Antioxidants最新文献

{"title":"Ferroptosis in Vascular Diseases: A Mechanistic and Immunological Perspective on Therapeutic Targeting.","authors":"Yiyang Cui, Pengyan Zhu, Meixiu Jiang","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040502","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vascular diseases impose a heavy global burden, yet existing therapies have limitations, necessitating novel drug targets. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent, lipid peroxidation-driven form of cell death, acts not only as an initiator of metabolic collapse but also as a sterile inflammatory trigger by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and activating pro-inflammatory pathways. In this paper, we propose the \"ferroptosis-inflammation circuit\" as a self-amplifying loop where ferroptosis fuels inflammation and the inflammatory microenvironment reciprocally promotes ferroptosis via cell type-specific mechanisms. Although ferroptosis in cardiovascular diseases has been reviewed, its immunopathological role in specific vascular diseases and how macrophages, neutrophils, T cells, and vascular cells collaboratively drive pathology through this circuit remains underexplored. The unique perspective of this review is a systematic focus on the dynamic interplay between ferroptosis and immune responses within the vascular wall, moving beyond static metabolic descriptions. We synthesize evidence linking ferroptosis to atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, stroke, aneurysms, and aortic dissection, emphasizing its immunological dimension across cell types. By defining the ferroptosis-inflammation circuit and its cell type-specific patterns, we reposition ferroptosis as a core pathological hub that couples metabolic dysregulation, immune activation, and vascular remodeling. Understanding this circuit may open novel therapeutic avenues for targeting the ferroptosis-immune interface.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13114199/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate, Fertility and Oxidative Stress: Systemic and Localized Responses Associated with Ambient Heat-Induced Subfertility in Stallions.","authors":"Narantsatsral Sandagdorj, Róisín A Griffin, Ceilidh Jenkins, Zamira Gibb, Aleona Swegen","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040500","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040500","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ambient heat exposure reduces male fertility in mammals with scrotal testes. Our previous work has demonstrated that some stallions are more susceptible to ambient heat-related subfertility than others, yet the mechanism for heat-induced subfertility remains uncertain, limiting both diagnosis and preventative measures. This study sought to define how the phenotype of stallions susceptible to heat-induced subfertility differs from that of more resilient animals, by measuring the systemic (blood plasma) and localized (reproductive tract) inflammatory and oxidative stress markers of sperm concentration, sperm motility assessments, total antioxidant capacity (TAC; in blood and seminal plasma), malondialdehyde (MDA; in blood and seminal plasma), oxidized guanine species (8-OH-2dG; in blood plasma and spermatozoa DNA), sperm DNA damage (assessed via Halo, SCSA (Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay) and CMA3 (Chromomycin A3)), and c-reactive protein (CRP; in blood plasma). Post-breeding dismount semen samples (<i>n</i> = 357) and blood plasma samples (<i>n</i> = 97) were collected from 31 stallions at commercial thoroughbred studs throughout one breeding season (NSW, Australia). A subset of stallions (16%) was deemed heat-induced subfertility-susceptible (HISS) stallions. These animals showed reduced seminal plasma antioxidant capacity, increased systemic and localized lipid peroxidation, and distinct systemic inflammatory response. Seminal antioxidant capacity was found to be strongly associated with impaired sperm motility (r = 0.739 * vs. r = -0.059). The plasma c-reactive protein of heat-susceptible stallions correlated to heat exposure (r = 0.597 *) and affected sperm motilities (r = -0.527 **, r = -0.434 *). Systemic oxidative DNA damage (8-OH-2dG) also increased following heat events (r = 0.862 ***) and correlated with fertility losses (FCP: r = -0.740 **, PCP: r = -0.603 *). Non-HISS stallions displayed greater variability in systemic antioxidant status and robust response following heat exposure (r = 0.307 *) and localized antioxidant capacity was more strongly correlated to systemic antioxidant capacity than in the heat-susceptible group (r = 0.897 *** vs. r = 0.482 **). We demonstrate that impaired antioxidant responses, altered redox balance and suppressed acute-phase inflammatory signalling are key features associated with heat-induced subfertility in stallions and highlight biomarkers that could be used to identify animals with heat-susceptible fertility.