conduct a comprehensive and complete search of electronic resources to investigate the role of administrating Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) in improving complications following Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Sciences databases were searched until the end of 2019. Two independent reviewers assessed the studies conducted on rats and mice and summarized the data. Using the STATA 14.0 software, the findings were reported as pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 34 preclinical studies were included. ChABC administration improves locomotion recovery after SCI (SMD=0.90; 95% CI: 0.61 to 1.20; P<0.001). The subgroup analysis showed that the differences in the SCI model (P=0.732), the severity of the injury (P=0.821), the number of ChABC administrations (P=0.092), the blinding status (P=0.294), the use of different locomotor score (P=0.567), and the follow-up duration (P=0.750) have no effect on the efficacy of ChABC treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of the present study showed that prescribing ChABC has a moderate effect in improving locomotion after SCI in mice and rats. However, this moderate effect introduces ChABC as adjuvant therapy and not as primary therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 5","pages":"609-624"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9b/da/BCN-13-609.PMC10258590.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9631760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transdifferentiation of Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Dopaminergic Neurons in a Three-Dimensional Culture.","authors":"Ardeshir Moayeri,&nbsp;Rafieh Alizadeh,&nbsp;Hatef Ghasemi Hamidabadi,&nbsp;Maryam Nazm Bojnordi,&nbsp;Ali Niapour,&nbsp;Azim Hedayatpour,&nbsp;Marzieh Darvishi,&nbsp;Fatemeh Heidari,&nbsp;Maryam Soleimani,&nbsp;Leila Elyasi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.973.3","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2021.973.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The induction of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HUC-MSCs) toward dopaminergic neurons is a major challenge in tissue engineering and experimental and clinical treatments of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson disease. This study aims to differentiate HUC-MSCs into dopaminergic neuron-like cells.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following the isolation and characterization of HUC-MSCs, they were transferred to Matrigel-coated plates and incubated with a cocktail of dopaminergic neuronal differentiation factors. The capacity of differentiation into dopaminergic neuron-like cells in 2-dimensional culture and on Matrigel was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, and high-performance liquid chromatography.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results showed that dopaminergic neuronal markers' transcript and protein levels were significantly increased on the Matrigel differentiated cells compared to 2D culture plates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, the results of this study suggest that HUC-MSCs can successfully differentiate toward dopaminergic neuron-like cells on Matrigel, having great potential for the treatment of dopaminergic neuron-related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 5","pages":"625-636"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7b/fd/BCN-13-625.PMC10258594.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10004867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinal Ganglion Cell Complex in Alzheimer Disease: Comparing Ganglion Cell Complex and Central Macular Thickness in Alzheimer Disease and Healthy Subjects Using Spectral Domain-Optical Coherence Tomography.","authors":"Zahra Farzinvash,&nbsp;Marzie Abutorabi-Zarchi,&nbsp;Masoudreza Manaviat,&nbsp;Habib Zare Mehrjerdi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2040.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2040.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide. The modalities to diagnose AD are generally expensive and limited. Both the central nervous system (CNS) and the retina are derived from the cranial neural crest; therefore, changes in retinal layers may reflect changes in the CNS tissue. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) machine can show delicate retinal layers and is widely used for retinal disorders. This study aims to find a new biomarker to help clinicians diagnose AD via retinal OCT examination.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 25 patients with mild and moderate AD and 25 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. OCT was done for all eyes. The central macular thickness (CMT) and the ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness were calculated. The groups were compared using the SPSS software, v. 22.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both GCC thickness and CMT were significantly decreased in patients with AD when compared to healthy age- and sex-matched individuals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Retinal changes, specifically CMT and GCC thickness, may reflect the AD process in the brain. OCT can be considered a non-invasive and inexpensive method to help diagnose AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 5","pages":"675-684"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ea/76/BCN-13-675.PMC10258592.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10004864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Changes in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Dehydroepiandrosterone-Induced Wistar Rat Model of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.","authors":"Enya Joseph Igbo,&nbsp;Ukwenya Okoliko,&nbsp;Imam Aminu,&nbsp;Aisha Kopada,&nbsp;Samson Olorunnado,&nbsp;Oluwole B Akinola","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.2985.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2022.2985.