American journal of veterinary research最新文献

{"title":"Fully threaded headless cannulated screws provide similar biomechanical strength to conventional fixation in 3-dimensionally printed canine medial malleolar fracture models.","authors":"Youngjun Choi, Jun-Sik Cho, Younwoo Choo, Sorin Kim, Hwi-Yool Kim","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.03.0104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.03.0104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the failure load of the fully threaded headless cannulated screw (FTHCS) technique with that of fully threaded self-tapping cortical low-profile screw (FTLPS) fixation, 2 Kirschner (K) wires, and figure-of-8 tension band wire (TBW) fixation for stabilizing medial malleolar fractures using a 3-D-printed canine bone model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted from June 10, 2024, through February 9, 2025. A CT image of the tibia from a 2-year-old 12-kg castrated male Jindo dog was used to create 21 polycarbonate 3-D-printed bone models, and 7 were assigned to each group. The TBW group was stabilized with two 1.2-mm K-wires and figure-of-8 TBW (20 gauge), the FTLPS group was stabilized with a 3.5-mm FTLPS, and the FTHCS group was stabilized with a 3.5-mm FTHCS. Tensile load was applied at 0.2 mm/s using a universal testing machine, and failure load was recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean failure load for the TBW, FTLPS, and FTHCS groups was 238.0 ± 38.1 N, 187.3 ± 50.8 N, and 215.5 ± 35.2 N, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences among groups. All screw fixed models failed by fracture of the malleolar fragment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The FTHCS fixation showed comparable failure loads to conventional fixation methods in this model. While promising, its use may be appropriate only when fragment size and bone quality are sufficient.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>While failure loads and mechanisms were similar in this model, further investigation into the relative size of the screw to the fragment is necessary to guide the clinical application of this device.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colombian Criollo horses' trot, trocha, and gallop are submaximal oxygen consumption gaits with unique locomotory-respiratory coupling.","authors":"Shannon Massie, Lady Consuelo Calixto Vega, Angélica María Zuluaga-Cabrera, Warwick M Bayly, Renaud Léguillette","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0151","DOIUrl":"10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Colombian Criollo horses are bred for their smooth gaits that emphasize full collection and rapid footfall. The physiological demands of these gaits remain unknown. Our objective was to determine if oxygen consumption, ventilation, locomotor-respiratory coupling, and running economy differed between the trot or trocha and the gallop.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>7 competition horses completed a controlled design standardized field test between January 10 and 20, 2025. Horses wore a cardiotachometer and ergospirometer to measure heart rate, oxygen consumption, and ventilation at the trot or trocha and the gallop. Locomotor-respiratory coupling and running economy were determined. Measurement differences were analyzed between gaits (paired t test; P < .05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Oxygen consumption and minute ventilation were similar between the trot or trocha (80 ± 12 mL/[kg·min]; 774 ± 113 L/min) and gallop (82 ± 20 mL/[kg·min]; 771 ± 141 L/min). However, respiratory frequency was higher during the trot or trocha (108 ± 20 breaths/min) than gallop (91 ± 11 breaths/min), and tidal volume was lower (7.3 ± 1.8 L vs 8.6 ± 2.3 L). No differences were observed in peak inspiratory or expiratory airflow despite longer inspirations and expirations during the gallop (0.34 ± 0.05 s; 0.32 ± 0.04 s) than the trot or trocha (0.29 ± 0.06 s; 0.28 ± 0.06 s). Stride frequency and heart rate were similar between the trot or trocha (2.3 ± 0.2 strides/s; 159 ± 28 beats/min) and the gallop (2.2 ± 0.1 strides/s; 154 ± 17 beats/min). Locomotor-respiratory coupling was 1.7:1 (±0.6) at the trot or trocha, compared to 3:2 (±0.3) with the gallop. The running economy was lower during the gallop than the trot or trocha.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The trot or trocha and gallop represent submaximal exercise. Locomotor-respiratory coupling (> 1:1) and RE differed between gaits.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Locomotor-respiratory coupling differed between the trot or trocha and the gallop and was greater than the usual 1:1 observed with 3- and 4-beat gaits.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144641510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delayed isolation and cryopreservation have significant effects on the yield and proliferation of feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells.","authors":"Iris Rivas, Zihan Li, Justine Irvin, Noorul Huda, Boaz Arzi, Natalia Vapniarsky","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the temporal effects of feline peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) isolation delay and cryopreservation over multiple time points on cell yields and PBMC proliferation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PBMCs from whole feline blood were isolated immediately upon blood collection or stored at 4 °C for 72 hours before isolation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation was assessed on freshly isolated PBMCs and after 2-week, 2-month, 6-month, and 12-month cryopreservation time points. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell recovery yield was recorded at every time point.