American Journal of Primatology最新文献

{"title":"Variation in Craniodental Pathologies Among Cercopithecoid Primates","authors":"Claire A. Kirchhoff,&nbsp;Siobhán B. Cooke,&nbsp;Jessica C. Gomez,&nbsp;D. Rex Mitchell,&nbsp;Tyler Stein,&nbsp;Claire E. Terhune","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23681","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23681","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pathologies of the skull and teeth are well documented for many human populations, but there are fewer studies of other primates. We contrast lesion prevalence and patterning among cercopithecoid primates and map variation onto socioecological variables. We compare craniodental lesions in six species: <i>Nasalis larvatus</i> (<i>n</i> = 54), <i>Colobus polykomos</i> (<i>n</i> = 64), <i>Cercopithecus mitis</i> (<i>n</i> = 65), <i>Macaca fascicularis</i> (<i>n</i> = 109), <i>Theropithecus gelada</i> (<i>n</i> = 13), and <i>Papio anubis</i> (<i>n</i> = 76). One of us (C.A.K.) evaluated each adult skull for multiple lesion types using standard criteria. We also tested for a relationship between lesion prevalence and cranial suture fusion (age proxy). We used nonparametric tests for sex and species differences as well as pathology co-occurrence in SPSS. Socioecological data come from previous studies. Sex differences in lesion prevalence were only detected in <i>P. anubis</i>. Within taxa, some lesion types co-occurred. In <i>Macaca</i>, the presence of caries was associated with several other lesion types. Pulp cavity exposure co-occurred with TMJ osteoarthritis in multiple taxa. Among taxa, male <i>P. anubis</i> had higher lesion prevalences, particularly related to the anterior dentition and facial trauma. Because we did not detect a relationship between suture fusion and lesion prevalence, we propose that craniodental lesions may also be influenced by socioecological variables such as group composition and ratio of fruit to leaves in the diet. Our findings suggest that pain from pulp cavity exposure and related dental infections may alter chewing biomechanics and contribute to onset of TMJ osteoarthritis in nonhuman primates, as seen in humans. Further, we suggest that higher lesion prevalence in male baboons is likely related to male–male competition. Skeletal lesion analysis provides useful insight into primate socioecology, particularly for rare or difficult-to-observe phenomena, and provides additional biological context for our own species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"86 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological Consequences of Individual Centrality on Wild Chimpanzees","authors":"Maxime Pierron,&nbsp;Cédric Sueur,&nbsp;Masaki Shimada,&nbsp;Andrew J. J. MacIntosh,&nbsp;Valéria Romano","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23682","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23682","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Disease outbreaks are one of the key threats to great apes and other wildlife. Because the spread of some pathogens (e.g., respiratory viruses, sexually transmitted diseases, ectoparasites) are mediated by social interactions, there is a growing interest in understanding how social networks predict the chain of pathogen transmission. In this study, we built a party network from wild chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>), and used agent-based modeling to test: (i) whether individual attributes (sex, age) predict individual centrality (i.e., whether it is more or less socially connected); (ii) whether individual centrality affects an individual's role in the chain of pathogen transmission; and, (iii) whether the basic reproduction number (<i>R</i>₀) and infectious period modulate the influence of centrality on pathogen transmission. We show that sex and age predict individual centrality, with older males presenting many (degree centrality) and strong (strength centrality) relationships. As expected, males are more central than females within their network, and their centrality determines their probability of getting infected during simulated outbreaks. We then demonstrate that direct measures of social interaction (strength centrality), as well as eigenvector centrality, strongly predict disease dynamics in the chimpanzee community. Finally, we show that this predictive power depends on the pathogen's <i>R</i>₀ and infectious period: individual centrality was most predictive in simulations with the most transmissible pathogens and long-lasting diseases. These findings highlight the importance of considering animal social networks when investigating disease outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"86 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.23682","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bot fly parasitism in mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata): General patterns and climate influences","authors":"Ricardo J. Ortíz-Zárate,&nbsp;Ariadna Rangel-Negrín,&nbsp;Alejandro Coyohua-Fuentes,&nbsp;Sergio Ibáñez-Bernal,&nbsp;Jurgi Cristóbal-Azkarate,&nbsp;Pedro A. D. Dias","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23680","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23680","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Parasitism is a strong selective pressure, and its study is crucial for predicting the persistence of host species. Mantled howler monkeys are infected by the larvae of the bot fly <i>Cuterebra baeri</i>. This parasitosis produces myiasis and may have negative impacts on host health, although systematic information on the dynamics of this host-parasite relationship is very limited. Currently, all available information on infection patterns of <i>C. baeri</i> comes from a single mantled howler monkey population (Barro Colorado