American journal of veterinary research最新文献

{"title":"Development and validation of a chronic diagnosis inventory that enables reliable documentation of canine multimorbidity in the Dog Aging Project.","authors":"Tara Long, Kellyn E McNulty, Kate E Creevy, Annette Fitzpatrick, Alisa Hutchison, Audrey Ruple","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.02.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.02.0038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To develop and validate a novel chronic diagnosis inventory (CDI) to enable the study of canine multimorbidity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An initial CDI draft was created by a veterinary internist, a veterinary epidemiologist, and a human health epidemiologist, and 34 nonspecialist veterinarians were chosen by convenience sampling throughout the US to review medical records and apply the CDI during 2 pilot studies conducted in January and February 2021 (pilot 1) and May and June 2021 (pilot 2). We specified the following inclusion criteria for records: (1) contained within an electronic veterinary medical record system, (2) from a general veterinary practice, (3) dogs ≥ 8 years old, (4) documented ≥ 3 veterinary visits, and (5) most recently documented patient visit within 2 months prior to the study. The CDI was assessed through commercially available survey-generating instruments, and correlation analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Inter-rater κ statistics in the first pilot were poor, leading to clarifications and minor alterations to the CDI. Inter- and intrarater agreement for the second pilot indicated high diagnostic reliability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The CDI was validated as a tool for documenting multimorbidity in dogs.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The CDI will enable veterinarians to accurately and consistently document multimorbidity in diverse settings, which will enable the construction of multimorbidity tools. These tools can be used to predict the development of new morbidities in a multimorbid dog, anticipate the impact of new diagnoses on patient lifespan and quality of life, and plan for associated healthcare costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating resources for well-being in veterinary students and graduates: contextualizing contemporary literature.","authors":"Lauren C Bookbinder","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.02.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.02.0037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mental ill-being in veterinary professionals is well described, and there are decades of scholarship and strategies aimed at preventing these outcomes. These efforts are impactful and important, but there is a critical need to balance the prevention of mental ill-being with the promotion of mental well-being in veterinary students and graduates. In 2017, the Journal of Veterinary Medical Education challenged veterinary scholars and educators to use positive psychology to foster and understand professional well-being. This literature review includes papers that accepted this challenge: descriptive peer-reviewed studies published between 2017 and 2024 that evaluate positive mental health outcomes in veterinary students and graduates. Twenty studies (quantitative, n = 12; qualitative, 7; and mixed, 1) evaluating students (13), graduates (6), or both (1) are included. The results of these studies are assimilated to (1) describe resources for well-being, (2) highlight discrepancies between the reported importance of these resources, and (3) provide 4 opportunities to integrate resources for well-being including professional competencies, mentorship, promoting help seeking, and leveraging student and graduate motivators. Overall, this literature review contextualizes our understanding of strategies that promote veterinary professional well-being and balances the deficit-minded narrative that has dominated our understanding of veterinary student and graduate mental health for decades. However, meaningful attention to student or graduate identity is notably lacking. Veterinary students and graduates are not monolithic, and future work must disaggregate student identity when considering strategies for well-being to promote true equity in veterinary student and graduate well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiopulmonary effects of oral trazodone administration prior to isoflurane anesthesia in healthy horses.","authors":"Takumi Kazama, Rachel C Hector, Ann M Hess, Marlis L Rezende","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the cardiopulmonary effects of oral trazodone before isoflurane anesthesia in systemically healthy horses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>12 horses donated for euthanasia (from August 2022 through June 2023) due to conditions unrelated to the cardiovascular system were included in this prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Horses were assigned to receive oral trazodone (6 mg/kg; n = 7) or corn syrup (n = 5) 1 hour before xylazine (1 mg/kg, IV) sedation, ketamine (2.2 mg/kg, IV) and propofol (0.7 mg/kg, IV) induction, and anesthetic maintenance with inhaled isoflurane (target 1.6% expired) for 75 minutes. Dobutamine (1 μg/kg/min, IV) was administered during the last 15 minutes of anesthesia before euthanasia. The primary outcome cardiac index (CI; saline thermodilution technique) was recorded at baseline, 1 hour after oral dosing, after sedation and induction, and every 15 minutes under anesthesia. Data were compared between groups using a mixed model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All 12 horses completed the study. No significant differences were observed between groups at all time points except after dobutamine infusion, where CI (mean ± SD) was significantly higher in the trazodone group (66.2 ± 16.8 mL/min/kg) than the control group (46.8 ± 6.6 mL/min/kg). One horse in the trazodone group displayed signs of colic after dosing, with markedly reduced CI during anesthesia compared to all other horses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Oral trazodone before isoflurane anesthesia in healthy horses produced variable cardiovascular function, including profound cardiovascular depression in 1 horse.