Basic and Clinical Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Prenatal Stress-induced Spatial Memory Deficit in a Sex-specific Manner in Mice: A Possible Involvement of Hippocampal Insulin Resistance.","authors":"Masoomeh Mohammadi,&nbsp;Ali Haeri Rohani,&nbsp;Parichehr Yaghmaei,&nbsp;Hedayat Sahraei","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.15.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.15.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In the present study, the effects of prenatal stress on spatial learning and memory deficit and its relationship with hippocampal insulin resistance were examined in male and female offspring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Female NMRI mice were mated with males overnight, and the 0-day of pregnancy was detected (Gestational day 0-GD0). The pregnant mice were then randomly divided into stress and control groups. The stress group received stress from the GD0 to GD10. On post natal day 30 (PND30), the offspring were divided into 4 subgroups, namely: male-control, female-control, male-stress, and female-stress. Barnes maze method was used for spatial learning evaluation. Plasma cortisol and insulin levels were measured at the beginning of the experiments. At the end of the experiments, the animals' brains were removed, and their hippocampus was extracted. The hippocampus was homogenized, and its insulin and insulin-receptor contents were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The stressed animals needed more time for reaching to target hole. In addition, they spend more distance to find the target hole, which was more pronounced in the male offspring. Both plasma and hippocampal insulin content were reduced in the stressed groups. Moreover, the hippocampal insulin receptors protein was reduced in the stressed animals. There was a positive relationship between plasma and hippocampal content and memory deficit in the stressed groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results indicated that prenatal stress could induce spatial learning and memory deficit in offspring, which is associated with plasma and hippocampal insulin and receptor content reduction (hippocampal insulin resistance) in these animals.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Maternal stress is very harmful for fetus.The effect of stress is significant during the early days of gestation.This effect is due to several hormonal and neuronal disturbances including Insulin resistance.The effects of stress on the fetus is gender dependent.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>The possible effectiveness of prenatal stress on learning and memory in neonates and also the changes in hippocampus as of essential part of the brain involved in learning and memory. We found that prenatal stress can reduce the insulin effects in hippocampus and it may be the main cause of stress on neonatal memory deficits.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 3","pages":"275-283"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a1/e3/BCN-13-275.PMC9706291.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40546578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Administration of Lidocaine at Body Temperature on Anesthesia Success in Rodent Model: A Behavioral and Electrophysiology Study.","authors":"Sina Kakooei,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Afarinesh,&nbsp;Masoud Parirokh,&nbsp;Reza Nikzad,&nbsp;Mahshid Mostafavi,&nbsp;Amir Nekouei,&nbsp;Mansoureh Sabzalizadeh,&nbsp;Vahid Sheibani","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.1102.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.1102.2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Success in anesthesia administration relieves the perception of pain during surgery. Lidocaine is the most commonly used local anesthetic agent in clinical medicine. Moreover, anesthetic agents' temperature changes can influence cell membrane permeability. Here, the effectiveness of different temperatures of Lidocaine (Lid.) on anesthesia success rate has been investigated in rats.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Wistar male rats were pretreated by fast injection of lidocaine or saline into the hind paw or intradermal cheek at Room Temperature (RT) and Body Temperature (BT) (22°C and 37°C, respectively). Then, rat behaviors were evaluated by formalin-induced hind paw pain and orofacial pain tests, respectively. Moreover, using a single-unit recording technique, the spontaneous activity of the marginal nerve was recorded at room temperature in the RT-Lid. and BT-Lid. groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Data analysis revealed that lidocaine had significant antinociceptive effects in both the BT-Lid. and RT-Lid. groups compared to the control groups (P&lt;0.05). Also, the number of spikes in the BT-Lid. and RT-Lid. groups were significantly lower than their baselines (P&lt;0.05). However, lidocaine at body temperature decreased the total time spent licking the hind paw, the number of lip rubbings, and the number of spikes firing by about 10%-15% compared to room temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;In both behavioral and neural levels of the study, our results showed that an increase in the temperature of lidocaine toward body temperature could increase anesthesia success rate compared to administration of lidocaine at room temperature. These findings can be considered in the treatment of patients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;Lidocaine at body temperature acted better than room temperature on pain control in the formalin-induced hind paw test.Lidocaine at body temperature acted better than room temperature on pain control in the orofacial formalin test.Lidocaine with different temperatures decreased the firing rate of the marginal nerve.