American Journal of Primatology最新文献

{"title":"Benchmarking Automated Detection and Classification Approaches for Long-Term Acoustic Monitoring of Endangered Species: A Case Study on Gibbons From Cambodia","authors":"Dena Jane Clink,&nbsp;Hope Cross-Jaya,&nbsp;Jinsung Kim,&nbsp;Abdul Hamid Ahmad,&nbsp;Moeurk Hong,&nbsp;Roeun Sala,&nbsp;Hélène Birot,&nbsp;Cain Agger,&nbsp;Thinh Tien Vu,&nbsp;Hoa Thi Nguyen,&nbsp;Thanh Chi Nguyen,&nbsp;Sophea Chhin,&nbsp;Holger Klinck","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70127","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70127","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recent advances in deep learning and transfer learning have revolutionized our ability for the automated detection of acoustic signals from long-term soundscape recordings. Effective automated detection approaches can vastly improve our ability to monitor endangered species, like gibbons. Here, we provide a benchmark for the automated detection of female duet contributions from southern yellow-cheeked crested gibbons (<i>Nomascus gabriellae</i>) recorded in Jahoo, Cambodia. For the benchmarking, we compared the performance of support vector machines (SVMs), a quasi-DenseNet architecture (Koogu), transfer learning with ResNet50 models trained on the “ImageNet” dataset (ResNet), and transfer learning with embeddings from a global birdsong model (BirdNET). Transfer learning models based on BirdNET embeddings had superior performance with a smaller number of training samples, whereas Koogu and ResNet50 models only had acceptable performance with a larger number of training samples (&gt; 200 gibbon samples). We deployed the BirdNET-based model over &gt; 130,000 h of continuous soundscape data, which, after manual review, resulted in &gt; 12,000 verified true positive detections. We found that female gibbon calling events occurred mostly in the early morning hours between 05:00 and 06:00 local time. We had fewer gibbon detections during the monsoon period and found substantial variation in spatial patterns of calling events across months and years that may reflect territorial dynamics of gibbon groups. Reliable automated detection approaches are a critical first step for using passive acoustic monitoring to assess endangered gibbon populations at ecologically relevant temporal and spatial scales.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147484351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The State of Our Knowledge About Social Knowledge in Platyrrhine Primates: Integrating Decades of Behavioral Observation and Captive Experimentation","authors":"Federico Sánchez Vargas,&nbsp;Thore J. Bergman,&nbsp;Marcela E. Benítez","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70128","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70128","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Documenting the extent of social knowledge across primates is critical to understanding the evolution of complex social cognition. While decades of field and experimental research have explored the depth and breadth of social knowledge in catarrhine primates, comparable insights into platyrrhines remain limited. This review synthesizes the current state of knowledge about social cognition in platyrrhine monkeys—a socially, behaviorally, and ecologically highly diverse taxa—integrating observational and experimental work in both field and captive studies to evaluate evidence across four key domains: individual and intergroup recognition, kinship, dominance, and transient social relationships. We assess the presence of egocentric, allocentric, and triadic awareness within each domain, using these frameworks to interpret behavioral data from across the platyrrhine radiation. Although direct tests of social knowledge are rare, emerging evidence from all platyrrhine subfamilies suggests that complex social cognition—such as recognition of third-party relationships and strategic coalition formation—is not exclusive to catarrhines. Playback experiments, relationship-based decision-making, and long-term observational studies indicate that some platyrrhines possess sophisticated social knowledge, though its expression varies with social structure and ecological context. We highlight methodological challenges specific to arboreal taxa and propose future research directions, including the use of emerging technologies and experimental designs tailored to the behavioral ecology of platyrrhines. Our review reveals a field still in its early stages, but one with significant potential to reshape comparative frameworks in primate cognition. By advancing research in underrepresented taxa, we can refine theories of cognitive evolution