Antioxidants最新文献

{"title":"Inhibitory Effects and Mechanisms of Volatile Organic Compounds from <i>Schizophyllum commune</i> Against the Pepper Gummosis Pathogen <i>Fusarium tricinctum</i>.","authors":"Bin Wang, Yuke Yan, Yuyan Sun, Chongqing Zhang, Xinyi Wang, Wei Chen, Jing He","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040437","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gumming disease caused by <i>Fusarium tricinctum</i> severely threatens <i>Zanthoxylum bungeanum</i> production. This study investigated the antifungal potential of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by an endophytic fungus, <i>Schizophyllum commune</i>, isolated from <i>Z. bungeanum</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A dual-culture assay evaluated VOCs inhibition against <i>F. tricinctum</i>. Compounds were identified using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the antifungal mechanism of this component was explored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VOCs from <i>S. commune</i> significantly inhibited mycelial growth and sporulation of the pathogen. Among 53 identified compounds, 1-octen-3-ol (mushroom alcohol) was the most abundant (35.98% relative content) and exhibited strong antifungal activity with an EC₅₀ of 0.15 µL/mL against <i>F. tricinctum</i>. Mechanistically, 1-octen-3-ol disrupted cell membrane integrity by increasing alkaline phosphatase and β-1,3-glucanase activities, leading to enhanced permeability and content leakage. It also induced oxidative stress by promoting reactive oxygen species accumulation via elevated NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities, while suppressing antioxidant enzymes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>1-octen-3-ol inhibits <i>F. tricinctum</i> through membrane disruption and oxidative stress, offering a promising eco-friendly strategy for controlling gumming disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113682/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Momordica charantia</i> L. Confers Multifaceted Protection Against 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Intestinal Injury via Inhibition of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, and Tight Junction Disruption.","authors":"Wen-Ping Jiang, Jaung-Geng Lin, Atsushi Inose, Wen-Liang Wu, Song-Jie Chiang, Guan-Jhong Huang","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040431","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040431","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Momordica charantia</i> L. (MC), also referred to as bitter gourd or bitter melon, is a Cucurbi taceae plant renowned for its medicinal benefits. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is employed as a frontline chemotherapeutic agent, with its antitumor activity mediated through the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis. However, its therapeutic efficacy is often compromised by serious adverse effects, particularly gastrointestinal inflammation. Therefore, this research examined the efficacy of the ethanolic extract of <i>Momordica charantia</i> fruit (EMC) in mitigating 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis in mice. Mucositis was induced in mice by intraperitoneal administration of 5-FU at 50 mg/kg from experimental days 4 to 7, with EMC administered orally at doses of 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg once daily for ten consecutive days. 5-FU exposure resulted in severe intestinal injury, manifested by markedly upregulated inflammation and oxidative stress. EMC treatment significantly reversed these pathophysiological alterations, restoring mucosal architecture and function. Furthermore, EMC effectively reduced the 5-FU-induced release of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers. These results demonstrate that EMC acts as a novel protective modulator of 5-FU-induced mucositis, offering substantial translational potential as an adjunctive supportive therapy in colorectal cancer management.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113122/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomaterial-Based Therapeutic Delivery: Integrating Redox Biology, Genetic Engineering, and Imaging-Guided Treatment.","authors":"Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher, Daniel Roshan Justin Raj, David Aebisher","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040430","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040430","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanomaterials are emerging versatile platforms for therapeutic delivery, as they offer precise control over drug, antioxidant, and genetic payload transport across biological barriers. Inorganic, organic, hybrid, and biomimetic systems are the major classes of nanomaterials, which all have different physicochemical properties such as size, surface charge, and surface functionalization. These properties collectively influence stability, biodistribution, cellular uptake, and release kinetics. Engineering strategies are increasingly using stimuli-responsive designs that are triggered by pH, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and intracellular redox gradients to perform spatially and temporally controlled delivery. Antioxidant and redox-modulating nanocarriers are of