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder in women that is associated with an increased risk of infertility. This study aims to evaluate the neurobehavioral and neurochemical changes along with the associated changes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of the dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS model rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 12 female juvenile Wistar rats (30 to 50 g) about 22 to 44 days old were divided into 2 groups. The control group received sesame oil while the PCOS group received sesame oil plus DHEA. All treatment was done via daily subcutaneous injection for 21 days.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Subcutaneous DHEA-induced PCOS significantly depleted the line crossing and rearing frequency in the open field, along with the percentage of the time in the white box, line crossing, rearing, and peeping frequency in the black and white box, and the percentage of alternation in the Y-maze. PCOS significantly increased the immobility time, freezing period, and the percentage of time in the dark area in the forced swim test, open field test, and black and white box, respectively. The level of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) increased significantly, while norepinephrine depleted significantly with an obvious decrease in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor level in the PCOS model rats. PCOS rats exhibited cystic follicles in the ovaries and necrotic or degenerative like features in the hippocampal pyramidal cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>DHEA-induced PCOS results in anxiety and depressive behavior with structural alteration in rats, possibly through the elevation of MDA, ROS, and IL-6 levels, which also attributes to impaired emotional and executive functions in the mPFC and ACC.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 5","pages":"695-708"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7d/09/BCN-13-695.PMC10258589.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9633057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain Functional Connectivity Changes During Learning of Time Discrimination.","authors":"Mahdi Hoodgar,&nbsp;Reza Khosrowabadi,&nbsp;Keivan Navi,&nbsp;Ebrahim Mahdipour","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.3963.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.3963.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The human brain is a complex system consisting of connected nerve cells that adapt to and learn from the environment by changing its regional activities. The synchrony between these regional activities is called functional network changes during life and results in the learning of new skills. Time perception and interval discrimination are among the most necessary skills for the human being to perceive motions, coordinate motor functions, speak, and perform many cognitive functions. Despite its importance, the underlying mechanism of changes in brain functional connectivity patterns during learning time intervals still need to be well understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study aimed to show how electroencephalography (EEG) functional connectivity changes are associated with learning temporal intervals. In this regard, 12 healthy volunteers were trained with an auditory time-interval discrimination task over six days while their brain activities were recorded via EEG signals during the first and the last sessions. Then, changes in regional phase synchronization were calculated using the weighted/phase lag index (WPLI) approach, the most effective EEG functional connections at the temporal and prefrontal regions, and in the theta and beta bands frequency. In addition, the WPLI reported more accurate values.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that learning interval discrimination significantly changed functional connectivity in the prefrontal and temporal regions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings could shed light on a better understanding of the brain mechanism involved in time perception.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Accuracy of auditory interval discrimination improved by a six-day learning process.Most established connections were formed in the temporal, occipital and middle regions of brain.Creation of new significant connection was observed at the theta and gamma frequency bands.New neural networks are constructed between regions of the brain during interval learning.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>The time perception is a vital challenge that human beings face in various aspects of their lives. Researchers have always been challenged in how to calculate it and understand its mechanism for each individual. In the present study, which is based on the temporal perception, by comparing the timing of auditory stimuli, we seek to show the functional relationships of neural network formation related to learning temporal perception. Our aim was to understand how the hidden information of auditory stimuli (time intervals) is encoded in the content of the brain signals.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 4","pages":"531-549"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4d/e2/BCN-13-531.PMC9759782.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10771858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Berberine Hydrochloride on Methamphetamine-induced Cognitive Dysfunction: Immunohistochemical and Behavioral Studies in Rats.","authors":"Leila Rezaeian,&nbsp;Mehdi Khaksari,&nbsp;Raheleh Rafaiee,&nbsp;Hamid Kalalian Moghaddam","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1444.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.1444.