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Profound individual cardiovascular responses may be seen with routine preanesthetic trazodone in horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The v-gel Advanced Dog is inferior to the endotracheal tube for sealing the airway in healthy canine anesthesia.","authors":"Zoltán Szilágyi, Keely L Szilágyi","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.24.11.0359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.24.11.0359","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the v-gel Advanced Dog supraglottic airway device (SGAD) safety and efficacy compared to a high-volume, low-pressure endotracheal tube (ETT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a prospective randomized study, 30 client-owned mesocephalic canine patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II, scheduled for elective surgery) were to be enrolled and assigned to the SGAD or ETT group (15 SGAD; 15 ETT) by blocked randomization. Endotracheal tube cuffs were inflated to 25 cm H2O with a cuff inflator. The primary outcome was anesthetic circuit pressure decrease (leak) of inspiratory air at escalating anesthetic system pressures, tested at 0, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after airway device placement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Due to safety concerns, the study was terminated after 6 patients in the SGAD group failed leak pressure testing under 20 cm H2O at all time points. Thirteen canines (6 SGAD, 7 ETT) were enrolled from September through October 2023. The risk of leaking for the SGAD group was significantly higher than that of the ETT group at 12 cm H2O (P = .005) and at 16 cm H2O (P = .001). There were no perioperative or postoperative adverse events or significant differences in characteristics between airway device groups except that the risk for not requiring manipulations to obtain and maintain an effective airway for the SGAD group was 67% less (relative risk, 0.33; exact 90% CI, 0.06 to 0.74) than that of the ETT group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The SGAD, but not ETT, failed leak pressure testing < 20 cm H2O.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The v-gel Advanced Dog SGAD was not safe to deliver inhalant anesthetics due to the device failing leak pressure testing under 20 cm H2O.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glutamate dehydrogenase has diagnostic utility for detecting liver disease in African penguins (Sphensicus demersus).","authors":"Molly E Martony, Carolyn Cray, Amy Delmonaco, Steven E Nelson, Laura A Thompson, Nicole I Stacy","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.24.12.0410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.24.12.0410","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To establish reference intervals for plasma glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) in clinically healthy African penguins and 2) to investigate GLDH activities in antemortem plasma from birds with confirmed liver disease postmortem.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this observational case-control study, the histopathological reports of all penguins (n = 12) at one zoological institution were reviewed over a 19-year period to identify birds with liver disease. A single archived plasma sample was evaluated for each of the clinically healthy birds, and 2 to 4 different time points of archived plasma samples were evaluated from the birds with liver disease.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of liver disease was 58% (7/12). Histopathological findings included hemosiderosis (n = 4; 3 mild, 1 severe), hepatitis (2), metastatic neoplasia (2; melanoma, proventriculus carcinoma), hepatic necrosis (2), and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates (1). In 29 clinically healthy penguins, GLDH ranged from 0 to 12.14 U/L (mean, 6.01; reference interval, 0 to 13.55 U/L) without any effects from sex, age, or weight. The 4 birds with liver disease that exceeded normal GLDH activities included metastatic melanoma, necrotizing and heterophilic hepatitis, mild hepatic necrosis with sinusoidal yolk emboli and severe hemosiderosis, and severe hepatic necrosis. Glutamate dehydrogenase had positive correlations with ALT and AST in birds with liver disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Glutamate dehydrogenase appears to be a clinically useful predictor of liver disease in avians as in mammals. However, this liver biomarker is able to rule in liver disease, although it cannot definitively rule it out.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>These data serve to advance the understanding of noninvasive diagnosis of liver disease in penguins, which may ultimately contribute to the advancement of care and conservation of this at-risk species.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperfructosaminemia in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) is associated with hyperglycemia, hypofructosaminemia with decreased plasma proteins, and poor nutritional status.","authors":"Matthias Gerhard Wagener, Johannes Buchallik-Schregel, Petra Röhrig, Max Kornblum, Saskia Neubert, Alexandra von Altrock, Benjamin U Bauer, Thies J Nicolaisen, Martin Ganter, Frederik Kiene","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.24.10.0306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.24.10.0306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe and compare clinical and laboratory findings in alpacas with hypofructosaminemia (fructosamine low [FL]), normofructosaminemia, and hyperfructosaminemia (fructosamine high [FH]) in order to identify associations of abnormal plasma fructosamine (PF) with other clinical and laboratory findings in alpacas.