Animal Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Development and application of a multi-step porcine in vitro system to evaluate feedstuffs and feed additives for their efficacy in nutrient digestion, digesta characteristics, and intestinal immune responses","authors":"Hee Yeon Kim, Jun-Ok Moon, Sung Woo Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"In vitro model provides alternatives to the use of live animals in research. In pig nutrition, there has been a tremendous increase in in vivo research over the decades. Proper utilization of in vitro models could provide a screening tool to reduce the needs of in vivo studies, research duration, cost, and the use of animals and feeds. This study aimed to develop a multi-step porcine in vitro system to simulate nutrient digestion and intestinal epithelial immune responses affected by feedstuffs and feed additives. Seven feedstuffs (corn, corn distillers dried grains with solubles [corn DDGS], barley, wheat, soybean meal, soy protein concentrates, and cell mass [CGCM]), feed enzymes (xylanase and phytase), and supplemental amino acids (arginine, methionine, and tryptophan), were used in this in vitro evaluation for their efficacy on digestibility, digesta characteristics, and intestinal health compared with the results from previously published in vivo studies. All in vitro evaluations were triplicated. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS9.4. Evaluations included (1) nutrient digestibility of feedstuffs; (2) the effects of feed enzymes, xylanase and phytase, on digestibility of feedstuffs and specific substrates, and (3) the effects of amino acids, arginine, tryptophan, and methionine, on anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-heat stress statuses showing their effects ( < 0.05) on the measured items. Differences in dry matter and crude protein digestibility among the feedstuffs as well as effects of xylanase and phytase were detected ( < 0.05), including xylo-oligosaccharide profiles and phosphorus release from phytate. Supplementation of arginine, tryptophan, and methionine modulated ( < 0.05) cellular inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. The use of this in vitro model allowed the use of 3 experimental replications providing sufficient statistical power at < 0.05. This indicates in vitro models can have increased precision and consistency compared with in vivo animal studies.","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140043826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diet xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation improves growth performance, immune function, and intestinal health of broilers","authors":"Zhiyong Rao, Yue Li, Xiaopeng Yang, Yongpeng Guo, Wei Zhang, Zhixiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effects of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) on broiler growth performance, immune function, and intestinal health were investigated. A total of 540 one-day-old Arbor Acres Plus broilers were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates per group and 18 chickens per replicate. Broilers in the control (CON) group received a corn-soybean meal based basal diet, those in the antibiotics (ANT) group received the basal diet plus 500 mg/kg oxytetracycline, and those in XOS groups received the basal diet plus 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg XOS, respectively. Compared with CON, the body weight at 42 d and average daily gain from 1 to 42 d were significantly increased in the 150, 450 mg/kg XOS-added and ANT groups (<em>P</em> = 0.018), and the relative expression of claudin-1 and <em>ZO-1</em> mRNA in the ileum was significantly higher in the 300 and 450 mg/kg XOS-added groups (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). The feed conversion ratios (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) and abdominal fat rates (possibly related to short-chain fatty acids [butyric acid] produced by XOS in broilers) (<em>P</em> = 0.012) of broilers from 1 to 42 d of age were significantly lower in all XOS-added groups than in the control group. Splenic index (<em>P</em> = 0.036) and bursa index (<em>P</em> = 0.009) were significantly better in the ANT group and each XOS-added group than in the control group. Compared to CON and ANT, serum IgA (<em>P</em> = 0.007) and IgG (<em>P</em> = 0.002) levels were significantly higher in the 300 mg/kg XOS-added group, and the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing genera (<em>Alistipes</em>) was also significantly higher (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). Meanwhile, ileal villus height (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) and V:C (<em>P</em> = 0.001) were significantly increased in XOS-added broilers. In analysis of relationships between cecal microbes and the physical barrier of the gut, <em>[Ruminococcus]_torques_group</em> was positively correlated with mRNA expression of ileal claudin-1 (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), and <em>Bacteroides</em> was positively correlated with increased ileal villus height and V:C (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Overall, XOS addition to broiler diets improved growth performance, promoted intestinal health by enhancing intestinal barrier function, and regulating cecal microbiota diversity, and had positive effects on immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139677000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-protein diet supplemented with 1% L-glutamine improves growth performance, serum biochemistry, redox status, plasma amino acids, and alters fecal microbiota in weaned piglets","authors":"Jun Li, Jun Bai, Ying Yang, Zhenlong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Glutamine, one of the most abundant amino acids in the body, has been shown to exert various beneficial effects in pigs. However, knowledge regarding the role of dietary glutamine in low-protein diet-fed piglets remains scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of L-glutamine on growth performance, serum biochemistry parameters, redox status, amino acids, and fecal microbiota in low-protein diet-fed piglets. A total of 128 healthy crossbred piglets (Landrace <em>×</em> Yorkshire) were randomly allocated into 4 groups of 4 replicate pens, with 8 piglets per pen. Piglets in the 4 groups were fed with corn and soybean meal-based low-protein diets (crude protein level, 17%) that contained 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% L-glutamine, respectively, for 28 d. Pigs administered 1% L-glutamine had greater body weight on d 28 and average daily gain (ADG, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.01), whereas a lower feed to gain ratio (F:G) from d 1 to 28 (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). Besides, lower body weight on d 14 and 28, ADG, average daily feed intake, and higher F:G from d 15 to 28 and d 1 to 28 were observed in response to 2% and 3% L-glutamine treatments (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). Moreover, 1% L-glutamine reduced serum glucose, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide concentrations and inhibited aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, myeloperoxidase activities in low-protein diet-fed piglets on d 14, with concomitantly upregulated catalase, total superoxide dismutase activities and glutathione level (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). However, dietary 3% L-glutamine enhanced blood urea nitrogen content in pigs on d 14 (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Further investigation revealed that 1% L-glutamine upregulated the serum glutamine, lysine, methionine, tyrosine, and reduced plasma valine content (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Additionally, 1% L-glutamine upregulated the abundance of <em>p_75_a5</em>, <em>Clostridium</em>, <em>Lactobacillus</em>, <em>Prevotellaceae</em>_<em>Prevotella</em>, and <em>Gemmiger</em> in the stool of piglets on d 14, with the <em>Streptococcus</em> level being concomitantly reduced (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Collectively, dietary 1% L-glutamine enhances the growth performance and improves serum physiochemical parameters and antioxidative capacity in low-protein diet-fed piglets at an early age, which are associated with an increased synthesis of glutathione by modulating amino acid levels, and the optimization of gut microbiota.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139677128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selenomethionine alleviates chronic heat stress-induced breast muscle injury and poor meat quality in broilers via relieving mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress","authors":"Jinzhong Jing, Jiayi Wang, Xiaoyu Xiang, Shenggang Yin, Jiayong Tang, Longqiong Wang, Gang Jia, Guangmang Liu, Xiaoling Chen, Gang Tian, Jingyi Cai, Bo Kang, Lianqiang Che, Hua Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the present study, the chronic heat stress (CHS) broiler model was developed to investigate the potential protection mechanism of organic selenium (selenomethionine, SeMet) on CHS-induced skeletal muscle growth retardation and poor meat quality. Four hundred Arbor Acres male broilers (680 ± 70 g, 21 d old) were grouped into 5 treatments with 8 replicates of 10 broilers per replicate. Broilers in the control group were raised in a thermoneutral environment (22 ± 2 °C) and fed with a basal diet. The other four treatments were exposed to hyperthermic conditions (33 ± 2 °C, 24 h in each day) and fed on the basal diet supplied with SeMet at 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg Se/kg, respectively, for 21 d. Results showed that CHS reduced (<em>P &lt;</em> 0.05) the growth performance, decreased (<em>P &lt;</em> 0.05) the breast muscle weight and impaired the meat quality of breast muscle in broilers. CHS induced protein metabolic disorder in breast muscle, which increased (<em>P &lt;</em> 0.05) the expression of caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9 and ubiquitin proteasome system related genes, while decreased the protein expression of P-4EBP1. CHS also decreased the antioxidant capacity and induced mitochondrial stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in breast muscle, which increased (<em>P &lt;</em> 0.05) the ROS levels, decreased the concentration of ATP, increased the protein expression of HSP60 and CLPX, and increased (<em>P &lt;</em> 0.05) the expression of ER stress biomarkers. Dietary SeMet supplementation linearly increased (<em>P &lt;</em> 0.05) breast muscle Se concentration and exhibited protective effects via up-regulating the expression of the selenotranscriptome and several key selenoproteins, which increased (<em>P &lt;</em> 0.05) body weight, improved meat quality, enhanced antioxidant capacity and mitigated mitochondrial stress and ER stress. What's more, SeMet suppressed protein degradation and improved protein biosynthesis though inhibiting the caspase and ubiquitin proteasome system and promoting the mTOR-4EBP1 pathway. In conclusion, dietary SeMet supplementation increases the expression of several key selenoproteins, alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress, improves protein biosynthesis, suppresses protein degradation, thus increases the body weight and improves meat quality of broilers exposed to CHS.