Basic and Clinical Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Differential Complexity of Information Processing During Motor Imagination in Adults Versus Children.","authors":"Jahangir Mobarezpour, Zahra Latifi, Reza Ghaderi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.5705.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2023.5705.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Motor imagination is a dynamic mental state that simulates a similar brain mechanism to actual physical movement. This brain mechanism could be traced using Electroencephalography (EEG) recording during motor imagination. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how development changes this mechanism. As the brain mechanism of motor imagination must gain expertise during development to enable a subject to perform better motor actions, we hypothesized that the brain mechanism of imagination in adults must have a more complex pattern of information processing than in children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recorded the EEG signals of 10 boys and 9 male adults during right- and left-hand motor imaginations. Subsequently, the complexity of EEG signals was estimated by applying Higuchi's fractal dimension (HFD) to the cleaned EEG data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results presented a significant increase of HFD in the adults (P<0.05, family-wised error corrected) in all the EEG channels compared to the children. An increase in HFD presents a more complex pattern of information processing in adults, which advances their ability to perform motor tasks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This advancement in adults could be created by information compression at higher levels than in children. We hope these findings pave the way to a better understanding brain functions and mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"16 Spec","pages":"323-332"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265432/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Circadian Rhythm Disturbance and Chronotype on Medical Students' Mental State.","authors":"Mohammad Niroumand Sarvandani, Behzad Garmabi, Masoud Asadi, Hamed Ghazvini, Raheleh Rafaiee, Hamid Kalalian Moghaddam","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.1425.6","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2022.1425.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Shift workers usually undergo circadian misalignment, which appears when the feeding and sleep-wake cycles are desynchronized with the temporal framework organized by the internal biological clock. People differ considerably in their tolerance to shift work depending on their chronotype. This research aimed to obtain information about circadian disorders and chronotype (as a mediating variable) on consequent mental states such as impulsivity, depression, anxiety, stress, addiction potential, and boredom in students of a medical university in northeastern Iran. We studied the mental state of individuals with circadian misalignment and compared it with the healthy control group.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study design is a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Thirty-five participants were randomly assigned to circadian alignment/misalignment protocols. Subjects completed questionnaires as baseline data (pre-test) and the end of the interventions (post-test). The study instruments were the multidimensional state boredom scale (MSBS), addiction potential scale, depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21, and Barratt impulsiveness-11 (BIS-11). To analyze outcomes, we categorized participants based on chronotype as mediate variable within each group (circadian aligned and misaligned condition).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the participants was 21.66 years (range: 18-25 years). One-way analysis of variance to compare research variables in groups based on chronotype (evening, intermediate type, and morning types) showed a significant difference between the three chronotype groups in the total and non-planning impulsivity, as well as active and passive addiction potential (P<0.001). The Bonferroni post hoc test was used to compare the mean of variables in the chronotype groups about total and non-planning impulsivity scores, as well as active and passive addiction. The results showed that non-planning (P<0.01) and active addiction (P<0.001) in people with evening and intermediate types were significantly lower than in people with morning type (P=0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Alterations in diurnal profiles of activity, sleep, and feeding time, based on chronotype related to impulsiveness and boredom, and such circadian misalignment were associated with addiction potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"16 Spec","pages":"219-232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chilling and Blurring Negative Memories: An Experimental Memory Training Study.","authors":"Fatemeh Azar, Tara Rezapour, Hossein Karsazi, Javad Hatami","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.5539.2","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2023.5539.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The present study examined how broadening attentional scope (BAS) during acquisition and working memory interference (WMI) during reconsolidation could influence memory formation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 95 participants were randomly assigned to inactive control (n=30), BAS (n=33), and WMI (n=32) groups. While watching a traumatic film, the participants in the BAS group were instructed to allocate their attention to the peripheral details of the film, while participants in the WMI group performed a spatial working memory task. Memory vividness and emotionality were assessed before and after the intervention using a visual analog scale, and valence, arousal, and dominance were measured by self-assessment manikin immediately after watching the film. Moreover, all participants were asked to record their intrusive memory for 3 days after the experiment. The statistical software package SPSS was used to make group comparisons.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results suggested that interfering with visuospatial working memory during retrieving emotionally valenced memories could significantly reduce the vividness of mental images from pre- to post-assessments (P=0.004). However, we found no significant differences between the three groups regarding emotionality, arousal, dominance, and the number of intrusive memories.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Participants in the WMI group outperformed in blurring the negatively valenced memory at the posttest. In contrast with our primary assumption, BAS made no significant changes compared to the other two groups. Future studies with larger sample sizes and objective measurements may provide additional evidence on the efficacy of these methods, specifically in the context of clinical implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"16 1","pages":"95-106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12248183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144625312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Intensive Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy, Laser Acupuncture, and the Combination in Major Depression.","authors":"Arista Shojaeddin, Fariba Jafarian Namini, Zahra Razzaghi, Allan Abbass, Nima Ghorbani","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2024.5960.2","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2024.5960.