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Methamphetamine (MA) as an addictive psychostimulant drug affects the central nervous system. The current research aimed to evaluate the impact of berberine hydrochloride on improving cognitive function and neuroprotective effects in rats addicted to MA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, 27 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups, including control, MA addiction, and MA addiction with berberine hydrochloride (100 mg/kg/d) orally during the three weeks of withdrawal. Two groups received self-administered inhaled MA for two weeks (up to 10 mg/kg). Following the experimental procedures, a Morris water maze (MWM) and shuttle box were used to assess memory, and hippocampal sections from the animals were examined for caspase-3, Ki-67, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The obtained results from the Morris water maze (MWM) showed that berberine hydrochloride decreases (P<0.01) the distance moved and the time spent to reach the hidden platform in the four-day learning trails phase and significant differences were observed in the distance moved, spent time, and frequency of motion in target quadrant on probe test day between groups. Berberine hydrochloride also reduced the latency of animals entering the dark chamber in the treated group compared to the control group (P<0.05). A significant decrease in activation of caspases-3, higher percentages of Ki-67 expression, and an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression of cells was observed in the addicted group compared to the berberine-treated and control groups (P<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Administration of berberine hydrochloride for 3 weeks improves cognitive function in MA addiction and it has potential neuroprotective efficacy.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Methamphetamine (MA) as an addictive psychostimulant drug affects the central nervous system.The berberine hydrochloride effects on improving cognitive function and neuroprotective.No approved pharmacotherapy, as well as confirmed medication, is available to treat MA abuse.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>Methamphetamine (MA) is known as a strong addictive stimulant with high addiction and no approved pharmaco-therapy, as well as confirmed medication, is available to treat MA abuse. The study on the long-term effect of MA exposure on cognitive function during an object recognition memory test showed cognitive dysfunction after MA exposure. Berberine can reduce induced amnesia, which can be due to the increased peripheral and central cholinergic neuronal system functions, in addition, the most important mechanism in the protective effect of berberine against amnesia is the inhabitation of inflammation; however, the berberine impact on cells should be more investigated.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 4","pages":"443-453"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/21/d1/BCN-13-443.PMC9759777.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10788968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ameliorating Effect of Standardized Extract From Textured Soy Protein (<i>Glycine max</i> L.) on Memory Deficit and Learning Insufficiency in Scopolamine-induced Amnesia.","authors":"Ali Mandegary,&nbsp;Fariba Sharififar,&nbsp;Vahid Sheibani,&nbsp;Naghmeh Nasehi,&nbsp;Amir Asadi,&nbsp;Mansour Mirtadzadini,&nbsp;Navid Hassanabadi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2446.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.2446.1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Textured soy protein (TSP) and nuts are two processed forms of soybean (&lt;i&gt;Glycine max&lt;/i&gt; L.) that are widely consumed for nutritional purposes in Iran. Recently, we have reported the antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of raw soybean (RS) attributed to isoflavones, such as genistein. In this work, we aimed to compare &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of TSP, nuts, and RS to select the most effective one for learning capacity and spatial memory studies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Genistein content was determined using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), while diphenylpicrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used to study antioxidant evaluation and Ellman's colorimetric method was used to measure anticholinesterase. TSP extract (TSPE) was administered to male rats (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p] for 7 days) before scopolamine injection (1 mg/kg). Learning capacity and spatial memory were evaluated using passive avoidance test (PAT) and Morris water maze (MWM) methods compared to physostigmine and piracetam.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The greatest antioxidant and anticholinesterase effect was observed for TSPE, which significantly prolonged initially latency in PTA (P&lt;0.05) and improved all indicators in the MWM test at 200 mg/kg.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The memory-improving effect of TSPE may be due to its antioxidant and anticholinesterase effect as well as neuroprotective effects of its isoflavones.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;Different samples (nuts-raw soybeans-TSP) prepared from soybeans.All samples exhibited antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase effects in vitro studies.TSP showed the most biological activity and the greatest genistein content.TSP significantly improved memory and learning indicators at 200 mg/kg.These effects are attributed to its antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity.Plant isoflavones have neuroprotective effects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plain language summary: &lt;/strong&gt;Alzheimer's disease (AD), is one of the problems of the elderly society, which has a lot of emotional and financial costs. AD is a type of progressive brain disease in which neurons are destroyed and memory is lost. This disease currently has no definitive treatment and the only way is to prevent the disease from spreading. Much research has been devoted to finding suitable and effective treatments for AD. Many food and herbal medicines have shown to be effective in controlling this disease. Soybean is a plant that is widely used as food and snacks in Iran in different ways. In this study, we prepared three preparation from soya beans which have been widely used by Iranian people including raw soya, nut (roasted form) and textured soy protein (TSP). The effect of these preparations have been studied on memory and learning in amnestic rats through different pharmacological stud","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 4","pages":"501-510"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/24/ad/BCN-13-501.PMC9759781.