great importance as they overcome the limited bioavailability and nonspecific activity of conventional antioxidants by improving stability, targeting oxidative microenvironments, and allowing for regulated release. Improvements in lipid, polymeric, and inorganic nanoplatforms have also developed gene delivery applications, including siRNA, mRNA, and CRISPR/Cas systems, to provide better cytosolic release and precise therapeutics. When diagnostic imaging is integrated with therapy through theranostic nanoparticles, real-time monitoring and personalized intervention are possible. Safety, scalable manufacturing, and regulatory alignment are some challenges that show the need for standardization and translational procedures to utilize the potential of theranostic nanomedicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113825/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isoflurane Preconditioning Enhances Neuronal Tolerance to Amyloid-β Toxicity in HT-22 Cells via Mild Oxidative Signaling and Akt-Nrf2 Activation.","authors":"Shih-Hsuan Chen, Sing-Hua Tsou, Shao-Hsing Weng, Shun-Hui Huang, Wei-Jen Chen, Chien-Ning Huang, Ching-Chi Chang, Chih-Li Lin","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040432","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040432","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Isoflurane is a widely used volatile anesthetic with context-dependent effects on neuronal survival, particularly in neurodegenerative conditions. Increasing evidence suggests that brief, sublethal stress exposure can induce adaptive cellular responses through hormesis-based preconditioning mechanisms. In this study, we investigated whether isoflurane preconditioning enhances neuronal tolerance to amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced toxicity and explored the underlying redox-dependent molecular pathways. Using HT-22 murine hippocampal neuronal cells, we demonstrate that short-term exposure to low-dose isoflurane induces a delayed neuroprotective phenotype characterized by improved cell viability, reduced apoptotic signaling, and maintained mitochondrial membrane potential following Aβ challenge. Mechanistically, isoflurane preconditioning elicited a mild and transient increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is critical for the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Pharmacological scavenging of reactive oxygen species abolished Akt phosphorylation and reduced the protective effects of preconditioning, supporting a hormetic signaling model rather than direct antioxidant action. Following Akt activation, isoflurane preconditioning promoted the inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), decreased Keap1 protein levels, and facilitated nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Consequently, the expression of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant genes, including heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 (SOD1/2), and catalase, was significantly upregulated. Collectively, these findings indicate that isoflurane preconditioning confers neuroprotection through hormesis-like mild oxidative signaling and coordinated activation of endogenous antioxidant defenses rather than via direct antioxidant scavenging.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113087/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apple Pomace as a Source of Valuable Phenolics: From Drying Kinetics to Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Using Conventional and Alternative Solvents.","authors":"Silviu Măntăilă, Nicoleta Balan, Ștefania Adelina Milea, Oana Viorela Nistor, Doina Georgeta Andronoiu, Gabriel Dănuț Mocanu, Gabriela Râpeanu, Nicoleta Stănciuc","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040429","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Industrial processing of apple to obtain products like juice or cider generates a significant amount of pomace, which represents 25-30% of the fresh fruit mass. Different technologies are needed to valorize apple pomace (AP), considering its significant amount of high-value compounds, such as fiber, vitamins, and polyphenols. Hot-air convection (CA) and infrared (IR) drying are widely used methods for preserving polyphenols from by-products, such as apple pomace (AP), while also extending their shelf life. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of CA and IR drying on drying kinetics, color parameters, and the preservation of polyphenolic compounds, as well as to identify a sustainable extraction approach. Both drying methods significantly affected the color characteristics and content of polyphenols with high antioxidant activity. A significant impact was noticed at higher temperatures, which may be associated with the partial inactivation of browning enzymes. IR drying resulted in a shorter drying time and lower specific energy consumption compared to CA. Furthermore, the assessment of solvent efficiency in ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) indicated that the natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) composed of choline chloride and glycerol (1:1 molar ratio) provided superior recovery of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity compared to conventional solvents and the other NaDES analyzed. Optimization of UAE conditions