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Delaying PBMC isolation by 72 hours leads to an approximately 50% reduction in PBMC count and a significant increase in PBMC proliferation (43.1%; n = 6 donors) compared to freshly isolated PBMCs (25.4%; n = 13 donors; 17.7 Effect size; 95% CI, 0.9827 to 34.42 Range). Cryopreserving freshly isolated PBMCs results in approximately 50% cell loss upon thawing. The 2-month cryopreservation time point exhibited significantly higher viable cell recovery compared to the 12-month time point (20.6 Effect size; 95% CI, 3.98 to 37.2 Range). The proliferation capacity of PBMCs was, on average, 16.6% across all cryopreservation time points, with no significant difference between fresh and cryopreserved samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Delayed PBMC isolation reduces PBMC yield and enhances proliferation. Cryopreservation did not significantly impact PBMC proliferation across time points, whereas viable cell yields were reduced by an additional 50% after extended cryopreservation.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This study provides critical insights for clinical studies involving feline PBMCs, highlighting the importance of timely isolation and the possibility of performing PBMC proliferation studies following extended cryopreservation, albeit on account of reduced recovery yields.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated platelet-to-albumin ratio may predict worsened prognosis in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma: a preliminary study.","authors":"Meghan E Jeffcoat, Stephen R Werre, Joanne L Tuohy","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the associations between the platelet-to-albumin ratio (PAR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and progression-free interval (PFI) and median survival time (MST) in dogs with osteosarcoma. The secondary objective was to evaluate the prognostic value of serum cholesterol in the same population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a preliminary retrospective study on dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma. Records from 2010 to 2024 were searched for dogs undergoing treatment for osteosarcoma. Data collected included serochemical and hematological values (platelet, monocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, albumin, ALP, and cholesterol levels). Variables were assessed for association with PFI and survival time via Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>60 dogs met the inclusion criteria. 50 of 60 dogs were included for survival analysis, and 42 of 60 were included for disease progression. The PAR was significantly associated with decreased PFI, being elevated in 13 dogs (median PFI, 115 days; 95% CI, 73 to 171) and low in 29 dogs (median PFI, 138 days; 95% CI, 95 to 272). Serum cholesterol had no association with PFI (median, 147 days; 95% CI, 95 to 272) or MST (median, 219; 95% CI, 138 to 292).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Elevated PAR was significantly associated with decreased PFI. There was no association between elevated serum cholesterol and MST or PFI.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>These results suggest that in dogs with osteosarcoma, an elevated PAR may be associated with a decreased PFI and therefore may have prognostic significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144658156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a VirB12 gene-deleted Brucella abortus A19 strain as a vaccine candidate for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals in cattle and establishment of a differentiating ELISA assay.","authors":"Feng Ye, Xiaojing Ma, Liya Liu, Wenxi Gu, Qi Zhong, Xinping Yi, Yingyu Liu","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.01.0028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the application of a VirB12 gene-deleted Brucella abortus A19 strain (A19-ΔVirB12) as a vaccine for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals in cattle and to develop an indirect ELISA (i-ELISA) for serological differentiation between vaccinated and naturally infected animals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 115 Holstein cattle were immunized with A19-ΔVirB12 vaccine at 6 X 1010 CFUs, and sera were collected at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days after vaccination. To determine the optimal threshold, serum from 180 infected cattle and 204 cattle immunized with A19-ΔVirB12 vaccine were confirmed positive for brucellosis tested by serum agglutination tests and a commercial ELISA kit. A differential identification i-ELISA was assembled and tested.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the Brucella antibody titers peaked at 15 days after immunization with a positive rate of 100%. The titers then continued to decrease over time until 180 days after immunization, when the positive rate was approximately 6.67%. No adverse reactions were observed in the herd after immunization. The differentiating i-ELISA kit had good differential efficiency to distinguish Brucella-positive antibodies induced by immunization with A19-ΔVirB12 vaccine from natural infection, with a sensitivity of 98.9%, specificity of 94.6%, positive predictive value of 94.2%, negative predictive value of 99%, and accuracy of 96.6%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Application of A19-ΔVirB12 vaccine and differential identification kits would support brucellosis control and eradication efforts in dairy herds.