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plain language summary: &lt;/strong&gt;Pain is defined as an unpleasant experience caused by tissue damage or fear of injury. During anesthetic injection in dentistry, pain has long been one of the problems of dentists. Studies have shown that one out of every three people is worried about going to dentistry, and one of four dental patients is afraid of injections. The fear of a patient in one of twenty patients is so much that interferes with dental treatment which consequently leads to stress when you visit the dentist, results in less oral hygiene and reduces the number of referrals. Lidocaine is the most commonly used local anesthetic agent in clinical medicine. Here, the effectiveness of different temperatures of lidocaine on anesthesia success rate in rats has been investigated in rats. The present study showed that warming the lidocaine cartridges to 3","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 3","pages":"305-314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7a/6c/BCN-13-305.PMC9706297.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40546594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ameliorating Effect of Morin Hydrate on Chronic Restraint Stress-induced Biochemical Disruption, Neuronal, and Behavioral Dysfunctions in BALB/c Mice.","authors":"Elizabeth Akinluyi,&nbsp;Adegbuyi Aderibigbe,&nbsp;Olusegun Adeoluwa,&nbsp;Adaeze Adebesin,&nbsp;Gladys Adeoluwa","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.1059.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.1059.2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Morin hydrate (MH) is a bioflavonoid component of many fruits and vegetables. Our previous research demonstrated that MH provides neuroprotection in mouse models of acute restraint stress and sleep deprivation by attenuating hippocampal neuronal damage and enhancing memory. Based on these findings, our study investigated the role of MH in chronic stress-induced neuronal and biochemical perturbations in BALB/c mice.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Male BALB/c mice were divided into 6 groups (n=6). Groups 1 and 2 received vehicle (10 mL/kg normal saline), groups 3-5 received MH (5, 10, 20 mg/kg IP), while group 6 received ginseng (25 mg/kg) daily and 30 minutes afterward were restrained in a plastic cylindrical restrainer for 14 days.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Immobility time in the forced swim test increased in the MH-treated group, indicating an antidepressant-like effect. Also, a reduction in frequency and duration of open arms exploration was observed in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test in stressed mice, and administration of MH (5, 10, 20 mg/kg, IP) reversed these effects. An increase in blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and brain malondialdehyde and nitrite levels was observed in the stressed groups, which was reversed by MH. Furthermore, MH reversed the stress-induced reduction in HDL cholesterol and glutathione (GSH) levels and attenuated stress-induced alterations in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Our findings suggest that MH attenuated chronic restraint stress-behavioral and biochemical perturbations, probably due to its capability to decrease oxidative stress and brain neuronal damage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;Chronic stress perturbs physiological and psychological homeostasis;Morin hydrate normalized chronic stress-induced biochemical disruptions;Morin hydrate attenuated structural changes in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plain language summary: &lt;/strong&gt;Stress is a state of being overwhelmed by demands exceeding the personal and social means of coping. Exposure to excessive stress has resulted in disruption of neurochemical and physiological processes, which sometimes manifest as behavioural abnormalities. Therefore to cope with the stressful life style, there is need to develop a therapeutic agent of plant origin. Morin hydrate is a flavonoid with known antioxidant and neuroprotective properties; however, its effect in a stressful condition has not been studies. The study thus evaluated ameliorating effect of Morin hydrate on chronic restraint stress-induced biochemical disruption, neuronal and behavioral dysfunctions in BALB/c mice. To achieve this, mice were exposed to chronic restraint stress protocol for fourteen days. Behavioural changes were examined using various techniques. The vital parameters like antioxidant, glucose and nitrite levels were also taken. Our findings show that Morin hydrate","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 3","pages":"393-406"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/22/75/BCN-13-393.PMC9706294.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40570507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pain-induced Impact on Movement: Motor Coordination Variability and Accuracy-based Skill.","authors":"Hasan Arieh,&nbsp;Behrouz Abdoli,&nbsp;Alireza Farsi,&nbsp;Abbas Haghparast","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2930.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.2930.1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Studies on pain are generally conducted for two purposes: first, to study patients with pain who have physical changes due to nerve and muscle lesions, and second, to regain the appropriate kinematic post-pain pattern. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of pain on the coordination variability pattern and throwing accuracy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The study participants included 30 people aged 18-25 years who volunteered to participate in the study. Participants practiced and acquired skills in 10 blocks of 15 trials. In the test phase associated with pain, Individuals were randomly divided into three groups: local pain, remote pain, and control. In their respective groups, participants were tested in a 15-block trial, 24 hours, and 1 week after acquisition.