using this polyol-based NaDES allowed for achieving an extract characterized by a polyphenolic profile dominated by flavan-3-ols (catechin and epigallocatechin), followed by phenolic acids, mainly chlorogenic acid. These results confirm the potential of AP as a valuable source of bioactive compounds and of polyol-based NaDESs as a sustainable and efficient alternative for their recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147810034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next-Generation Redox Mediators: Itaconate, Nitro-Fatty Acids, Reactive Sulfur Species and Succinate as Emerging Switches in Predictive Redox Medicine.","authors":"Luca Gammeri, Alessandro Allegra, Fabio Stagno, Sebastiano Gangemi","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040427","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxidative stress is no longer viewed as a random imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants, but as a failure of an integrated redox network that connects metabolism, immunity, and metal homeostasis. Classical markers such as malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal define oxidative damage, yet they cannot explain how redox adaptation occurs or fails. Over the past decade, the discovery of regulated cell-death pathways (ferroptosis, cuproptosis) and emerging metabolic signals has revealed a new generation of adaptive redox mediators-including itaconate, nitro-fatty acids, reactive sulfur species and succinate-that act as electrophilic or persulfidating regulators rather than passive by-products of oxidation. This review integrates mechanistic, biochemical and clinical evidence to define how these mediators remodel the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha axes, coordinate lipid-metal-sulfur cross-talk, and shape vulnerability or resistance to ferroptosis and cuproptosis. By combining deep molecular research with translational perspectives, we propose a unifying framework for predictive redox medicine based on composite biomarker panels and AI-assisted phenotyping. Understanding and quantifying these next-generation mediators will open new avenues for precision nutrition, drug development, and disease prevention-transforming oxidative-stress biology from a descriptive field into an actionable platform for human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13138660/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cimigenoside Attenuates Ulcerative Colitis by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation via Sirtuin 3 Enhancement in Mice.","authors":"Jie-Ming Chang, Yu-Mei Shan, Yu-Hang Zhou, Jing-Wen Lu, Hao Ding, Ying Zhou, Yu-Fan Ji, Rui-Jie Tao, Wen-Hao Zhu, Ting-Dong Yan, Zhao-Guo Liu","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040428","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a highly prevalent chronic non-specific intestinal inflammatory disorder for which effective therapeutic options are urgently needed. The active component cimigenoside (CIM) possesses promising anti-inflammatory bioactivity; however, its therapeutic efficacy and underlying molecular mechanism against UC remain to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of CIM on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC. Mice received drinking water containing 2.5% DSS to induce a UC model, and were then treated with different dosages of CIM for 10 consecutive days. The results found that CIM restored the colonic length, alleviated pathological damage to the colon, preserved intestinal mucosal barrier integrity, and inhibited colonic oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in DSS-induced mice. Additionally, DSS induction reduced the expression of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) protein in the colonic tissues of mice; however, this was improved by treatment with CIM. Notably, the above protective roles of CIM on DSS-induced UC were unavailable in SIRT3-knockout (SIRT3-KO) mice. Notably, the docking score of CIM binding to SIRT3 is -11.3 kcal/mol, suggesting that CIM could directly bind to SIRT3. Collectively, CIM directly binds to SIRT3 and upregulates its protein expression, which in turn inhibits colonic inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby exerting anti-UC effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113098/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147810013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthetic Novel Flavonoids SZQ-4 Suppress Osteoclastogenesis and Ameliorate Osteoporosis via Inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species and Regulating SIRT3.","authors":"Runqi Zhou, Yichi Zhang, Bin Li, Mengjia Yi, Junhao Tu, Tianle Jiang, Haofu Jiang, Chaoming Hu, Yifan Ping, Jun Wang, Yixin Mao, Yang Chen, Zengqiang Song, Xian Tong, Shengbin Huang, Shufan Zhao","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040426","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040426","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global prevalence of osteoporosis is rising, particularly among the elderly and post-menopausal population. Although natural flavonoids can inhibit osteoclast overactivation, their low abundance and extraction challenges limit clinical translation. In this study, we synthesized a flavonoid derivative, SZQ-4, and evaluated its