and better understand the convergent and divergent trajectories of primate social intelligence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146225312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors on Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) Occupancy and Habitat Use in Monte Alén National Park, Equatorial Guinea","authors":"Tania Guzmán-Santillán,&nbsp;Salvador Mandujano,&nbsp;Edward Wright,&nbsp;David Fernández,&nbsp;Juan-Cruz Ondo Nze Avomo,&nbsp;Fidel Esono Mba Eyono,&nbsp;Timothy Bray","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70125","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70125","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the ecological and anthropogenic factors shaping primate distribution is critical for effective conservation, particularly for species threatened by habitat loss and hunting. This study investigates factors influencing mandrill (<i>Mandrillus sphinx</i>) occupancy in Monte Alén National Park (MANP), Equatorial Guinea, a protected area with diverse habitats. Using 35 camera traps over 10,858 trap-days, we recorded 79 mandrill detections (48 in the wet season, 31 in the dry season) and estimated naïve occupancy at 24%. We applied single-species, single-season occupancy models to evaluate the effects of environmental and anthropogenic factors, including proximity to water bodies, hunting camps, villages, park boundaries, and terrain slope. Occupancy probability decreased with distance from water, indicating dependence on riparian habitats, while slope had no major effect. Proximity to hunting camps also influenced mandrill distribution, with higher occupancy observed farther from these areas. Seasonal analysis suggested that mandrills concentrated in resource-rich areas during the wet season, highlighting flexible, site-specific habitat use. These results emphasize the combined influence of environmental resources and human pressures on mandrill space use. Effective conservation should focus on protecting critical habitats near water sources and regulating human activity around hunting areas. More broadly, our findings improve understanding of how ecological, anthropogenic, and socioeconomic factors shape primate distribution, offering insights relevant for the conservation of other vulnerable species across Central Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12910328/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146206436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiographic Measurements of the Skull in Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata Gray, 1849)","authors":"Enrique Yarto-Jaramillo,&nbsp;Anneke Moresco,&nbsp;Irindi Çitaku,&nbsp;Francisco Sánchez-Murillo,&nbsp;Kimberly Ange-van Heugten,&nbsp;Jeana P. Silva,&nbsp;Guilherme R. Cassanego,&nbsp;Alessandra Melchert,&nbsp;Sheila C. Rahal","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70124","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70124","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study evaluated the development of skull components in sanctuary-housed mantled howler monkeys (<i>Alouatta palliata</i>) across age groups, using measurements taken from plain radiographs (lateral view). Thirteen females and 14 males were evaluated (5 infants [ ≤ 14 months], 15 juveniles [15–28 months], 7 subadults/adults [ ≥ 29 months]). Radiographic measurements of length (L) and height (H) were taken of the masticatory (M) component, respiratory (R) component, craniofacial (CF) complex, facial (F) region, and neurocranium (N). Measurements for infants were significantly smaller than for juveniles, which, in turn, were smaller than for subadults/adults. No significant differences were observed between male and female juvenile mantled howler monkeys, except for facial length (<i>p</i> = 0.0253), which was greater in males. A positive correlation was found between age groups and ML, MH, RL, RH, CFL, NH, NL, FL, and FH measurements, but not between age and NH. Moderate (<i>r</i> = from 0.68 to 0.77) or strong (<i>r</i> ≥ 0.80) correlation was documented between NL and masticatory components, respiratory components, and the facial region. Weak correlation (<i>r</i> = from 0.32 to 0.34) was found between NH and ML, RL, and FL, and no correlation between NH and MH, RH, and FH. In conclusion, the present study provides data that contribute to the characterization of the cranial development in mantled howler monkeys. It also aids clinical monitoring of normal growth, detection of potential nutritional deficiencies, and contributes data for forensic analysis to distinguish ages and sex based on skull measurements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146163756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying Dietary Breadth in Howlers: How Much Sampling Is Enough?","authors":"Ariadna Rangel Negrín,&nbsp;Pedro A. D. Dias","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70126","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70126","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Accurate characterization of dietary breadth is fundamental to understanding animal ecology, yet comparative studies based on inconsistent sampling protocols have often confounded measurements of behavioral variation. We address a critical question: how much observation effort is required to adequately characterize dietary breadth in mantled howler monkeys (<i>Alouatta palliata</i>)? Using a comprehensive ten-year dataset, we applied multiple complementary accumulation curve approaches (abundance-based, incidence-based, and time-based) to 56,540 feeding observations totaling 6828 observation hours across two groups. Sample coverage exceeded 0.99 for both groups, confirming near-complete sampling. Species accumulation curves revealed that characterizing dietary breadth to near-completion required approximately 5000–5200 observation hours. The first 1500–3000 h captured 85%–100% of dietary diversity, with accumulation rates declining dramatically (&gt; 95%) beyond this threshold. Overall accumulation rates averaged 0.006–0.007 species per hour. Monthly incidence-based approaches required 7–8 years of continuous sampling to reach asymptotic levels. Despite occupying neighboring habitats, groups differed substantially in observation hours required to reach equivalent species milestones, highlighting how foraging selectivity affects sampling requirements. Coverage-based rarefaction enabled comparison at equivalent sampling completeness (0.999 coverage), revealing that Group 1 exhibited higher estimated richness (51.3 species) than Group 2 (36.2 species), though overlapping 95% confidence intervals precluded definitive conclusions about between-group differences. Our results provide practical sampling benchmarks for this species and demonstrate methodological approaches applicable to primate dietary studies. We recommend that dietary studies routinely report accumulation curves and sample coverage statistics to enable assessment of sampling adequacy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146163697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contexts of Anointing Behavior in a Group of Blond Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus flavius) Inhabiting an Atlantic Forest Fragment","authors":"Ana Paula de Brito-Araújo,&nbsp;Natsumi Hamada-Fearnside,&nbsp;Simone Peruzzo,&nbsp;Italo Ferreira Pereira,&nbsp;Poliana Gabriele Alves de Souza Lins,&nbsp;Kyle Miller,&nbsp;Patrícia Elesbão da Silva Rodrigues,&nbsp;Luiz Felipe Moretti Iniesta,&nbsp;Renata Gonçalves Ferreira","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70119","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70119","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Parasitism is one of the primary causes of biotic stress in several taxa, and behaviors resembling self-medication have been documented in numerous species. Anointing involves the application of chemical substances derived from animals, plants, mud, soils, and minerals, often emitting a pungent odor, onto an animal's body. We examined the circumstances surrounding 34 bouts of anointing with millipedes in a group of blond capuchin monkeys (<i>Sapajus flavius</i>) inhabiting an Atlantic Forest fragment in northeastern Brazil. Over 412 h of observation, we collected behavioral data through photographs, video recordings, and ad libitum field notes. We collected and identified the millipedes to the species level. We tested three non-mutually exclusive hypotheses on the function(s) of this behavior: self-medication, social bonding, and opportunistic use. We analyzed data in R using nonparametric tests due to low sample size. Anointing occurred at a rate of 8 episodes every 100 h. Millipedes used during anointing are from species that produce benzoquinone. The behavior was more frequently observed in the inferior strata, during midday, while the group is mostly foraging, in periods of higher rainfall, when millipedes emerge from the ground, and during the high fruit productivity season, when the capuchins' activity budget is less constrained. Although anointing occurred at similar rates in solitary and social contexts, adult males were more actively engaged in anointing bouts, indicating sex difference in this behavior, and a possible social function. The observed pattern suggests anointing is a multifunctional behavior, combining elements of