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>While major depression has been treated with laser acupuncture (LA) and intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP), the relative efficacy of these two methods and their combination is unclear. ISTDP is a form of dynamic psychotherapy that enables the experience and processing of blocked complex feelings, while LA is based on the opening of blocked energy meridians. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of LA and ISTDP and their combination in treating major depression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A randomized controlled trial was carried out with 45 depressed patients on three equal arms (15 patients in each group): Group I) LA, group II) ISTDP, and group III) combined LA and ISTDP. The participants were evaluated at six time points using the Hamilton rating depression scale (HDRS), structured clinical interview for structured clinical interview for DSM (SCID), and symptom checklist-90 (SCL90), including baseline, session 8, session 12, 1-month follow-up, 2-month follow-up, and 3- month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HDRS and SCID ratings showed within-group reductions in SCL90 and HDRS scores in the three groups over time. At one of the follow-up times, combined LA+ISTDP showed a greater reduction than either individual treatment on the SCL-90 depression subscale but not on HDRS or SCID.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on releasing blocked energies, the results of this study indicate that LA and ISTDP are effective in treating major depression. The combination of the two methods may be more effective in reducing depression symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"16 1","pages":"131-142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12248179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144625337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing EEG Components in Adolescents With ADHD Using Transcranial Electrical Stimulation: A Randomized-active Controlled Study.","authors":"Moslem Kord, Jalil Fath-Abadi, Shahriar Gharibzadeh, Reza Khosrowabadi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.2547.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2023.2547.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), can improve neuropsychological and cognitive deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here, we investigated the effectiveness of various tES modes combined with working memory training in children and adolescents with ADHD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants in this study consisted of a cohort of 13- to 17-year-old adolescents (N=45) who were diagnosed with ADHD in 2018. They were randomly assigned to three groups: tDCS, tRNS, and the active control (sham). The three groups received five sessions of tES either as an intervention or sham on the left and right prefrontal areas (F3 and F4). In addition to tES, dual n-back training was used in the three groups. The Wechsler's digit span subtest and resting state electroencephalography (EEG) data were collected before and after brain stimulation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analysis of variance showed significant differences between the groups in some EEG channels (P=0.05). The absolute power analysis of the brain waves data in the pre-test and post-test phases reveals that the tDCS group has the greatest changes compared to the other two groups and that most changes in the absolute power related to theta, delta, and alpha bands were found in the frontal and occipital regions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the results, we concluded that tES over the prefrontal area induced cortical changes in children and adolescents with ADHD. Thus, it seems that various methods of tES can be used in combination with other common types of intervention to treat ADHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"16 Spec","pages":"353-356"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Predictive Role of Quantitative Electroencephalography in Evaluation of Responsiveness of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder Patients to Fluvoxamine.","authors":"Mohammad Sayadnasiri, Mahta Moridian, Borzooyeh Naji","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.4565.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2023.4565.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>It is not surprising that an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patient does not respond desirably to the first choice of medication, and it may last up to one year to find the best treatment. According to the consequences of failed antidepressant therapy for OCD, any factor that can predict responsiveness would be of high importance. We investigated the potential predictive value of quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) in the responsiveness of OCD patients to fluvoxamine.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included 40 medication-free, non-depressed OCD patients assessed before the intervention and 6 weeks after that. Five minutes of opened eyes and closed eyes QEEG records were taken. The relative power of each frequency band was calculated for all electrodes. The patients received fluvoxamine, 150-300 mg per day. We used univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression to compare the brain waves between responders and non-responders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Responsiveness was correlated with normal relative powers in FP₁, FP₂, FZ, and F₃ and increased relative power in O₁ in closed eyes condition, increased relative power of alpha in O₁ and O₂, and normal relative powers in FP₁ and FP₂ with open eyes. Unresponsiveness was correlated with increased theta wave in FP₂, FZ, and F₃, no change in the alpha wave in O₁ with closed eyes, and increased alpha in the O₁ and O₂ in opened eyes condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The electroencephalographic waves of the medial-frontal area and occipital areas can be biomarkers to predict responsiveness to treatment with fluvoxamine.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"16 Spec","pages":"333-352"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12265434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontotemporal Dementia in Russia: Genetic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity, and Diagnostic Biomarkers.","authors":"Yulia A Shpilyukova, Ekaterina Yu Fedotova, Natalia Yu Abramycheva, Alla A Shabalina, Sergey N Illarioshkin","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2024.5797.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2024.5797.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a heterogeneous group of diseases with a complex clinical picture, including cognitive decline, behavioral and speech problems, psychiatric symptoms, and parkinsonism. Diagnosis of FTD is complex and requires the use of informative biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We examined 226 Russian patients with FTD (mean age 69±10 years) and estimated the prevalence of the three most common genetic causes-mutations in the <i>C9orf72</i>, <i>GRN</i>, and <i>MAPT</i> genes. We also assessed the role of biochemical biomarkers, such as serum progranulin (PGRN) level and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of amyloid β (Aβ)-42 and phosphorylated tau protein (p-tau181).