American journal of veterinary research最新文献

{"title":"Proteomic profiling reveals the potential role of allogenic equine platelet-rich plasma and extracellular vesicles in modulating tendon inflammation and repair.","authors":"Emily J Clarke, Anders Jensen, Alexandra M Gillen, David Bardell, Mark Senior, James R Anderson, Mandy J Peffers","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.24.08.0241","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.24.08.0241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the protein composition of equine platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and PRP-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and evaluate their effects on tendon inflammation in vitro. As tendon injuries are common in horses and treatment with PRP derived from the horse's own blood shows promise, but outcomes vary due to inconsistent composition. PRP contains EVs that facilitate cell communication.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From December 2022 through May 2023, equine plasma (n = 3, adult) was isolated via double centrifugation and PRP produced using a commercial kit. Extracellular vesicles were isolated using differential ultracentrifugation and characterized with a tetraspanin assay. Equine tenocyte fibroblasts (n = 6) were stimulated with IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α for 24 hours to induce an inflammatory state simulating injury before treatment with PRP or PRP-derived EVs. Proteomic analysis employed data-dependent LC-MS-MS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to plasma, PRP and PRP EVs were enriched in proteins related to cellular waste disposal and inhibition of lipid metabolism. Experimental conditions significantly influenced the levels of 18 proteins in tenocyte fibroblasts. Collagen type 1 α chain 1 abundance decreased with treatment of PRP and PRP EVs, with implications for collagen metabolism. An increase in sequestosome 1 was also observed, having the potential to enhance inflammation or resolve it through autophagy-mediated degradation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PRP EVs influence the proteome of inflammatory tenocyte fibroblasts and may contribute to PRP's therapeutic effects.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Understanding the protein composition of PRP and PRP-derived EVs may help optimize PRP-based treatments for tendon injuries. Therapies could become more consistent and effective, reducing reinjury rates and improving tendon healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatoprotective effects of mesenchymal stem cells in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity in rats: restoration of liver parameters and histopathological evaluation.","authors":"Ahmed Fotouh, Nady Khairy Elbarbary, Maha Abdullah Momenah, Mohsen A Khormi, Wafaa H Mohamed, Hoda S Sherkawy, Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed, Mohamed Diab, Said Elshafae","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.03.0074","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.25.03.0074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in alleviating carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was conducted from October 2024 through February 2025. A total of 80 rats (20 rats for MSC isolation and 60 additional rats) were divided into groups. The negative control groups received olive oil twice weekly for 9 weeks, a positive control group received CCl4 in olive oil twice weekly for 9 weeks, and an MSC test group received the same treatment as the positive control group, followed by treatment with MSCs once a week for 4 weeks. Liver enzyme levels (ALT, ASP, and ALP) and the oxidant-antioxidant parameters (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, catalase activity, and total antioxidant capacity) were assessed. Histopathological analysis of liver tissues was performed to examine the extent of liver damage.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed increases in liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers in the positive control group compared to the negative control group. The MSC test group exhibited reduced liver enzyme levels, enhanced antioxidant activity, and improved histological findings, with reduced inflammation and fibrosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MSCs possess a potent hepatoprotective effect through the restoration of antioxidant defenses, reduction of oxidative stress, and promotion of tissue regeneration.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This study supports the potential of MSC-based therapy as a promising approach for the treatment of liver damage caused by toxic insults, such as CCl4.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foam-based depopulation methods of swine differ from water submersion based on computed tomography findings and postmortem lesions.","authors":"Janice Y Park, Magnus R Campler, Justin D Kieffer, Turi K Aarnes, Eric M Green, Denise Bailey, Marie R Culhane, Andréia G Arruda, Andrew S Bowman","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0035","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the extent of fluid incursion throughout the respiratory tract of anesthetized pigs terminated using 3 different depopulation methods compared to termination by water submersion (H2O).