Island, Panama). Therefore, in this study we describe temporal variation in infection patterns for a newly mantled howler monkey population and analyze the relationship between climate and infection likelihood. We assessed the presence of <i>C. baeri</i> nodules in 17 adult individuals in Los Tuxtlas for 10 months through direct observation and compiled data on ambient temperature and rainfall. Most subjects had nodules during the study and there were no differences between sexes in the number of nodules. Nodules were usually located in the neck. Prevalence and abundance of nodules peaked thrice during the study (February, April, and September), a pattern that was very similar to that of parasitism intensity (February, April, and August). Incidence closely tracked these peaks, increasing before and decreasing after them. The likelihood of nodule appearance increased when both mean and minimum temperature decreased in the 24–21 prior days to nodule appearance. It also increased with decreased rainfall in the 5–2 prior days to nodule appearance. Although only three of the eight analyzed climate variables had a significant effect on parasitosis, these results suggest that climate may affect pupal development and the access of larvae to hosts. Besides contributing data on <i>C. baeri</i> parasitism for a new mantled howler monkey population, our study provides novel information on the influence of environmental factors on the dynamics of host-parasite systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"86 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142078891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in the acoustic structure of terrestrial alarm calls in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus)","authors":"Colin Dubreuil,&nbsp;Hugh Notman,&nbsp;Louise Barrett,&nbsp;Peter Henzi,&nbsp;Mary Susan McDonald Pavelka","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23674","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23674","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The alarm calls of vervet monkeys (<i>Chlorocebus pygerythrus</i>) have been the subject of considerable focus by researchers, owing primarily to the purported referential qualities of different alarm call types. With this focus on reference, acoustic variation among calls elicited by the same range of predators has typically been overlooked. Specifically, at least one type of alarm call—the terrestrial alarm—was described over 50 years ago as being acoustically distinct between males and females—a description that has largely eluded more systematic scrutiny. Here, we provide a quantitative acoustic analysis and comparison of terrestrial alarm calls produced by adult male and female vervet monkeys. We use a random forest model to determine which acoustic variables best distinguish between the calls of males and females, and use an unsupervised clustering technique to objectively determine whether alarms produced by each sex fall into discrete types. We found that the calls of males and females differed most in frequency-based parameters, with male alarms containing more energy at lower frequencies relative to females. Calls produced by males were also of longer duration, and consisted of longer individual call elements relative to female calls. While calls generally fell into clusters associated with either male or female alarms, we found that some fell into atypical clusters given the caller's sex, and that the clusters themselves showed evidence of intergradation. We discuss these results in terms of potential differences in the function of, and motivation for, calling by males and females. We emphasize the need for a more holistic approach to the classification of vocal signals that considers contextual, functional, and structural variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.23674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142003415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing primate surveillance with image recognition techniques from unmanned aerial vehicles.","authors":"Gang He, Xiao Zhang, Jie Wang, Pengfei Xu, Xiduo Hou, Wei Dong, Yinghu Lei, Xuelin Jin, Weifeng Wang, Wenyong Tian, Yan Huang, Desheng Li, Tianyu Qin, Jing Wang, Ruliang Pan, Baoguo Li, Songtao Guo","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for surveys on thermostatic animals has gained prominence due to their ability to provide practical and precise dynamic censuses, contributing to developing and refining conservation strategies. However, the practical application of UAVs for animal monitoring necessitates the automation of image interpretation to enhance their effectiveness. Based on our past experiences, we present the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) as a case study to illustrate the effective use of thermal cameras mounted on UAVs for monitoring monkey populations in Qinling, a region characterized by magnificent biodiversity. We used the local contrast method for a small infrared target detection algorithm to collect the total population size. Through the experimental group, we determined the average optimal grayscale threshold, while the validation group confirmed that this threshold enables automatic detection and counting of target animals in similar datasets. The precision rate obtained from the experiments ranged from 85.14% to 97.60%. Our findings reveal a negative correlation between the minimum average distance between thermal spots and the count of detected individuals, indicating higher interference in images with closer thermal spots. We propose a formula for adjusting primate population estimates based on detection rates obtained from UAV surveys. Our results demonstrate the practical application of UAV-based thermal imagery and automated detection algorithms for primate monitoring, albeit with consideration of environmental factors and the need for data preprocessing. This study contributes to advancing the application of UAV technology in wildlife monitoring, with implications for conservation management and research.