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The results revealed that pain did not affect the throwing accuracy (P=0.456). Besides, in the phase of acceleration in throwing, movement variability in the pain-related groups in the shoulder and elbow joints (P=0.518), elbow and wrist (P=0.399), and the deceleration and dart drop phase movement variability in the pain-related groups in the shoulder and elbow joints (P=0.622), elbow and wrist (P=0.534).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Based on the results, the accuracy and coordination variability in pain-related groups were similar. However, to confirm these results, more research is needed on performing motor functions in the presence of pain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;Pain are generally conducted for two purposes.pain which has physical changes due to nerve and muscle lesions and pain to regain the appropriate kinematic post-pain pattern.People who experience pain show poor motor results.Pain restriction is ordinary in joints and the body compensates by increasing movement.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plain language summary: &lt;/strong&gt;One of the constant concerns of sports science experts is to find ways to improve performance or to know the factors that strengthen or weaken motor learning. After injury, pain has been described as one of the passive symptoms, and the mechanism of how overexertion of joints and muscles increases injury and pain is unknown. Following any injury, pain is one of the most important causes of disability and one of the most important problems in people's general health. Many treated individuals present with pain and impaired movement, and typically changes in movement control are a result of the pain. Research evidence suggests that pain induces changes in cortical excitability and the neuroplasticity model that accompanies practice of a new motor task interferes with the performance improvement that must occur simultaneously. According to the new approaches of motor and biomechanical learning and control, movement variability, especially in movement coordination, is considered as an important and influential factor of a person with different conditions. Novice athletes show hi","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 3","pages":"421-431"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/02/79/BCN-13-421.PMC9706296.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40457851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Effects of the Lateral Hypothalamus Lesion as an Origin of Orexin and Blockade of Orexin-1 Receptor in the Orbitofrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex on Their Neuronal Activity.","authors":"Sara Karimi,&nbsp;Mohammad Ismail Zibaii,&nbsp;Gholam Ali Hamidi,&nbsp;Abbas Haghparast","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.2029.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.2029.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Introduction: Several studies have demonstrated that orexins may regulate different forms of affective and cognitive processes during wakefulness. The Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) and Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), as an essential part of the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC), have a crucial role in cognitive processes such as reward and decision-making. They also have a high amount of orexin receptor type 1 (OX1Rs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the present study, we inhibited OX1Rs in this area after a 10-min baseline recording to find out the role of OX1Rs in the OFC neuron's firing rate. Next, we inhibited the lateral hypothalamus (LH) as the primary source of orexinergic neurons. Afterward, using a single-unit recording technique in rats, we detected the effects of the lateral hypothalamus on the firing rate and activity pattern of the ACC or OFC neurons.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data showed that the blockade of OX1Rs in the OFC could excite 8 and inhibit 1 neuron(s) out of 11. In addition, the blockade of OX1Rs in the ACC could excite 6 and inhibit 3 neurons out of 10. LH inactivation excited 5 out of 12 neurons and inhibited 6 in the ACC. It also excited 8 and inhibited 6 neurons out of 14 in the OFC. These data suggest that the blockade of OX1Rs excites 72% of the neurons, but LH inactivation had a stimulating effect on only 50% of neurons in two main subregions of the PFC.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Accordingly, PFC neurons may receive the orexinergic inputs from the LH and indirectly from other sources.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Blockade of orexin receptors 1 in ACC alter neural activity in this region.Blockade of orexin receptors 1 in OFC alter neural activity in this region.Lateral hypothalamus inhibition increase neural activity of only 50% neurons in ACC and OFC.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>The discovery of the neuropeptide orexin/hypocretin in 1998 and subsequent research during the past 20 years revealed an important role for the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in driving the reward pathway, sleep and awake circuits, decision making and psychotic disorders. But our knowledge towards the function of this neurotransmitter on neural activity in specific areas of the brain is limited. In this study we decided to clear the specific role of orexin receptors placed in the two crucial areas of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the orexin projections from LH on neural firing rates in those regions. In the present study, we investigated the following items by using an in vivo extracellular single-unit recording technique in rats and our data shown that the effect of blocking of orexin receptors1 in mPFC caused a different results than inhibition of the origin of orexin projection in LH as a source of it.