therapeutic potential for post-menopausal osteoporosis (PMO). Using an RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis model in vitro, we demonstrated through TRAP staining, RT-qPCR, and bone resorption assays that SZQ-4 significantly suppresses osteoclast formation and activity. Mechanistically, RNA-seq, Western blot, siRNA knockdown, and plasmid-based overexpression experiments revealed that SZQ-4 reduces RANKL-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, regulates <i>SIRT3</i> expression, and improves mitochondrial function, thereby attenuating osteoclast differentiation. In an ovariectomy-induced bone loss mouse model, SZQ-4 treatment markedly alleviated femoral bone loss, decreased osteoclast numbers, and lowered ROS levels in the bone marrow microenvironment. Collectively, our findings indicate that SZQ-4 inhibits osteoclast-driven bone resorption by modulating the ROS-<i>SIRT3</i>-mitochondrial function axis, highlighting its potential as a candidate for preventing pathological bone loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melatonin May Improve Post-Thaw Sperm Motility in <i>Epinephelus fuscoguttatus</i> by Potentially Regulating Mitochondrial mPTP via the MT2/PI3K/GSK-3β Pathway: First Evidence in Teleosts.","authors":"Yuxin Zhang, Qingxin Ruan, Weiwei Zhang, Yingxin Wu, Jiajie Li, Qinghua Wang, Fanming Guo, Yang Yang, Zining Meng","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040422","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melatonin, a well-known antioxidant, has been widely used in sperm cryopreservation of various animals, but its regulatory mechanism in fish remains unclear. This first study on teleosts suggests a potential molecular mechanism by which melatonin may improve post-thaw sperm quality of <i>Epinephelus fuscoguttatus</i> via targeting mitochondrial function. Compared with the melatonin group, the MT1 receptor-inhibited group showed slightly higher sperm motility (77.09 ± 3.41% vs. 76.50 ± 1.10%), significantly inhibited mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening (12.64 ± 1.05% vs. 18.29 ± 1.38%), and maintained higher mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; 85.86 ± 0.18% vs. 81.81 ± 0.69%), with both groups performing better than the control. In contrast, the MT2-inhibited and MT1/2 dual-inhibited groups exhibited reduced sperm quality compared with the MT group, suggesting that MT2 may serve as the core receptor for melatonin to regulate mitochondrial homeostasis in teleosts. Mechanistically, melatonin-activated MT2 potentially inhibits mPTP opening via the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway, and this protective effect was abrogated by the PI3K and GSK-3β inhibitors. This receptor-mediated process synergized with melatonin's direct antioxidant effect, as ROS levels in all melatonin-treated groups were significantly lower than the control. This study is the first to find pharmacological evidence for the melatonin-MT2/PI3K/GSK-3β axis in maintaining teleost sperm mitochondrial function; it also reveals potential mechanistic differences between teleosts and mammals and fills a critical knowledge gap regarding this signaling cascade in teleost reproductive biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113446/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenic Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Clinical Implications.","authors":"Caterina Toma, Diego Ferdeghini, Mohammad Mostafa Ola Pour, Sakthipriyan Venkatesan, Stefano De Cillà, Elena Grossini","doi":"10.3390/antiox15040425","DOIUrl":"10.3390/antiox15040425","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss worldwide and represents a complex neurovascular complication of diabetes mellitus driven by chronic hyperglycemia. Increasing evidence identifies oxidative stress-defined as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses-as a central pathogenic mechanism linking metabolic dysregulation to retinal injury. The retina is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to its high metabolic demand, elevated oxygen consumption, and abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Hyperglycemia activates multiple interconnected biochemical pathways, including the polyol and hexosamine pathways, protein kinase C signaling, advanced glycation end-product formation, and lipid peroxidation, all of which converge on excessive ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction. Growing attention has focused on oxidative stress biomarkers as tools to characterize DR severity and progression. Elevated systemic markers of lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation, together with impaired antioxidant capacity, correlate with disease stage, while oxidative biomarkers detected in aqueous and vitreous humor reflect localized retinal injury. Importantly, oxidative stress biomarkers are also associated with functional outcomes, including best-corrected visual acuity and diabetic macular edema. Integration of systemic and ocular oxidative biomarkers with clinical staging may improve risk stratification and support personalized therapeutic strategies in DR.</p>","PeriodicalId":7984,"journal":{"name":"Antioxidants","volume":"15 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13113219/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}