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":" ","pages":"e23676"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salivary cortisol captures endocrine response to an acute stressor in captive female tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella)","authors":"Andrew N. DeSana,&nbsp;Z. Morgan Benowitz-Fredericks,&nbsp;Aiko Amano,&nbsp;Regina P. Gazes","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23677","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23677","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Measuring glucocorticoids such as cortisol is a useful tool for exploring relationships among behavior, physiology, and well-being in primates. As cortisol circulates in blood, it moves into biological matrices such as hair, urine, feces, and saliva. Saliva sampling is a simple, noninvasive method to measure cortisol that can be easily implemented by training animals to voluntarily provide samples. The temporal lag between elevation of cortisol in the blood and elevation of cortisol in saliva likely varies by species and must be characterized to identify appropriate sampling regimens. In the present study we characterized the time course of cortisol changes in saliva following an acute psychological stressor in captive tufted capuchin monkeys (<i>Sapajus apella)</i>. We trained eight free-moving female tufted capuchin monkeys to voluntarily produce clean saliva samples. We exposed them to the acute stressor of a veterinary catch net and observed behavior pre and post exposure. We collected salivary samples immediately pre exposure (0 min) and 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 min after exposure. Salivary cortisol was quantified using a Salimetrics kit. Behavioral and cortisol measures were compared within individuals to a control condition in which no stressor was presented. Capuchins showed a clear behavioral response to the stressor by demonstrating increased freezing and pacing, decreased feed foraging, nonsocial play, and scratching, and decreased willingness to provide saliva samples after stressor presentation. After stressor presentation, average salivary cortisol began to increase at 30 min and continued to increase through the 120 min sample period. There was individual variation in absolute cortisol levels, the timing of the cortisol increase, and the timing of the peak. Our results suggest that no single time-point can be reliably used to evaluate salivary cortisol response to an acute stressor across individuals, and instead we recommend the collection of a prolonged time series.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"86 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beware! Different methods lead to divergent results on yawn contagion modulation in bonobos","authors":"Sara De Vittoris,&nbsp;Marta Caselli,&nbsp;Elisa Demuru,&nbsp;Lisa Gillespie,&nbsp;Ivan Norscia","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23671","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23671","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Contagious yawning (CY)—linked to physiological synchronization and possibly emotional contagion—occurs when one individual's yawn induces yawning in others. CY was investigated over different time windows (minutes from the triggering stimulus) via naturalistic or experimental studies (using real and video yawns, respectively) with contrasting results, especially in bonobos. We verified whether in bonobos result divergences may derive from different methods. We gathered yawning data on 13 bonobos at Twycross Zoo (UK) via a naturalistic (all-occurrences observations) and experimental approach (by showing yawn/control video stimuli). Based on literature, we used 1- and 3-min windows to detect CY. Due to fission-fusion management, individuals could form permanent or non-permanent associations (more/less familiar subjects under naturalistic setting). Video yawn stimuli may come from group mates/stranger models (more/less familiar subjects under the experimental setting). Stimulus type and time window affected CY modulating factors but not CY detection. Familiarity and age effect on CY showed opposite trends in 3-min trials and 1-min observations. CY was highest in oldest, non-permanently (rather than permanently) associated subjects in the naturalistic setting, but in the youngest subjects and with ingroup (rather than outgroup) models in trials. The age effect differences on CY might be due to decontextualized yawns and immature subject curiosity toward videos. The reversed familiarity effect suggests CY's context-dependent function in promoting social synchronization with socially distant group mates, as failing to coordinate as a group may lead to social disruption. Complementary methods are needed to fully understand motor replication phenomena.