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 3","pages":"407-420"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/70/f0/BCN-13-407.PMC9706298.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40463445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reprogramming by Cytosolic Extract of Human Embryonic Stem Cells to Improve Dopaminergic Differentiation Potential of Human Adipose Tissue-derived Stem Cells.","authors":"Sehar Mobasseri,&nbsp;Arash Javeri,&nbsp;Masoumeh Fakhr Taha","doi":"10.32598/bcn.12.6.2069.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.12.6.2069.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The extract of pluripotent stem cells induces dedifferentiation of somatic cells with restricted plasticity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we used the extract of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) to dedifferentiate adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and examined the impact of this reprogramming event on the dopaminergic differentiation of the cells. For this purpose, cytoplasmic extract of ESCs was prepared by repeated freezing and thawing cycles. The plasma membrane of hADSCs was reversibly permeabilized by streptolysin O (SLO), exposed to hESC extract, and resealed by a CaCl2-containing medium.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As revealed by qPCR analysis, expression of OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28A, and KLF4 mRNAs were downregulated in the ADSCs one week after extract incubation, while all mRNAs except for KLF4 were upregulated at the end of the second week. For dopaminergic differentiation, control and reprogrammed ADSCs were induced by a serum-free neurobasal medium containing B27 and a cocktail of sonic hedgehog (SHH), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), fibroblastic growth factor 8 (FGF8), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for 12 days. After differentiation, the expression levels of some neuronal and dopaminergic-related genes, including PAX6, NESTIN, NEFL, GLI1, LMXB1, EN1, NURR1, and TH, significantly increased in the reprogrammed ADSCs compared to the control group. On the whole, two weeks after reprogramming by ESC extract, ADSCs showed an improved dopaminergic differentiation potential.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that the cytoplasmic extract of hESCs contains some regulatory factors which induce the expression of pluripotency-associated markers in somatic cells and that the exposure to ESC extract may serve as a simple and rapid strategy to enhance the plasticity of somatic stem cells for cell replacement therapy purposes.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>hADSCs have emerged as a valuable candidate for transplantation therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.Several studies have documented dopaminergic dedifferentiation of hADSCs.Implementing ADSCs towards a more pluripotent state using different strategies like somatic cell nuclear transfer.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>The extract of pluripotent stem cells induces dedifferentiation of somatic cells with restricted plasticity. In this study, we used the extract of hESC to dedifferentiate ADSCs and examined the impact of this reprogramming event on the dopaminergic differentiation of the cells. Cytoplasmic extract of ESCs was prepared by repeated freezing and thawing cycles. These cells express several neuron-specific genes, secrete several factors associated with neuroprotection, and exhibit differentiation into neural and glial cells <i>in vitro.</i> In recent years, several studies have documented dopaminergic differentiation of hADSCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 2","pages":"247-255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e1/6d/BCN-13-247.PMC9682313.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40486182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Effects of Alzheimer Disease on EEG Signals Using the Entropy Measure: A Meta-analysis.","authors":"Hajar Ahmadieh,&nbsp;Farnaz Ghassemi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1144.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.1144.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and a type of dementia. About 80% of dementia in older adults is due to AD. According to multiple research articles, AD is associated with several changes in EEG signals, such as slow rhythms, reduction in complexity and functional associations, and disordered functional communication between different brain areas. This research focuses on the entropy parameter.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, the keywords \"Entropy,\" \"EEG,\" and \"Alzheimer\" were used. In the initial search, 102 articles were found. In the first stage, after investigating the Abstracts of the articles, the number of them was reduced to 62, and upon further review of the remaining articles, the number of articles was reduced to 18. Some papers have used more than one entropy of EEG signals to compare, and some used more than one database. So, 25 entropy measures were considered in this meta-analysis. We used the Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) to find the effect size and compare the effects of AD on the entropy of the EEG signal in healthy people. Funnel plots were used to investigate the bias of meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to the articles, entropy seems to be a good benchmark for comparing the EEG signals between healthy people and AD people.