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139659765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partially substituting alfalfa hay with hemp forage in the diet of goats improved feed efficiency, ruminal fermentation pattern and microbial profiles","authors":"Tao Ran, Zhipeng Xu, Wenzhu Yang, Dalin Liu, Duanqin Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The use of hemp as a forage source in livestock diets has been less studied because bioactive residues in animal tissues may pose a risk to consumers. This study investigated the effects of partial substitution of alfalfa hay (AH) with hemp forage (HF) in growing goat diets on growth performance, carcass traits, ruminal fermentation characteristics, rumen microbial communities, blood biochemistry, and antioxidant indices. Forty Xiangdong black goats with body weight (BW) 7.82 ± 0.57 kg (mean ± SD) were grouped by BW and randomly assigned into one of the four treatment diets (n = 10/treatment) in a completely randomized design. The goats were fed <em>ad libitum</em> total mixed rations containing 60% forage and 40% concentrate (DM basis). The diets included control (CON; 60% AH and 40% concentrate), 55% AH and 5% HF (HF5), 50% AH and 10% HF (HF10), and 40% AH and 20% HF (HF20). Increasing the substitution of HF for AH linearly decreased (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01) DM intake and improved feed conversion efficiency. However, final BW, average daily gain, carcass traits, meat quality, and most blood biochemistry indices did not differ among treatments. The ruminal NH₃-N concentration and blood urine nitrogen linearly increased (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01) with increasing substitution rate of HF, whereas the total volatile fatty acids concentration quadratically changed (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). Substitution of AH with HF had no effect on the diversity and richness of ruminal microbes, though it linearly decreased (<em>P</em> = 0.040) <em>Prevotella</em>_1 and linearly increased (<em>P</em> = 0.017) <em>Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group</em>. The cannabinoids and/or their metabolites were detected in both ruminal filtrates (8) and plasma (4), however, no detectable cannabinoid-related residues were observed in meat. These results indicate that the HF could be used to partially substitute AH in goat diets, whereas the effects vary between substitution rates of HF for AH. Although no cannabinoid-related residues were detected in meat, the presence of cannabinoids residues in blood warrants further study of HF feeding to confirm the cannabinoids residues are not present in the animal products.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139573717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal resveratrol improves the intestinal health and weight gain of suckling piglets under high summer temperatures: The involvement of exosome-derived microRNAs and immunoglobin in colostrum","authors":"Changming Hong, Yujian Huang, Guan Yang, Xiaolu Wen, Li Wang, Xuefen Yang, Kaiguo Gao, Zongyong Jiang, Hao Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous studies have shown that maternal resveratrol improved growth performance and altered the microbial composition of suckling piglets under hot summer conditions. However, it remains unclear how maternal resveratrol improves growth performance of suckling piglets under high summer temperatures. A total of 20 sows (landrace × large white; three parity) were randomly assigned to 2 groups (with or without 300 mg/kg resveratrol) from d 75 of gestation to d 21 of lactation in a high temperature environment (from 27 to 30 °C). The results showed that maternal resveratrol supplementation increased total daily weight gain of piglets under hot summer conditions, which is consistent with previous studies. Furthermore, we found that maternal resveratrol improved the intestinal morphology and intestinal epithelial proliferation in suckling piglets. Dietary resveratrol supplementation affected the characteristics of exosome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) in sow colostrum, as well as the genes targeted by differentially produced miRNAs. MiRNAs are concentrated in the tight junction pathway. As a result, the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins was increased in suckling piglets (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Notably, maternal resveratrol increased the intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels of suckling piglets via colostrum immunoglobins (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), which could increase the abundance of beneficial microbiota to further increase the concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in suckling piglets' intestine (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Finally, our correlation analysis further demonstrated the positive associations between significantly differential intestinal microbiota, intestinal sIgA production and SCFA concentrations, as well as the positive relation between total daily weight gain and intestinal health of suckling piglets. Taken together, our findings suggested that maternal resveratrol could promote intestinal health to improve piglet growth under high summer temperatures, which might be associated with the immunoglobin and exosome-derived miRNAs in sows’ colostrum.