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>This study demonstrates that the application of A19‑ΔVirB12 vaccine and its differential identification kit in dairy farms can effectively distinguish infected animals from immunized, which support brucellosis control and eradication efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144615825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secret shopper survey indicates that veterinarians are split on how to respond to vaccine-hesitant dog owners.","authors":"Anisha Aggarwal, Ysabella Ramirez-Guillen, Simon F Haeder","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.05.0159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.05.0159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess how veterinary practices respond to vaccine-hesitant dog owners.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We fielded a secret shopper survey in 6 states (California, Minnesota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Washington) from February 4 to April 11, 2025. Callers posing as dog owners collected observational data on whether or not the practice imposed any restrictions on dog owners regarding vaccinations as well as whether they required specific vaccinations before accepting patients. We relied on descriptive analyses as well as logit models to assess outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 5,053 veterinary practices callers sought to reach, 3,387 had available appointments. Of these, 42.2% imposed no vaccination requirements, 49.7% imposed any requirements, 0.6% refused to accept the patient, and 7.4% did not make a determination at the time of the call. We identified substantial differences across states for all outcomes with California veterinarians standing out as particularly unlikely to impose requirements and Pennsylvania veterinarians as most likely to impose requirements. The most common vaccination requirement imposed was rabies vaccinations (49.4%) with all other vaccines mentioned in less than 3% of cases. Outcomes did not vary across state regulatory environment or the number of demographics analyzed at the practice zip code level.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Veterinary practices appear almost evenly split between either imposing no vaccination requirements or at least imposing any requirements with few outrightly refusing treatment.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Veterinarians are increasingly likely to face vaccine-hesitant pet owners. Better understanding how veterinarians respond to these challenges can help individual veterinarians and guide broader policy decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and case fatality factors of atypical canine infectious respiratory disease: an observational survey using dog owners' data in the United States.","authors":"Mahamudul Hasan, Tracy A Romano, Laura C Miller","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the characteristics and factors associated with case fatality in atypical canine infectious respiratory disease (aCIRD) in the US, which presents unique clinical challenges, unexpected frequency of death, and limited antibiotic effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective observational study from November 2023 to January 2024 using an online survey distributed via snowball sampling, starting in a Facebook group with 56,000 members tracking aCIRD. The study included US dog owners whose pets had persistent respiratory illness diagnosed as suspected aCIRD by a licensed veterinarian. Responses were excluded if these criteria were unmet. Eligible responses were analyzed using descriptive, univariable, and multivariable methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 415 responses, the Southeast had the highest case rate (26.3%), and the Southwest had the lowest (9.4%). Case fatality ranged from 6.7% (Northeast) to 17.9% (Southwest). Dogs under 5 years were most affected (41.3% to 56.8%) across regions. Home exposure was most common in the Southeast (27.5%), and boarding facilities were most common in the Southwest (18.8%). Doxycycline was the most used treatment (30.8% to 50.0%), and single vaccine coverage (Bordetella/influenza) was the highest (35.1% to 48.7%). Multivariable analysis showed that clinical signs, such as lethargy, fever, difficult breathing, and sneezing, were associated with 8.06 times higher odds of death (95% CI, 2.4 to 26.6) compared to coughing, vomiting, lethargy, fever, nasal discharge, and difficult breathing. Other factors showed no significant association.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides a broad overview of aCIRD, supporting future research on pathogen detection and treatment.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Veterinarians should monitor for lethargy, fever, difficult breathing, and sneezing as indicators of poor prognosis in dogs with aCIRD.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cows of reproductive age in the high Andean region of Peru have seroprevalence of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 and Neospora caninum.","authors":"Victor E Contreras-Vilchez, Efrain Mendoza-Palomino, César Jiménez-Aparco, Darwin Huamán-Lizana, Alex Acuña-Leiva, Hurley A Quispe-Ccasa","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.04.0141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the seroprevalence of infectious agents with reproductive implications in cattle from 3 districts of the high Andean region of Peru over 3,500 m above level sea.