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It can be concluded that AD can significantly affect EEG signals and reduce the entropy of EEG signals.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Our primary question addressed in this study is \"Can Alzheimer's Disease significantly affect EEG signals or not?\" This paper is the first Meta-Analysis study that reveals the effects of Alzheimer's Disease on EEG signals and the caused reduction in the complexity of the EEG signal. According to the articles, results and funnel plots of this Meta-Analysis, entropy seems to be a good benchmark for comparing the EEG signals in healthy people and people who have Alzheimer's Disease.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>Alzheimer's Disease is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder which can affect EEG signals. This study is the first Meta-Analysis in this regard and the results confirm that Alzheimer's Disease reduces the complexity of the EEG signals. We used 25 entropy measures applied in 18 articles. The materials in this Meta-Analysis are 1-SMD for finding the effect size and 2- Funnel plot for investigating the bias of Meta-Analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 2","pages":"153-164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d3/77/BCN-13-153.PMC9682319.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40486184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Amygdala-Infralimbic Cortex Circuitry in Glucocorticoid-induced Facilitation of Auditory Fear Memory Extinction.","authors":"Abbas Ali Vafaei,&nbsp;Ali Rashidy-Pour,&nbsp;Parnia Trahomi,&nbsp;Samira Omoumi,&nbsp;Masoomeh Dadkhah","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2161.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.2161.1","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and infralimbic area (IL) of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are two interconnected brain structures that mediate both fear memory expression and extinction. Besides the well-known role of the BLA in the acquisition and expression of fear memory, projections from IL to BLA inhibit fear expression and have a critical role in fear extinction. However, the details of IL-BLA interaction have remained unclear. Here, we investigated the role of functional reciprocal interactions between BLA and IL in mediating fear memory extinction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Using lidocaine (LID), male rats underwent unilateral or bilateral inactivation of the BLA and then unilateral intra-IL infusion of corticosterone (CORT) prior to extinction training of the auditory fear conditioning paradigm. Freezing behavior was reported as an index for conditioned fear. Infusions were performed before the extinction training, allowing us to examine the effects on fear expression and further extinction memory. Experiments 1-3 investigated the effects of left or right infusion of CORT into IL and LID unilaterally into BLA on fear memory extinction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Intra-IL infusion of CORT in the right hemisphere reduced freezing behavior when administrated before the extinction training. Auditory fear memory extinction was impaired by asymmetric inactivation of BLA and CORT infusion in the right IL; however, the same effect was not observed with symmetric inactivation of BLA.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;IL-BLA neural circuit may provide additional evidence for the contribution of this circuit to auditory fear extinction. This study demonstrates dissociable roles for right or left BLA in subserving the auditory fear extinction. Our finding also raises the possibility that left BLA-IL circuitry may mediate auditory fear memory extinction via underlying mechanisms. However, further research is required in this area.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;Corticosterone infusion in the right (but not the left) infralimbic area facilitates auditory fear memory extinction.Corticosterone infusion in the right infralimbic area following symmetric basolateral amygdala inactivation has no effect on auditory fear memory extinction.Asymmetric basolateral amygdala inactivation prior to corticosterone infusion into the right infralimbic area impairs auditory fear memory extinction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plain language summary: &lt;/strong&gt;Previous studies have established that glucocorticoids, which are released in stressful conditions, enhance fear memory extinction. In this study, we found that corticosterone infusion into the right infralimbic area, but not the left one, facilitates auditory fear memory extinction. The effect of corticosterone infusion in the infralimbic area was not blocked by the intra-basolateral amygdala injections of lidocaine when administrated in the ipsilateral hemisphere. However, ","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 2","pages":"193-205"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6d/da/BCN-13-193.PMC9682312.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40486187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Different Concentrations of Methylprednisolone on Survival, Proliferation, and Migration of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells.","authors":"Zohreh Bagheri,&nbsp;Fatemeh Shamsi,&nbsp;Zahra Zeraatpisheh,&nbsp;Mahin Salmannejad,&nbsp;Ahmad Soltani,&nbsp;Hadi Aligholi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.35.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.35.