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Inclusion criteria included pigs aged approximately 40 days. The study occurred over 2 consecutive days during spring. Pigs were anesthetized and terminated using their assigned method: water-based foam, high-expansion nitrogen foam, carbon dioxide gas, or H2O. Respiratory tracts were evaluated 3 ways: CT, gross examination, and histopathology. Immediately after death, pigs were CT scanned, and opacity changes were scored. After gross examination, representative tissues were scored microscopically.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>48 pigs were assigned to 4 treatment groups of 12 pigs each. Compared to all other methods, H2O had higher odds of increased opacities on CT in several proximal structures and bronchi and pulmonary parenchyma of multiple lung lobes. All groups had pulmonary petechiae to regional hemorrhages and subpleural hemorrhages. Emphysema aquosum was observed exclusively in H2O pigs (4 of 12 [33.3%]). Histologically, carbon dioxide gas had 97.8% decreased odds of pulmonary hemorrhage compared to H2O after accounting for sex.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Postmortem lesions and CT opacity patterns associated with water-based foam and high-expansion nitrogen foam are dissimilar to H2O. Foam-based methods involve mechanistic differences from drowning through either environmental or occlusional anoxia, not overt fluid inundation of airways.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Foam-based methods are valuable candidates for US swine production and must be separated from the mislabel of drowning. Our findings provide new information regarding large-scale depopulation tools for emergency response efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiography underestimates the severity of tracheobronchoscopy-confirmed grade IV tracheal collapse in dogs.","authors":"Masahiro Suematsu, Caroline V Fulkerson, Reo Nishi, Masahiro Murakami","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0150","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the agreement between radiographic and tracheobronchoscopic assessments of grade IV tracheal collapse (TC) in dogs and characterize the prevalence of the radiographic axial-rotation pattern.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included dogs diagnosed with grade IV TC via tracheobronchoscopy from 2021 through 2024. Inspiratory and expiratory right-lateral thoracic radiographs and tracheobronchoscopy images were reviewed. Collapse at 4 sites (midcervical, thoracic inlet, midthoracic, and carina) was categorized as mild (≤ 50%) or severe (> 50%). The most severe radiographic observation per site, the dominant radiographic finding, was compared with tracheobronchoscopic grade by weighted κ statistics and percentages of agreement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>78 dogs had inspiratory radiographs, and 68 also had expiratory radiographs. Radiography identified severe collapse in 68 of 78 dogs (87.2%) at the thoracic inlet but less frequently at midcervical (38 of 78 [48.7%]), midthoracic (9 of 78 [11.5%]), and carinal sites (9 of 78 [11.5%]). Agreement was fair for the midthoracic trachea (weighted κ = 0.24) and slight to poor elsewhere. The percentage of agreement for severe versus nonsevere collapse was 87.2% (68 of 78) at the thoracic inlet, followed by midthoracic (76.9% [60 of 78]), carina (66.7% [52 of 78]), and midcervical (47.4% [37 of 78]) sites. Mild or no radiographic collapse was observed in 11 of 78 cases (14.1%) despite grade IV collapse on tracheobronchoscopy. Radiographic pattern, known as TC with axial-rotation (Rad-AR) confined to the thoracic inlet was present in 17 of 78 cases (21.8%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Thoracic radiographs often underestimate the grade IV TC and cannot exclude disease when collapse is not visible.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Radiography is a useful screening tool for localizing severe TC when collapse is evident, but tracheobronchoscopy remains essential for definitive staging and therapeutic planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recall interferon-γ responses against Coccidioides are a surrogate marker for vaccine response in dogs.","authors":"Lisa F Shubitz, Daniel A Powell, Christine D Butkiewicz, Jeffrey A Frelinger, John N Galgiani","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0119","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To develop an interferon γ (IFN-γ) recall assay to detect a T-cell response following vaccination because antibody is seldom detected in Δcps1-vaccinated dogs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from naturally infected dogs with a history of coccidioidomycosis or dogs from a nonendemic area. Two- to 5-month-old Beagles were vaccinated 2 to 4 times up to 28 days apart with live, avirulent Δcps1 and bled on study days 42, 68, or 90. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with Δcps1 and stained to detect CD4+ T-cell IFN-γ expression. The percentage of CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells compared to unstimulated baseline was calculated for each dog.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All 5 naturally infected dogs with coccidioidomycosis had T-cell IFN-γ responses, and the 2 unexposed nonendemic dogs did not. Fourteen of 15 dogs vaccinated with Δcps1 had recall IFN-γ responses. Subcutaneously vaccinated dogs (n = 5) had a mean 1.85-fold increase in IFN-γ over baseline, whereas IM-vaccinated dogs (n = 10) were a mean of 6- to 10-fold higher. The percentage of CD4+IFN-γ+ cells was higher from restimulated cells compared to baseline in both SC- and IM-vaccinated dogs (SC twice [n = 5]: 95% CI, 0.001 to 0.543; IM twice [n = 5]: 95% CI, 0.9734 to 1.948; IM 4 times [n = 5]: 95% CI, 1.207 to 5.083).