self-medication, opportunity, and social interaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral Contagion in Wild Ecuadorian White-Fronted Capuchins (Cebus aequatorialis)","authors":"Núria Hassina Hannaoui,&nbsp;Federica Amici,&nbsp;Alexandra Hoeneisen,&nbsp;Miquel Llorente","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70122","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70122","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Behavioral contagion is spread across animal species and is thought to promote social cohesion and group synchronization. While yawn contagion has been extensively studied, scratch contagion remains comparatively under-researched, particularly in wild populations. We investigated whether yawn and scratch contagion occurred in a wild group of Ecuadorian white-fronted capuchins (<i>Cebus aequatorialis</i>, <i>N</i> = 16) at La Hesperia Cloud Forest Reserve in Ecuador. We assessed whether scratching or yawning were more likely to occur after observing a conspecific (i.e., the trigger) scratching or yawning (i.e., triggering event) compared to a control condition. We further examined whether this effect was modulated by the (a) individual characteristics of the trigger and the partner (sex, age category, and social centrality), and (c) dyadic-level variables (sex and age similarity, social bond strength). Our results showed that the probability of scratching was significantly higher in individuals that observed the triggering event, as compared to individuals that did not observe it. However, scratch contagion was not modulated by any of the individual or dyadic predictors included in our models. No yawning events were recorded during the study period. Our findings contribute to understanding scratch contagion in wild primates and underscore the need for further exploration of social factors influencing behavioral contagion.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146049887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotopic Profiling of Chimpanzees and Monkeys in Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda","authors":"Takumi Tsutaya,&nbsp;Natsumi Aruga,&nbsp;Naoto F. Ishikawa,&nbsp;Yoko Sasaki,&nbsp;Haruka Kitayama,&nbsp;Minoru Yoneda,&nbsp;Nana O. Ogawa,&nbsp;Naohiko Ohkouchi,&nbsp;Chie Hashimoto","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70114","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70114","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Stable isotope analysis is a widely used tool in primate ecology for investigating diet and environment, with numerous studies focusing on chimpanzees. However, few studies have used this method to explore the dietary niche of chimpanzees in comparison to other primates or examined intra-individual dietary variability. This limitation hinders the understanding of the comparability of stable isotopic data with the wealth of behavioral observational data in primate ecology. We report the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of hairs from wild eastern chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii</i>) and four other primate species (<i>Cercopithecus mitis</i>, <i>Cercopithecus ascanius</i>, <i>Allochrocebus lhoesti</i>, and <i>Colobus guereza</i>) in the Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda. Bulk analysis revealed that both plant foods and chimpanzees in Kalinzu exhibited lower carbon stable isotope ratios than expected for the region's rainfall. Inter-species comparison of bulk stable isotope ratios and preliminary compound-specific nitrogen stable isotope analysis of amino acids revealed that chimpanzees in Kalinzu have a lower degree of faunivory than the sympatric monkeys. Furthermore, ultra-fine sectioning of a hair sample was conducted to investigate dietary variation over daily to weekly timescales. In one adult male chimpanzee, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios fluctuated by more than 1‰ within approximately 10 days. These findings highlight the importance of recognizing uncontrolled ecological variability and hidden intra-individual dietary changes when interpreting stable isotope data in relation to behavior and environmental traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12820444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146008487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-Trajectory of Mother–Infant Relationships in Wild Assamese Macaques","authors":"Ana Lucia Arbaiza-Bayona,&nbsp;Roger Mundry,&nbsp;Suchinda Malaivijitnond,&nbsp;Suthirote Meesawat,&nbsp;Oliver Schülke,&nbsp;Julia Ostner","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70110","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70110","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Maternal