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The present study addressed whether methylprednisolone (MP) as an anti-inflammatory drug used in neurodegenerative diseases and neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) is safe.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>First, embryonic rat NS/PCs were exposed to different concentrations of MP, and then we evaluated their survival by MTT assay, proliferation by analyzing the number and diameter of neurospheres, and the migration of the cells by neurosphere assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The viability of NS/PCs was reduced following exposure to 10, 15, and 20 μg/mL of MP. In addition, although the number of neurospheres did not change, exposure to different concentrations of MP resulted in the formation of smaller neurospheres. Despite these undesirable effects, the highest concentration of MP (20 μg/mL) increased the migration capacity of the NS/PCs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combination of MP and NS/PCs is not recommended due to the adverse effects of MP on the survival and proliferation of NS/PCs.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Methylprednisolone reduced survival of neural stem/progenitor cells.Methylprednisolone decreased proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells.The highest concentration of MP (20 μg/mL) increased the migration capacity of the neural stem/progenitor cells.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>In this study, we evaluate the effect of the exposure of neural stem/progenitor cells to methylprednisolone. Based on the results, combination of neural stem/progenitor cells and methylprednisolone not recommended due to reduction of survival and proliferation of the cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 2","pages":"207-213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0a/ac/BCN-13-207.PMC9682315.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40484786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Protective Effects of Crocin on Input-Output Functions and Long-term Potentiation of Hippocampal CA1 Area in Rats Exposed to Chronic Social Isolated Stress.","authors":"Fatemeh Khani,&nbsp;Maryam Radahmadi,&nbsp;Hojjatallah Alaei","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.2346.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.2346.2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;The lack of social communication is associated with the primary risk of proper brain functions. It is reported that crocin helps relieve this problem. The present study examined the protective effect of two doses of crocin on Long-term potentiation (LTP) of hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) area as a cellular mechanism in rats exposed to chronic social isolated stress.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Rats were assigned to the control, sham, isolation stress, and two stress groups (receiving 30 and 60 mg/kg crocin). Chronic isolation stress (CIS) was induced 6 h/d, and crocin was administrated for 21 days. The field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) slope and amplitude were measured by input/output functions and LTP induction in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Also, the corticosterone and glucose levels were assayed in the hippocampus and frontal cortex.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The slope and amplitude of fEPSP severity were impaired in both input/output and LTP responses in the CIS group. Crocin at a dose of 30 and particularly 60 mg/kg improved input/output and LTP responses in the CIS group. Also, the corticosterone levels significantly increased in the frontal cortex and especially the hippocampus. In contrast, only a high dose of crocin decreased hippocampal corticosterone levels in the CIS condition. Finally, the glucose levels did not change in the hippocampus and frontal cortex in all experimental groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The chronic isolation stress impaired neural excitability and Long-term plasticity in the CA1 area due to elevated corticosterone in the hippocampus and probably the frontal cortex. The low and high doses of crocin improved excitability and Long-term plasticity in the chronic isolation stress group by only decreasing corticosterone levels in the hippocampus, but not the frontal cortex.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights: &lt;/strong&gt;Neuronal excitability and long-term plasticity of CA1 were impaired by chronic isolation stress.The memory was protected by low and particularly high doses of crocin in the chronic isolation stress condition.Crocin decreased the corticosterone levels in hippocampus, but not frontal cortex.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Plain language summary: &lt;/strong&gt;The lack of social communication (isolation stress) is associated with the primary risk of brain functions. On the other hand, crocin as one of effective components of saffron is helpful for improvement of memory. Therefore, the protective effect of two doses of crocin on cellular mechanism of memory in rats exposed to chronic social isolated stress was investigated in present study. Chronic isolation stress (CIS) was induced 6h/day, and crocin was administrated for a period of 21 days at two doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg. The electrophysiological and cellular mechanism of memory in the CA1 area of the hippocampus were investigated. Also, the corticosterone and glucose levels were assayed in the hippocampus and f","PeriodicalId":8701,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13 2","pages":"165-174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f7/a6/BCN-13-165.PMC9682321.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40484782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}