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective observational study was conducted with clinical and laboratory data of 125 alpacas with FL (PF < 252 µmol/L; n = 19), normofructosaminemia (PF, 252 to 425 µmol/L; n = 93), and FH (PF > 425 µmol/L; n = 13) presented to a veterinary teaching hospital from January 2022 through January 2023. Findings of the animals were compared using descriptive statistics and comparisons (Kruskal-Wallis test, 1-way ANOVA, t test, or Mann-Whitney U test). Resulting diagnoses were tested for associations with fructosamine using the 2-sided Fisher exact test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FL occurred more frequently in crias than adults and was associated with lower bodyweight, body condition score, PCV, total protein, albumin, and globulin. Hyperfructosaminemia was associated with hyperglycemia. While a large proportion of the alpacas with FL had cachexia (8 of 19) and/or anemia (6 of 19), the alpacas with FH were given many different diagnoses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The available data suggest that FH in alpacas is associated with hyperglycemia, whereas FL is associated with decreased plasma proteins and poor nutritional status.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>PF is rarely used in routine diagnostics in alpacas, but it can aid in the interpretation of plasma glucose, plasma proteins, and nutritional status.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manual platelet-rich plasma production in donkeys by double centrifugation results in leukocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma compared to single centrifugation.","authors":"Cynthia Xue, Lorenzo G T M Segabinazzi, Alexis Hall, Silvia Marchi, Patrice Bernier, Hilari French, Robert O Gilbert","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare asinine platelet-rich plasma (PRP) manually produced by single- and double-centrifugation methods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a single-center study conducted from June 19 through August 14, 2022, using 6 healthy donkeys. Whole blood (WB) was collected into sodium citrate vacutainer tubes for single-centrifugation processing and an acid-citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine blood bag for double-centrifugation processing to produce, respectively, PRP1 and PRP2. Platelet, WBC, and RBC concentrations and PDGF-BB and TGF-β1 activities were assessed in WB, PRP1, and PRP2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both protocols concentrated platelets (PLTs) 1.8- to 5.2-fold, reduced WBCs 1.1- to 50.4-fold, and decreased RBCs at least 829-fold compared to WB. Platelet-rich plasma-2 yielded a higher PLT concentration and PLT enrichment factor than PRP1 but required resuspension of the pellet post second spin to maximize PLT concentration. Platelet-rich plasma-1 possessed a lower WBC concentration and greater WBC reduction factor than PRP2. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB and TGF-β1 activities were highest in PRP2 and not significantly different between PRP1 and WB. There was a weak and moderate correlation of baseline PLT concentration to that of PRP2 (r = 0.4) and PRP1 (r = 0.62), respectively; neither was statistically significant. Platelet-rich plasma-2 yielded higher PLT enrichment and growth factor activities despite greater WBC and RBC contamination than PRP1.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In donkeys, double centrifugation results in leukocyte-rich PRP with a higher PLT concentration compared to leukocyte-poor PRP with a lower PLT concentration yielded from single centrifugation.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Asinine PRP can be manually prepared. While this improves cost-efficient field management of donkeys often treated under resource limitations, the optimal cellular composition, in vivo efficacy, and safety of asinine PRP warrant further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of B-mode, conventional color Doppler, and superb microvascular imaging for evaluating renal cortical thickness in dogs without and with chronic kidney disease.","authors":"Jiwoo Koh, Younghoon Song, Dong-Gil Lee, Aryung Nam, Kidong Eom, Jaehwan Kim","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify the most reliable method for assessing renal function in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD) by comparing renal cortical thickness (RCT) evaluated using B-mode ultrasonography, conventional color Doppler imaging (CDI), and superb microvascular imaging (SMI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This observational study included dogs with at least 2 stable serum creatinine measurements within 30 days. Dogs were classified into CKD stages 1 to 4 based on International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) guidelines. Dogs without renal abnormalities were included in the control group. Ultrasonographic measurements of renal dimensions and RCT normalized to aortic diameter (RCT:Ao ratio) were obtained in sagittal, transverse, and dorsal planes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>85 dogs were analyzed including 36 control dogs and 49 dogs with CKD, consisting of 19 at stage 1, 19 at stage 2, 6 at stage 3, and 5 at stage 4. The RCT:Ao ratio in SMI showed the strongest correlation with IRIS stages, followed by CDI. Color Doppler imaging and SMI demonstrated superior diagnostic performance over B-mode according to receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The optimal cutoff values for the RCT:Ao ratio in CDI and SMI were 0.58, 0.56, 0.51, and 0.44 for IRIS stages 1 to 4 in the sagittal plane and 0.62, 0.57, 0.53, and 0.45 in the transverse and dorsal planes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The RCT:Ao ratio measured using CDI and SMI correlated more strongly with IRIS stages than B-mode ultrasound and showed superior diagnostic performance, suggesting improved diagnostic utility.