care is ubiquitous in mammals, yet its degree and duration vary across taxa. In primates, mothers provide extended care for young and follow similar developmental transitions in the mother–infant relationship, yet at different paces of change. Since ecological pressures shape life-history traits including female reproductive rate and timing of infant independence, research is needed on mother–infant relationships in wild populations exposed to energetic constraints and predation risk. Assamese macaques (<i>Macaca assamensis</i>) of the study population are seasonal breeders living in an unpredictable environment, where fluctuating food availability imposes energetic challenges on mothers and infants. We quantitatively describe how maternal care and offspring independence develop throughout infancy. Using continuous focal observations on 59 infants, we model the nonlinear age-trajectories of mother–infant proximity and transitions from dependent to independent feeding and locomotion, and estimated sex differences in these trajectories. Newborns were fully dependent on their mothers for feeding and transport, with mothers maintaining close proximity. A transitional phase emerged between 1 and 3 months of age, marked by reduced maternal proximity and increasing infant independence. During the second half of infancy, infants achieved near-complete locomotor and feeding independence, while residual proximity and body contact persisted. No sex differences were detected in the mother–infant relationship trajectory. Collectively, the timing of maternal investment aligns with the breeding strategy of this seasonal species, with females balancing investment in current and future reproduction. This study establishes a baseline for examining how ecological variability affects the timing and pace of mother–infant behavioral transitions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12820445/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146008425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous Audio-Visual Sensor Monitoring Is More Effective Than Human Observers for Detecting Moor Macaques","authors":"Víctor Beltrán Francés,&nbsp;Anja Hutschenreiter,&nbsp;Hjalmar S. Kühl,&nbsp;Federica Amici,&nbsp;Risma Illa Maulany,&nbsp;Putu Oka Ngakan,&nbsp;Bonaventura Majolo,&nbsp;Denise Spaan","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70121","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Jumlah spesies yang terancam punah terus mengalami peningkatan, sehingga semakin menegaskan pentingnya estimasi populasi yang ada dalam penyusunan rencana konservasi yang efektif. Salah satu aspek krusial dalam estimasi populasi adalah kemampuan untuk mengkonfirmasi keberadaan suatu spesies selama survei (kemampuan deteksi). Meskipun sensor audio-visual, seperti kamera jebak dan pemantauan akustik pasif (Passive Acoustic Monitoring-PAM), telah berkembang sebagai alat yang penting dalam pemantauan primata, namun penelitian secara sistematis yang membandingkan efektivitas deteksi kedua metode ini masih sangat terbatas, khususnya pada hutan yang cukup rapat dengan visibilitas rendah dan pada spesies yang sulit ditemukan. Dalam penelitian ini, kami membandingkan pemantauan berkelanjutan selama 40 hari menggunakan sensor audio-visual (kamera jebak, <i>N</i> = 19; PAM, <i>N</i> = 7) dengan metode transek titik berbasis manusia yang dilakukan melalui tiga kali kunjungan survei (<i>N</i> = 20) pada populasi monyet dare (Macaca maura) di dua tipe habitat: hutan (<i>N</i> = 10) dan area terbuka (<i>N</i> = 10). Dengan menggunakan model okupansi untuk membandingkan probabilitas deteksi (p), hasil menunjukkkan bahwa kamera jebak (<i>p</i> = 0,63 ± 0,04) dan PAM (<i>p</i> = 0,79 ± 0,08) memiliki kinerja lebih baik dibandingkan transek titik (<i>p</i> = 0,33 ± 0,07), tanpa dipengaruhi oleh tipe habitat. Setelah waktu survei disetarakan antar metode, ndeteksi lebih tinggi pada transek titik untuk survei yang berlangsung kurang dari satu hari. Namun, kamera jebak dan PAM menunjukkan kinerja setara setelah dua hari survei (<i>p</i> value &lt; 0,05). Menariknya, kombinasi kedua sensor audio-visual menghasilkan tingkat keterdeteksian tertinggi (<i>p</i> = 0,87 ± 0,05). Temuan ini menegaskan efektivitas sensor audio-visual dan mendukung pendekatan multi-metode dalam pemantauan primata di hutan tropis. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini berkontribusi pada desain protokol pemantauan yang lebih efektif bagi spesies primata, yang sangat penting dalam perencanaan strategi konservasi.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146008484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}