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"86 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.23671","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Singing in the rain! Climate constraints on the occurrence of indri's song","authors":"Valeria Ferrario,&nbsp;Teresa Raimondi,&nbsp;Chiara De Gregorio,&nbsp;Filippo Carugati,&nbsp;Walter Cristiano,&nbsp;Valeria Torti,&nbsp;Rebecca N. Lewis,&nbsp;Daria Valente,&nbsp;Leah J. Williams,&nbsp;Claire Raisin,&nbsp;Marco Gamba,&nbsp;Achaz Von Hardenberg,&nbsp;Cristina Giacoma","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23673","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23673","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study of how animals adapt their behaviors depending on weather variables has gained particular significance in the context of climate change. This exploration offers insights into endangered species' potential threats and provides information on the direction to take in conservation activities. In this context, noninvasive, cost-effective, and potentially long-term monitoring systems, such as Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), become particularly appropriate. Our study investigates the relationship between weather variables and the vocal behavior of <i>Indri indri</i>, the sole singing lemur species, within Madagascar's Maromizaha New Protected Area. Using PAM, we explore the factors shaping the vocalization patterns of this primate species in response to some environmental factors in their natural habitat. Analysis of an extensive audio data set collected across different years revealed the differential influence of temperature and precipitation on <i>Indri indri</i> vocal activity. We found that rainfall negatively influenced the emission of the vocalizations while warmer temperatures correlated with a greater emission of songs. The various environmental factors we considered also affected the timing of vocal emissions, showing the same pattern. Furthermore, our study confirms, once again, the strength of PAM as a valuable tool for studying vocal animal communication quickly, giving us information about long-term behavioral patterns that would be difficult to get in other ways. This research gives us further valuable information about how indris use vocalizations in their environment and how they adjust to environmental changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"86 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.23673","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141970432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying machine learning to primate bioacoustics: Review and perspectives","authors":"Jules Cauzinille,&nbsp;Benoit Favre,&nbsp;Ricard Marxer,&nbsp;Arnaud Rey","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23666","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23666","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper provides a comprehensive review of the use of computational bioacoustics as well as signal and speech processing techniques in the analysis of primate vocal communication. We explore the potential implications of machine learning and deep learning methods, from the use of simple supervised algorithms to more recent self-supervised models, for processing and analyzing large data sets obtained within the emergence of passive acoustic monitoring approaches. In addition, we discuss the importance of automated primate vocalization analysis in tackling essential questions on animal communication and highlighting the role of comparative linguistics in bioacoustic research. We also examine the challenges associated with data collection and annotation and provide insights into potential solutions. Overall, this review paper runs through a set of common or innovative perspectives and applications of machine learning for primate vocal communication analysis and outlines opportunities for future research in this rapidly developing field.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"86 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.23666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141905612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining predictive meteorological variables in the singing behavior of northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) in northern Lao PDR","authors":"Jay White,&nbsp;Akchousanh Rasphone,&nbsp;Anong Thoyar,&nbsp;Vincent Nijman","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23679","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23679","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Considering the conservation attention needed to keep viable the few remaining wild populations of the Critically Endangered northern white-cheeked gibbon (<i>Nomascus leucogenys</i>), there has been a serious paucity of research undertaken for the species. To improve the effectiveness of surveys of this and other gibbon species, and ultimately their conservation, it is important to better understand the variables that affect their singing behavior—the feature that is currently used in most gibbon population surveys. We collected singing and meteorological data from 320 days, between October 2020 and March 2021, at 80 different locations, during an auditory presence/non-detection survey of <i>N. leucogenys</i> in northeastern Lao PDR. Songs were detected on 100 of the 320 days, a total of 154 song bouts. We analyzed the differences in song bout frequency, song bout timing (in relation to sunrise), and song bout length in relation to the meteorological variables of temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover, rain, fog, and wind. We found song bout frequency to be significantly greater on mornings with cloud cover (as a function of improved detection), on mornings without fog, on mornings without rain, and on warmer mornings. We found song bouts to start significantly earlier on mornings without fog and on warmer mornings when fog was present. Finally, we found song bouts lasted longer on mornings with fog and on warmer mornings. We did not find any significant relationships with relative humidity or wind. These patterns fit with prior research on behavioral responses of gibbons to weather and improve the understanding of gibbon vocal behavior to better prepare researchers for designing auditory surveys of <i>Nomascus</i> and other gibbon species.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"86 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.23679","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141905613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}