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113168/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and Regulation of Melatonin Biosynthetic Genes in Sweet Pepper During Ripening and Melatonin Treatment.","authors":"Jorge Taboada, Lourdes Sánchez-Moreno, José M Palma, Francisco J Corpas","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040503","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since its discovery in higher plants, melatonin has attracted considerable attention for its antioxidant properties and its diverse roles in plant physiology and stress responses. However, its biosynthetic pathway remains only partially elucidated, particularly in horticultural crops of economic and nutritional importance, such as pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i> L.) fruits. In our previous work, we identified five genes encoding tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), the first enzyme in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway in pepper. The present study expands on this by identifying and characterizing additional genes encoding enzymes involved in subsequent steps of the pathway, including four <i>tryptamine 5-hydroxylase</i> (<i>T5H</i>) genes, two <i>serotonin N-acetyltransferase</i> (<i>SNAT</i>) genes, three <i>N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase</i> (<i>ASMT</i>) genes, two <i>caffeic acid O-methyltransferase</i> (<i>COMT</i>) genes, and one <i>N-acetylserotonin deacetylase</i> (<i>ASDAC</i>) gene, representing a total of twelve newly identified genes. We further examined their expression in sweet pepper fruits and found that only nine of the identified genes are expressed in the fruit, with generally higher transcript levels during the unripe stages. Melatonin quantification in the California-type 'Masami' cultivar using UPLC with fluorescence detection (FD) revealed concentrations of 623 ng melatonin·g^-1 dry weight (DW) in green fruits and 431 ng melatonin·g^-1 DW in red fruits, consistent with the higher expression of melatonin biosynthetic genes in unripe fruit. Expression analysis of these genes by means of RNA-seq revealed differential modulation in response to exogenous melatonin treatments (20, 50, and 100 µM). To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that exogenous melatonin regulates the expression of genes involved in its own biosynthetic pathway in sweet pepper fruits. Notably, treatment with 100 µM melatonin delayed ripening in these non-climacteric fruits, highlighting its potential biotechnological application for controlling fruit ripening and improving postharvest management.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113004/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pten-Mediated Antioxidant Response Alleviates Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Damage in Tilapia Muscle.","authors":"Jianxiang Chen, Pao Xu, Miaomiao Xue, Jiyan He, Huaishun Shen, Hongxia Li, Changyou Song","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040499","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mechanisms underlying hydrogen peroxide (HP)-induced oxidative stress damage in the muscle of Nile tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>) remain poorly understood. In this study, an oxidative stress model was established through 2 mM HP exposure for 4 weeks to elucidate the effects of oxidative stress on tilapia muscle and regulatory mechanisms. The results demonstrated that prolonged oxidative stress inhibited the antioxidant response in tilapia muscle and significantly reduced body weight. Concurrently, oxidative stress downregulated the gene expression of muscle proliferation and development, leading to a loss of muscle mass and the deterioration of muscle texture. Furthermore, oxidative stress altered muscle cell fate and exacerbated inflammatory responses. Further transcriptomic analysis revealed that Pten played a critical regulatory role in the muscle antioxidant response and growth. Mechanistically, activation of Pten ameliorated antioxidant capacity and promoted cell proliferation. In conclusion, HP-mediated oxidative stress significantly inhibited muscle proliferation and development, while targeted regulation of Pten effectively alleviated the suppression of muscle antioxidant capacity and cell proliferation. This study provided a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of oxidative stress injury in tilapia aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13114245/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saffron as a Retinal Neuroprotectant: A Narrative Review of Preclinical Studies and Clinical Results.","authors":"Maria Anna Maggi, Rocco Mastromartino, Marco Piccardi, Angelo Maria Minnella, Dario Marangoni, Stefano Di Marco, Benedetto Falsini, Silvia Bisti","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040501","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present narrative review reports the main preclinical and clinical results obtained by using supplementation of saffron or its pure components in neurodegeneration, with special emphasis on age-related macular degeneration. Beyond that, this article will address shared pathways between neurodegenerative diseases of the eye and the brain. It will be shown that saffron treatment might counteract oxidative damage in the retina and brain, as well as inflammation and inflammatory mediators that induce neuronal degeneration and death. The ways of action are multiple, and saffron chemical components appear to act in a synergistic manner, inducing tissue resilience. These