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139573809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinoic acid alleviates rotavirus-induced intestinal damage by regulating redox homeostasis and autophagic flux in piglets","authors":"Xin Lai, Aimin Wu, Bing Yu, Hui Yan, Junqiu Luo, Ping Zheng, Jie Yu, Daiwen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rotaviruses (RV) are a major cause of severe gastroenteritis, particularly in neonatal piglets. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, the development of antiviral therapies for RV remains an ongoing challenge. Retinoic acid (RA), a metabolite of vitamin A, has been shown to have anti-oxidative and antiviral properties. However, the mechanism by which RA exerts its intestinal-protective and antiviral effects on RV infection is not fully understood. The study investigates the effects of RA supplementation in Duroc ×Landrace × Yorkshire (DLY) piglets challenged with RV. Thirty-six DLY piglets were assigned into six treatments, including a control group, RA treatment group with two concentration gradients (5 and 15 mg/d), RV treatment group, and RV treatment group with the addition of different concentration gradients of RA (5 and 15 mg/d). Our study revealed that RV infection led to extensive intestinal architecture damage, which was mitigated by RA treatment at lower concentrations by increasing the villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio (<em>P &lt;</em> 0.05), enhancing intestinal stem cell signaling and promoting intestinal barrier functions. In addition, 15 mg/d RA supplementation significantly increased NRF2 and HO-1 protein expression (<em>P &lt;</em> 0.05) and GSH content (<em>P &lt;</em> 0.05), indicating that RA supplementation can enhance anti-oxidative signaling and redox homeostasis after RV challenge. Additionally, the research demonstrated that RA exerts a dual impact on the regulation of autophagy, both stimulating the initiation of autophagy and hindering the flow of autophagic flux. Through the modulation of autophagic flux, RA influence the progression of RV infection. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of redox hemostasis and autophagy by RA and its potential therapeutic application in RV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139505823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hexokinase 1 and 2 mediates glucose utilization to regulate the synthesis of kappa casein via ribosome protein subunit 6 kinase 1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells","authors":"Tianyu Yang, Jia Guo, Han Song, Osmond Datsomor, Yuhang Chen, Maocheng Jiang, Kang Zhan, Guoqi Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Glucose plays a vital part in milk protein synthesis through the mTOR signaling pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). The objectives of this study were to determine how glucose affects hexokinase (HK) activity in BMEC and investigate the regulatory effect of HK in kappa casein (CSN3) synthesis via the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway in BMEC. For this, <em>HK1</em> and <em>HK2</em> were knocked out in BMEC using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The gene and protein expression, glucose uptake, and cell proliferation were measured. We found that glucose uptake, cell proliferation, <em>CSN3</em> gene expression levels, and expression of HK1 and HK2 increased with increasing glucose concentrations. Notably, glucose uptake was significantly reduced in <em>HK2</em> knockout (HK2KO) BMEC treated with 17.5 mM glucose. Moreover, under the same glucose treatment conditions, the proliferative ability and abundance of CSN3 were significantly diminished in both <em>HK1</em> knockout (HK1KO) and HK2KO BMEC compared with that in wild-type BEMC. We further observed that the phosphorylation levels of ribosome protein subunit 6 kinase 1 (S6K1) were reduced in HK1KO and HK2KO BMEC following treatment with 17.5 mM glucose. As expected, the levels of glucose-6-phosphate and the mRNA expression levels of glycolysis-related genes were decreased in both HK1KO and HK2KO BMEC following glucose treatment. These results indicated that the knockout of <em>HK1</em> and <em>HK2</em> inhibited cell proliferation and CNS3 expression in BMEC under glucose treatment, which may be associated with the inactivation of the S6K1 and inhibition of glycolysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139435600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Basis for the diversity and extent in loss of digestible nutrients created by dietary phytin: Emphasis on fowl and swine","authors":"Edwin T. Moran, Michael R. Bedford","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2023.11.