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10788969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Autobiographical Brand Images and Neutral Images Regarding False Memory Formation.","authors":"Mohsen Shabani,&nbsp;Javad Salehi,&nbsp;Reza Khosrowabadi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2275.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.2275.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Consumers' prior experiences form an episodic memory that largely influences their decision-making process. This episodic memory is mainly linked to cognitive and emotional perception and we know that brand image influences our cognitive and emotional perception. Nevertheless, it has not been well described how autobiographical memories of brand images differ from other types of images.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we hypothesized that brand pictures have a higher chance to create false memories as compared to neutral ones.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We investigated this hypothesis using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm with lists of brand pictures from the local market and associated neutral images from the international affective picture system. Thirty graduate students were exposed to image stimuli, followed by a distractor task and a recognition task. After the normality test, reaction times (RT), and false recognition rate of brands and neutral images were statistically compared using a pairwise t-test.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results showed a significant decrease in reaction time (RT) and an increase in the false recognition rate of brand pictures compared to neutral images. Interestingly, the effect of gender on the creation of false memory by autobiographical brand images was not significant. We hope these findings can pave the way for a better understanding of the false memory mechanism.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Autobiographical brand images give a higher chance of false memory as compared to neutral imagesMen and women do not differ in the formation of false memoryReaction time in false memory is longer than in true memory.False positives create more cognitive load.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>We see many images around us every day, such as the image of different brands in our daily shopping, which puts us in front of different types of images, many of which are old, these brands become part of our life memories, and their images are aspects of autobiography. Therefore, these brands can form false memories for people. The image stimuli of this study are to investigate whether these images can form false memories or not. The results showed that the images that we see every day in the street of the supermarket and can change our memories.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 4","pages":"489-499"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ce/7d/BCN-13-489.PMC9759780.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10482230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resting-State Electroencephalogram (EEG) Coherence Over Frontal Regions in Paranormal Beliefs.","authors":"Abdolvahed Narmashiri, Javad Hatami, Reza Khosrowabadi, Ahmad Sohrabi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.923.2","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2021.923.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Paranormal beliefs are defined as the belief in extrasensory perception, precognition, witchcraft, and telekinesis, magical thinking, psychokinesis, superstitions. Previous studies corroborate that executive brain functions underpin paranormal beliefs. To test this hypotheses, neurophysiological studies of brain activity are required.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A sample of 20 students (10 girls, Mean±SD age: 22.50±4.07 years) were included in the current study. The absolute power of resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) was analyzed in intra-hemispheric and inter-hemispheric coherence with eyes open. The paranormal beliefs were determined based on the total score of the revised paranormal belief scale (RPBS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of this study demonstrated a significant negative relationship between paranormal beliefs and resting-state EEG in alpha band activity in the frontal lobe (left hemisphere), EEG coherence of alpha and β1, β2, and gamma band activities in the frontal lobe (right hemisphere) and coherence of alpha and β1, β2 and gamma band activities between frontal regions (two hemispheres). In addition, the results showed that coherence of α, α1, β, and β2 band activities between the frontal lobe (right hemispheres) and the EEG coherence of Δ, α1, and beta band activities in the frontal lobe (two hemispheres) predict paranormal beliefs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study confirms the connection of executive brain functions to paranormal beliefs and determines that frontal brain function may contribute to paranormal beliefs.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Paranormal beliefs were negatively related to the EEG coherence.Paranormal beliefs were associated with EEG coherence in the right frontal lobe.We found a negative correlation between paranormal beliefs and the EEG coherence in the frontal lobes.EEG coherence the frontal lobes predicted paranormal beliefs.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>Paranormal beliefs were negatively related to the EEG coherence. They were associated with EEG coherence in the right frontal lobe. In this study, we found a negative correlation between paranormal beliefs and the EEG coherence in the frontal lobes. EEG coherence the frontal lobes predicted paranormal beliefs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 4","pages":"573-584"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/15/b7/BCN-13-573.PMC9759779.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10771851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}