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Color Doppler imaging may improve the clinical assessment of RCT in dogs with CKD, enhancing its utility as a reliable indicator for diagnosing and staging CKD.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Veterinary hospital environments contain carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales with clonal spread between facilities (Philadelphia, PA, 2022-2023).","authors":"Robert M Holzman, Emmelyn Hsieh, Jaclyn Dietrich, Kirsten Cline, Jennifer L Dale, Regina Wagner, Paula Snippes Vagnone, Leslie Kollmann, Stephen D Cole","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the patterns of environmental contamination by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) at veterinary hospitals in or around Philadelphia, PA, and to determine genetic relatedness between isolates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between September 2022 and August 2023, participating hospitals (n = 15) completed a survey regarding demographic data, antimicrobial stewardship efforts and prescribing practices, and infection prevention practices. Samples were collected from a variety of environmental surfaces (n = 311) at each hospital and then enriched and cultured on selective agar to screen for CPE. Confirmed CPE isolates were whole genome sequenced.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 15 hospitals that participated in the study, 6 hospitals (40%) had CPE isolated from at least 1 site. All CPE harbored the blaNDM-7 carbapenemase gene. Of the 24 confirmed CPE isolates, 21 isolates (79%) belonged to a clonal cluster of Enterobacter hormaechei subsp xiangfangensis (single nucleotide polymorphism cluster PDS000141048 on National Center for Biotechnology Information Pathogen Detection). The PDS000141048 cluster was represented at 5 of the 6 hospitals from which CPE was isolated. Additionally, the PDS000141048 cluster included previously uploaded isolates from a biosecurity screening program at 1 of the hospitals in the study, as well as isolates from clinical specimens from outside of the Philadelphia area.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These data suggest that CPE can be common in the veterinary hospital environment. We also detected the presence of a network of transmission of carbapenemase-producing E hormaechei among veterinary hospitals in the greater Philadelphia region.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This finding highlights the importance of environmental infection prevention measures in companion animal veterinary medicine and the need for collaboration across veterinary facilities to prevent the spread of CPE.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of single-dose oral acetaminophen with and without concurrent administration of silymarin or N-acetylcysteine in orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica).","authors":"Lucyanne Megan, David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman, Heather Knych, Hugues Beaufrère","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.24.12.0402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.24.12.0402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen (N-acetyl-para-aminophenol [APAP]) and its metabolites after oral administration of a single dose of APAP, with or without silymarin or N-acetylcysteine (NAC), to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eight parrots received, in 3 separate studies, 1 of the following oral treatments: (1) APAP (100 mg/kg) with silymarin (50 mg/kg, twice, q 12 h); (2) APAP (100 mg/kg) with NAC (400 mg/kg); or (3) APAP (100 mg/kg) alone. For each study, blood samples were collected over 24 hours after drug administration to evaluate plasma concentrations of APAP, APAP-glucuronide, and APAP-sulfate. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Plasma biochemistry panels were performed before and after each study. In a fourth study, a single oral dose of APAP (100 mg/kg) was administered to 8 additional parrots for adverse effects evaluation alone.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pharmacokinetic parameters for APAP, APAP-glucuronide, and APAP-sulfate were established. The APAP maximum plasma concentration, time of maximal plasma concentration, and half-life across studies ranged from 2,016.9 to 2,917.2 ng/mL, 1.13 to 2.1 hours, and 1.3 to 1.45 hours, respectively. Acetaminophen had marked metabolism to APAP-glucuronide and negligible to APAP-sulfate. Concurrent administration of APAP with silymarin resulted in a mild but significant elevation in glutamate dehydrogenase.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Acetaminophen plasma concentrations were lower than in other avian species despite a relatively high dose. Acetaminophen has fast absorption, short half-life, and marked glucuronidation. Single oral dose administration of APAP, alone or with NAC, appears safe based on plasma biochemistries. Multidose and pharmacodynamic studies are needed.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This is the first pharmacokinetic study of APAP in psittacines, which has the potential to be an effective and safe component of multimodal analgesia in these species.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143727551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}