effects critically depend upon the saffron chemical composition and structure. A well-defined ratio among molecules is linked to a patented batch known as Repron^® and offers the maximum protection against neurodegeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13114051/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative Stress and Alcohol-Related Hepatitis: A Role for Future Therapies.","authors":"Francesca D'Arcangelo, Neil Rajoriya, Patricia F Lalor","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040493","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040493","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alcohol-associated Hepatitis (AH) is a rare acute injury caused by alcohol consumption, which can lead to one of the most severe manifestations of liver disease. It is part of the alcohol-related liver diseases (ArLD) spectrum, which represents a major global health burden, with oxidative stress and inflammation serving as central, interconnected pathogenic mechanisms. Chronic alcohol (ethanol) consumption induces hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through multiple pathways, including cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) induction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and NADPH oxidase activation. These oxidative insults trigger a cascade of cellular damage encompassing lipid peroxidation, protein adduct formation, DNA damage, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, ultimately leading to hepatocyte dysfunction and multiple forms of cell death, including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. The inflammatory response, orchestrated primarily by Kupffer cells and infiltrating neutrophils through Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling and inflammasome activation, not only amplifies hepatic injury but also promotes fibrogenesis through hepatic stellate cell activation. Neutrophils, characterised by elevated lipocalin-2 expression and spontaneous NETosis in AH, exhibit a paradoxical role by driving both tissue damage and repair. Current therapeutic strategies include corticosteroids, which remain the first-line treatment for severe AH, while emerging therapies targeting the gut-liver axis, hepatic regeneration, and specific molecular targets show promise in clinical trials. This review comprehensively examines the molecular crosstalk between oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of AH to highlight current and investigational therapeutic approaches targeting these interconnected pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113793/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neonatal Quercetin Reduces Intestinal Oxidative Damage and Upregulates Tight Junction-Related Genes in a Mouse Experimental Model of Cerebral Palsy.","authors":"Isla Ariadny Amaral de Souza Gonzaga Paz, Raul Manhães-de-Castro, Glayciele Leandro de Albuquerque, Osmar Henrique Dos Santos Junior, Henrique José Cavalcanti Bezerra Gouveia, Nathalia Caroline de Oliveira Melo, Francisco Carlos Amanajás de Aguiar Junior, Ana Elisa Toscano","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040495","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive neurological condition associated with neuroinflammation, motor impairments, and gastrointestinal dysfunction mediated by the gut-brain axis. Preserving the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity may represent a therapeutic strategy, and quercetin is a bioactive compound with potential intestinal protective effects. This study investigated the effects of neonatal quercetin treatment on morphometric parameters, oxidative stress markers, and epithelial barrier gene expression in an experimental CP model. Wistar rats were distributed into four groups according to health status and treatment with a vehicle (V) or quercetin (Q, 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally): healthy control (CV and CQ) and CP (CPV and CPQ) (n = 10/group). Intestinal morphology, oxidative stress markers, and gene expression (occludin, zonulin, and mucin 2) were evaluated. CP animals showed segment-specific alterations, with structural impairment predominantly in the ileum and increased oxidative damage in the jejunum. Quercetin attenuated oxidative stress markers and modulated antioxidant enzyme activity in CP, increased jejunal tight-junction gene expression in both healthy and CP groups, and enhanced MUC2 expression only in healthy animals, without fully reversing CP-induced morphological changes. In conclusion, neonatal quercetin modulates oxidative stress and epithelial barrier-related gene expression, supporting its potential as an adjuvant strategy for intestinal barrier protection in experimental CP.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113978/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catechin and Phenolic Profiles of Fermented Miang (<i>Camellia sinensis</i> var. <i>assamica</i>) and Their Application as Natural Antioxidants in Cosmetic Formulations.","authors":"Panee Sirisa-Ard, Jakaphun Julsrigival, Sunee Chansakaow, Suchart Punjaisee, Pramote Tipduangta, Kiatisak Pholsongkram, Wannaree Charoensup, Nichakan Peerakam, Nararat Akarchariya","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040497","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fermented Miang (<i>Camellia sinensis</i> var. <i>assamica</i>) serves as a valuable source of bioactive polyphenols and probiotic-associated components. This study characterized the catechin composition of fermented Miang extracts and evaluated their antioxidant capacity and suitability for cosmetic formulations. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was the predominant catechin (7.00 ± 0.93 mg/g dry weight), followed by catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin (EGC). The extracts remained physically and chemically stable for at least three months under various storage conditions, with the dried extract form offering advantages for handling and formulation. Fermentation duration significantly influenced phenolic accumulation and antioxidant activity, with four-month fermentation showing the highest activity. Prototype cleansing formulations, including transparent/opaque soap bars, liquid soap, and shampoo containing fermented Miang extract, exhibited acceptable physicochemical characteristics and retained antioxidant function. These findings highlight fermented Miang as a promising natural ingredient for antioxidant and probiotic-inspired cosmetic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147810056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Health Programming During Adolescence Is Associated with Increased Serum Levels of Carotenoids, Vitamin A, and Vitamin E in Young Women: An Observational Cohort Study.","authors":"Rebecca Drakowski, Matthew VanOrmer, Laura Ebers, Katie Mayhan, Anum Akbar, Colman Freel, Taija Hahka, Rebekah A S Rapoza, Corrine Hanson, Keyonna M King, Aaryn Mustoe, Melissa K Thoene, Ann L Anderson-Berry","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040498","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040498","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over 85% of young women in the United States do not meet fruit and vegetable intake recommendations, placing them at risk for low antioxidant nutrient intake. Social health programming (SHP) can improve dietary intake of fruits and vegetables, but it is not known how SHP impacts serum levels of specific antioxidant nutrients. This observational cohort study assessed the effect of participation in SHP through Girls Inc., Omaha, on serum carotenoid, retinol, and tocopherol levels for 12-29-year-old women. Serum nutrient levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and nutrient intake from diet was measured using three 24 h dietary recalls (ASA24^®). Pearson chi-squared tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and linear regressions were used to compare differences in nutritional status between SHP participants and non-participants. After adjustment for age and race/ethnicity, SHP participation was associated with significantly higher serum concentrations of total lycopene, δ-tocopherol, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein + zeaxanthin, and α-carotene. There were no between-group differences in average daily intake of carotenoids, vitamin A, or vitamin E after adjustment for race/ethnicity and age. These findings suggest that SHP may be a successful intervention to improve antioxidant nutritional status.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113769/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative Stress, Environmental Pollutants, Aging, and Epigenetic Regulation: Mechanistic Insights and Biomarker Advances.","authors":"Minelly Krystal Gonzalez Acevedo, Michael Powers, Luca Cucullo","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040494","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental pollutants, lifestyle factors, and intrinsic metabolism can amplify reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generation beyond antioxidant capacity. The resulting oxidative stress damages macromolecules, perturbs redox signaling, and may accelerate biological aging. This review synthesizes evidence published mainly in 2020-2025 on how major pollutant classes (air pollutants, metals, pesticides, nanoparticles, and micro-/nanoplastics) induce ROS through shared nodes mitochondrial electron transport disruption, NADPH oxidase activation, and redox cycling/Fenton chemistry and how these signals propagate to epigenetic remodeling (DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs). To move beyond descriptive cataloging, we grade the strength of evidence by study context (cell culture, animal models, human observational studies, and clinically oriented biomarker research), highlight convergent findings and unresolved controversies, and specify key methodological limits. We then compare oxidative-stress biomarker platforms by analytical specificity, pre-analytical susceptibility, and translational readiness, distinguishing validated markers from exploratory redox-epigenetic and multi-omics signatures. Finally, we discuss how exposomics and AI-assisted multi-omics integration may support biomarker discovery while emphasizing current constraints (confounding, batch effects, and limited prospective validation) that must be addressed for clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13114043/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}