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phytin is the Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-K⁺ salt of phytic acid that is created and deposited in the aleurone layer and/or germ of grains and legumes. Its high presence in feedstuffs for fowl and swine diets results in it being a universal and significant impediment to optimum performance. Phytin impairs gastrointestinal recovery of a wide array of nutrients, the effect varying with the nutrient concerned. On exposure to low pH during gastric digestion, phytin dissociates into phytic acid and solubilized Ca²⁺. Even at low gastric pH, phytic acid is negatively charged which forms the basis of its anti-nutritive behavior. Pepsinogen has extensive basic amino acids on its activation peptide that are presented as cations at low pH which are targeted by pepsin for activation. Partially crystalized Ca²⁺ near the enzyme’s active site further stabilizes its newly formed structure. Thus, phytic acid appears to interfere with gastric digestion by several mechanisms; interfering with pepsinogen activation by binding to the polypeptide’s basic amino acids; Coordinating free Ca²⁺, destabilizing pepsin; binding some dietary proteins directly, further compromising gastric proteolysis. Upon digesta attaining neutrality in the duodenum, Ca²⁺ and other cations re-bind with accessible anions, phytic acid being a significant contender. Phytate not only binds free cations but can also strip them from enzymes (e.g. Ca^2+, Zn²⁺) which reduces their structural resistance to autolysis and ability as co-factors (e.g. Zn²⁺) to increase enzyme activity. Goblet cells initially employ Ca²⁺ as an electronic shield between mucin layers enabling granule formation and cell storage. After mucin granule release, Ca²⁺ is progressively displaced by Na⁺ to free the viscous mucins enabling its translocation. Mucin entangles with the glycocalyx of adjacent enterocytes thereby constructing the unstirred water layer (USWL). Excessive removal of Ca²⁺ from mucin by phytic acid increases its fluidity facilitating its loss from the USWL with its associated Na⁺. This partly explains increased mucin and Na⁺ losses noted with high phytate diets. This review suggests that phytic acid binding of Ca²⁺ and less so Zn²⁺ is the basis for the diversity in nutrient losses encountered and that such losses are in proportion to dietary phytate content.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139379708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The AMPK and AKT/GSK3β pathways are involved in recombinant proteins fibroblast growth factor 1 (rFGF1 and rFGF1a) improving glycolipid metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a high carbohydrate diet","authors":"Huixia Yu, Shuo Geng, Shuai Li, Yingwei Wang, Xin Ren, Debin Zhong, Haolin Mo, Mingxing Yao, Jiajia Yu, Yang Li, Lixin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) regulates vertebrate cell growth, proliferation and differentiation, and energy metabolism. In this study, we cloned rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>) <em>fgf1</em> and <em>fgf1a</em>, prepared their recombinant proteins (rFGF1 and rFGF1a), and described the molecular mechanisms by which they improve glycolipid metabolism in carnivorous fish. A 31-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate whether they could enhance glycolipid metabolism in rainbow trout on high-carbohydrate diets (HCD). The 720 rainbow trout (8.9 ± 0.5 g) were equally divided into four groups: the chow diet (CD) group received PBS, the HCD group received PBS, the HCD group received rFGF1 (400 ng/g body weight), and the HCD group received rFGF1a (400 ng/g body weight). The results showed that short-term HCD had a significant positive effect on the specific growth rate (SGR) of rainbow trout (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). However, it led to an increase in crude fat, serum triglyceride (TG) and glucose content, as well as serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) contents (<em>P &lt;</em> 0.05), suggesting a negative health effect of HCD. Nevertheless, rFGF1 and rFGF1a showed beneficial therapeutic effects. They significantly reduced the crude fat content of the liver, serum TG, GOT, and GPT contents caused by HCD (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The upregulation in <em>atgl</em>, <em>hsl</em>, and <em>acc2</em> mRNAs implied the promotion of TG catabolism. Moreover, rFGF1 and rFGF1a contributed to promoting lipolysis by activating the AMPK pathway and reducing lipid accumulation in the liver caused by HCD. In addition, the rFGF1 and rFGF1a-treated groups significantly reduced serum glucose levels and elevated hepatic glycogen content under HCD, and increased glucose uptake by hepatocytes. We observed a decrease in mRNA levels for <em>pepck</em>, <em>g6pase</em>, and <em>pygl,</em> along with an increase in mRNA for <em>gys</em>, <em>glut2</em>, and <em>gk</em> in the liver. Furthermore, these proteins regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis by increasing the phosphorylation level of AKT, ultimately leading to an increase in GSK3β phosphorylation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that rFGF1 and rFGF1a can enhance lipolysis and glucose utilization in rainbow trout by activating the AMPK pathway and AKT/GSK3β axis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8184,"journal":{"name":"Animal Nutrition","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139090982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}