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The T-cell IFN-γ recall assay of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinated dogs detects a cell-mediated immune response to the Δcps1 vaccine.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This assay has potential utility as a surrogate marker for vaccine-induced immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of septa in the urinary bladder of client-owned rabbits leading to urinary outflow obstruction, urinary retention, and urinary bladder distension.","authors":"Giulia Bersanetti, Paolo Selleri, Alice Reginato, Elvio Lepri, Marco Masi, Nicola Di Girolamo","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.03.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.03.0101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe a novel condition in rabbits characterized by the development of septa in the urinary bladder leading to partial urinary outflow obstruction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A multicenter retrospective case series was designed, including 7 rabbits presented from 2017 to 2023 that met 2 inclusion criteria: (1) underwent histopathology of the urinary bladder, and (2) had clinical evidence of membranes and septa in the urinary bladder through diagnostic imaging and/or necropsy. Clinical signs of urinary outflow obstruction and bladder distension were observed in all cases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Abdominal radiographs and ultrasound identified abnormalities consistent with septa in 5 of 7 and 1 of 3 cases, respectively. In all 7 rabbits, the septa were visible via rigid cystoscopy. In 6 cases, the septum developed in a dorsoventral/laterolateral plane, causing variable degrees of narrowing of the lumen of the bladder neck and accumulation of sediment cranial to it. In 1 case, the septum developed in a craniocaudal/laterolateral plane, dividing the bladder neck into dorsal and ventral portions. The most common histopathological findings in the septum included urothelial hyperplasia (7 of 7) and heterophilic, lymphocytic, and plasmocytic inflammation (5 of 7). One rabbit died while recovering from cystoscopy. In the remaining 6 cases, endoscopic removal of the septum resolved the clinical signs consistent with urinary outflow obstruction and urinary retention.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Rabbits can develop septa inside their urinary bladder. These benign proliferations can result in urinary outflow obstruction and urinary retention.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Rigid cystoscopy was effective for the diagnosis and treatment of urinary outflow obstruction and urinary retention.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144191294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding excellence in fish health.","authors":"Kevin Snekvik, Claire Burbick, Nora Hickey, Ryan Oliveira, Allan Pessier, Preeyanan Sriwanayos, Tom Waltzek","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.05.0160","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.25.05.0160","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144179844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of amikacin antimicrobial intravenous regional limb perfusion in canine pelvic limbs.","authors":"Gillian Davies, Samantha L Morello, Tatiana H Ferreira, Kyle J Bartholomew, Brett Nemke, Jason A Bleedorn","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.03.0098","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.25.03.0098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To use contrast venography and intravascular pressure monitoring to determine optimal perfusion volumes during IV regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) and to determine systemic, articular, and osseous concentrations of amikacin achieved following IVRLP in dogs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Animals were anesthetized and had lateral saphenous vein catheters placed. Incremental IV contrast venography with pressure monitoring was performed on one limb with a tourniquet proximal to the stifle to estimate vascular filling volume. Intravenous regional limb perfusion was performed on the contralateral hindlimb using 5 mg/kg amikacin, IV, diluted to the total filling volume. Systemic blood samples and synovial fluid were collected prior to infusion and immediately prior to and 30 minutes after tourniquet removal. Tibial bone marrow aspirates were collected after tourniquet removal. Samples were analyzed for amikacin concentration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Contrast IVRLP perfused the pelvic limb distal to the tourniquet with a median volume of 10 mL (range, 6 to 16 mL) and perfusion pressure of 77.5 mm Hg (range, 37 to 130 mm Hg). The median systemic amikacin concentration with the tourniquet in place was low (0.6 μg/mL) and increased to 11.5 μg/mL following removal. The amikacin concentrations in synovial fluid and bone marrow were 109.8 and 49.7 μg/mL, respectively, with high interdog variability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Contrast venography and tissue amikacin levels suggest that IVRLP is feasible in the canine pelvic limb as the amikacin concentrations in 75% of synovial fluid and 33% of bone