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>361 blood samples were collected from cows in 3 districts of the Apurimac department using nonprobabilistic stratified sampling for an exploratory study. Antibodies against Brucella spp, Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine leukemia virus, bluetongue virus, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV), and Neospora caninum (NC) were detected by ELISA. Analysis of independence, multiple correspondence, and logistic regression were performed for risk factors, with district, age, and phenotypic traits as predictors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The highest seroprevalences were 18.28% BHV and 6.93% NC, with a similar trend at the sector and herd levels. Bovine herpesvirus 1 was predominant in Cotaruse and Oropesa and NC in Oropesa and San Jerónimo. The multiple correspondence analysis explained 42.40% of the structural variability, with greater dispersion observed between seropositives for NC and BHV, without a significant association between seropositivities. The district was a risk factor for NC, with a 95% CI of 0.11 to 0.88 in Cotaruse, although the 95% CI for BHV was 7.33 to 630.75 in Cotaruse and 14.11 to 1,289.94 in Oropesa.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>BHV and NC are seroprevalent in cows from the sampled high Andean herds, and district location is the strongest risk factor.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Environmental conditions and livestock management practices of the region could explain the seroprevalence rates; however, strengthening surveillance against BHV and NC is imperative to prevent risks of acute or subclinical infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the epidural distribution of sequential boluses of iohexol injected at the sacrococcygeal space in anesthetized cats.","authors":"Shanna Wong, Jordyn M Boesch, Stephen Parry, Robin D Gleed, Manuel Martin-Flores, Ian Porter","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.03.0107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.03.0107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the distribution of injectate (iohexol) at the feline sacrococcygeal space using CT and thereby identify the volume necessary to reach the 10th thoracic intervertebral foramina (T10-T11), where nociceptive neurons from the ovaries enter the spinal cord.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>7 healthy, purpose-bred, 1- to 2-year-old intact female domestic shorthair cats were anesthetized and positioned in sternal recumbency. After baseline vertebral column CT, a stimulating needle connected to a nerve stimulator (current, 0.2 mA; frequency, 2 Hz; pulse width, 0.1 milliseconds) was inserted at the sacrococcygeal space. After distal tail twitching was observed, a syringe driver injected iohexol (44 mg/mL; 0.25 mL/kg over 30 seconds). Computed tomography was performed 30 seconds after the injection ended. This was repeated 3 times, with 4 minutes separating the start of each injection. A linear mixed-effects model was constructed to determine if the number of vertebrae traversed as the iohexol distributed cranially could be predicted as a function of injectate volume, side of vertebral column, and their interaction (cat as a random effect).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The association between injectate volume and number of vertebrae traversed was significant. The volume required to reach the T10-T11 intervertebral foramen bilaterally was 0.75 mL/kg in 3 cats and 1.0 mL/kg in 3 cats; in 1 cat, 1.0 mL/kg did not reach this level.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sacrococcygeal epidural injection of 0.75 to 1.0 mL/kg or more of local anesthetic may be required for segmental analgesia for feline ovariohysterectomy.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>The volume required is greater than the volume injected epidurally in previous studies and could increase the risk of producing hemodynamic side effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High seroprevalence of Francisella tularensis with low titers in Oklahoma equids from 2021-2023 suggests widespread exposure in the state's equine population.","authors":"Evan C Crisman, Martin Furr, Akhilesh Ramachandran","doi":"10.2460/ajvr.25.03.0085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.25.03.0085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the seroprevalence of Francisella tularensis in horses in Oklahoma and to describe factors associated with seropositivity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this observational study, 238 frozen equine serum samples were tested for F tularensis by microagglutination assay (MAT). Samples were collected from 36 of 77 Oklahoma counties from 2021 through 2023. Exclusion criteria included insufficient sample quantity, cross-reactivity to Brucella abortus, and county outside of Oklahoma. The Fisher exact test was used to compare the proportion of positive tests by year, river basin, and topographic region. Additionally, a field investigation was conducted on a farm with a recent case of F tularensis in a foal. Ten equids were evaluated by physical examination and tested for F tularensis by MAT. Forty ticks were collected from 8 of 10 animals and were tested for F tularensis by real-time PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 238 serum samples in the observational study, 212 met the inclusion criteria, of which 51 of 212 (24.1%) tested positive for antibodies against F tularensis. Eight of 10 animals from the field investigation tested positive, with no clinical abnormalities. There was no association between seropositivity and any tested factor. All ticks tested negative for F tularensis by PCR.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A high proportion (24.1%) of Oklahoma equines carry antibodies against F tularensis. None of the investigated factors were associated with seropositivity.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>Low-level positive MAT results are common in horses in Oklahoma. Additional work is needed to determine disease incidence in Oklahoma horses, the optimal MAT diagnostic threshold for horses, and implications for human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":7754,"journal":{"name":"American journal of veterinary research","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}