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mutations in <i>C9orf72</i>, <i>GRN</i>, and <i>MAPT</i> were present in 6%, 12.5%, and 2.5% of patients, respectively. The clinical phenotypes of these patients were described in detail. Low serum PGRN could be used to predict <i>GRN</i>-associated FTD cases. In most cases, we found normal CSF levels of Aβ-42 and p-tau181 except for 6, who had decreased Aβ-42 levels and normal p-tau181 levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We have conducted the first study of the genetic structure of FTD in Russia, the results of which, combined with other biomarkers, will help improve the diagnosis of the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"16 1","pages":"107-114"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12248181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144625338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty Management in the Dynamics of Biological Systems: A Key to Goal-oriented Rehabilitation.","authors":"Zohre Rezaee, Mohammad-R Akbarzadeh-T","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2024.6857.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2024.6857.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Clean, noise-free data are ideal but often unattainable in biological control systems. Filters are usually employed to remove noise. But this process also leads to the loss or alteration of information. A considerable challenge is managing the uncertain knowledge using a proper and realistic mathematical representation and staying consistent with biological patterns and behaviors. This study explores the potential of fuzzy logic as a computational paradigm to manage uncertainties in the nonlinear dynamics of human walking. This field has paid little attention to this aspect despite its considerable nonlinear and uncertain behavior due to adaptability, muscle fatigue, environmental noise, and external disturbances.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We employed a fuzzy logic-based controller integrated with functional electrical stimulation (FES) and a gait basin of attraction concept to enhance gait performance. Our controller focused on accommodating imprecision in shank angle deviation and angular velocity rather than relying on predetermined trajectories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings indicate that more fuzzy rules and partitions improve the similarity of the gait dynamics to those of a healthy human. Moreover, higher membership function overlaps lead to more robust gait control.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study demonstrates that fuzzy logic can effectively manage uncertainties in the nonlinear dynamics of human walking, improving gait performance and robustness. This approach offers a promising direction for goal-oriented rehabilitation strategies by mimicking the human mind's ability to handle challenging and unknown environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"16 1","pages":"143-158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12248175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144625341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Acute Administration of Caffeine on Neuropathic Pain and the Role of Nitric Oxide Pathway in an Animal Model of Chronic Constriction Injury.","authors":"Monireh Naderi Tehrani, Gholam Ali Hamidi, Azhdar Heydari, Saeedeh Nasrollahi, Fatemeh Aghighi, Mahmoud Salami","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2024.5523.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2024.5523.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Partial peripheral nerve injury often results in chronic pain, including hyperalgesia and allodynia. Caffeine, as a non-selective antagonist of adenosine receptors (ARs), has protective effects on neuropathic pain. Since nitric oxide (NO) is partially involved in the central effects of caffeine, we investigated the effects of acute caffeine administration on neuropathic pain, focusing on A₁ and A₂ receptors and the possible role of NO.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following chronic constriction injury (CCI), male Wistar rats were administered caffeine (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg). Also, groups of animals received L-NAME (30 mg/kg) or L-arginine (100 mg/kg) either alone or before treatment with 50 mg/kg of caffeine. Rats were tested for hyperalgesia and allodynia at 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days following CCI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Administration of 10 mg/kg of caffeine significantly increased cold allodynia, while 50 and 100 mg/kg of caffeine decreased mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Pre-treatment with L-NAME before caffeine administration decreased cold and mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Treatment with L-arginine before caffeine administration increased thermal hyperalgesia and decreased cold allodynia.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present data show that caffeine dose-dependently affects the pro-analgesic or anti-analgesic states in the CCI model.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 5","pages":"659-670"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12198742/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Preliminary Meta-analysis of Regulatory T-cell Reduction in Patients With Migraine.","authors":"Subalakshmi Sugumar, Saman Shah, Philo Hazeena, Deepa Avadhani, Pavithra Murugan, Murugesan Arumugam","doi":"10.32598/bcn.15.5.2447.2","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.15.5.2447.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The etiology of migraine is not fully understood, but there is ongoing debate about the potential role of immune dysfunction in migraine pathophysiology. Some clinical studies have shown a reduction in CD4⁺CD25⁺ regulatory T-cells (Treg) in migraine patients compared to healthy people. However, these studies have not been systematically analyzed. The primary objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review of Treg level changes in migraine patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A detailed literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ProQuest, Cochrane Review, Clinical trials, Academic thesis, American Academy of Neurology resources, and Google Scholar databases from 2010 to 2023. Studies that were appropriately designed to quantify Treg cell levels in migraine patients were included in this meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 17 studies initially reviewed, only 4 studies with 121 migraine patients were included for analysis. The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction in Treg cell levels in migraine patients compared to healthy volunteers (Z=1.21; P=0.23).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The observation of lower levels of Treg cells in migraine patients, compared to healthy volunteers, supports the theory that migraine may be an autoimmune disorder. However, additional clinical data is required to understand the role of immune dysregulation in migraine pathogenesis fully. This is the first meta-analysis of Treg cell levels in the context of migraine research, significantly contributing to the existing literature on the topic.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"15 5","pages":"561-568"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12198739/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}