marrow samples exceeded 10 times the MIC required to inhibit 90% of isolates (MIC90) reported for Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This study offers a baseline protocol for canine IVRLP for use in limb infections. Further studies should focus on drug delivery optimization and clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144180127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invariant chain binds to both major histocompatibility complex I and major histocompatibility complex II in ducks.","authors":"Yibo Zhu, Jiayu Sun, Kewei Liu, Xuqing Zhou, Wen Lv, Jinchun Li, Fangfang Chen","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.24.12.0394","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.24.12.0394","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the intracellular localization and binding of duck invariant chain (Ii) to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Iα or MHC class IIβ molecules.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>First, the genes of duck Ii, MHC Iα, and MHC IIβ were amplified by PCR, cloned into expression plasmids, and then sequenced to compare homology between ducks and selected agricultural species. Second, Rosetta or 293T cells were transfected with plasmids encoding Ii, MHC Iα, and MHC IIβ either alone or in combination to interrogate binding following expression. The fluorescent reporter molecules used to tag/image transfected cells and expressed protein were identified by western blot. Additionally, the binding interaction of the expressed products was observed by affinity purification using pull-down assay and coimmunoprecipitation. Finally, intracellular colocalization was observed by laser confocal microscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of western blots demonstrated that all constructed plasmids successfully expressed proteins. Pull down and coimmunoprecipitation revealed that Ii could bind Iα or IIβ, forming Ii-Iα or Ii-IIβ complexes, and they dissociated into single molecules after SDS treatment. In 293T cells, Ii interacts with MHC Iα or MHC IIβ chains and colocalizes intracellularly. Confocal fluorescence microscopy assay indicated that MHC Iα and IIβ were located in the endoplasmic reticulum and endosome.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both MHC and Ii proteins exhibit direct interactions and can colocalize in the endoplasmic reticulum and endosomes.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This study investigates the relationship between duck Ii and MHC proteins, offering a theoretical foundation for exploring the role of Ii in immune responses and advancing the development of Ii-vectored avian vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144179494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inflammatory marker analysis of uterine cytobrush samples helps identify mares with endometritis.","authors":"Jennine Lection, Maria Schnobrich, Bettina Wagner, Michael Byron, Bradley Back, Alicia Rollins, Rafaella F Castro Alves, Soon Hon Cheong, Mariana Diel de Amorim","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.02.0059","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.25.02.0059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate inflammatory cytokine and chemokine concentrations in endometrial samples collected by cytobrush or swab as a potential screening diagnostic marker for equine endometritis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>88 mares had endometrial samples collected, which included cytobrush, swab, and/or biopsy. Clinical reproductive records, reproductive ultrasound examination, endometrial cytology and culture results, and biopsy grading score were recorded. Fluorescent bead-based multiplex assays for the inflammatory markers interferon-γ, interferon-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17A, soluble CD14, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, CCL3, CCL5, and CCL11 were carried out from the endometrial cytobrush and swab samples in reproductively healthy mares and mares with endometritis in a prospective cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The endometrial cytobrush technique yielded higher inflammatory marker concentrations for mares with endometritis than endometrial swabs. Tumor necrosis factor-α was increased in endometrial cytobrush samples from estrous mares that had endometrial neutrophils on cytology (n = 14; median, 4,185 pg/mL; IQR, 1,318.8 to 7,530 pg/mL) compared to samples from mares without neutrophils on cytology (n = 68; median, 1,653 pg/mL; IQR, 672 to 3,606.8 pg/mL; CI, 288 to 3,715) and in mares with endometritis (n = 14; median, 4,185 pg/mL; IQR, 1,318.8 to 7,530 pg/mL) compared to mares without endometritis (n = 57; median, 1,718 pg/mL; IQR, 651.5 to 3,968 pg/mL; CI, 580 to 4,383). Finally, mares with uterine TNF-α concentrations < 3,942 pg/mL in combination with CCL5 concentrations < 15,985 pg/mL had a 100% chance of identifying as a mare with a healthy endometrium.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Increased concentrations of TNF-α and CCL5 in endometrial cytobrush samples are identified in mares with inflammatory endometritis.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Inflammatory markers measured from endometrial cytobrush samples could be used to identify mares for endometritis that may have false negative results.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144179659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}