American Journal of Primatology最新文献

{"title":"Valuing Behavioral By-Products: Evolutionary Significance of Neutrally Drifting and Exaptive Cultures in Primates","authors":"Jean-Baptiste Leca,&nbsp;Noëlle Gunst,&nbsp;Paul L. Vasey,&nbsp;Michael A. Huffman","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70187","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<p>After challenging the view that cultural processes mainly produce behavioral adaptations, we urge researchers to adopt a pluralistic view on Darwinian evolution by emphasizing the diversity and importance of evolutionary by-products and highlighting the heuristic merit of concepts such as behavioral spandrels and exaptations, particularly in the domain of cultural evolution in primates. We then use the concept of the “structure-function interface” and draw from our own research on macaques to provide two examples of possible behavioral adaptations and their corresponding by-products, both of which are maintained via the proximate mechanisms of cultural processes and pleasurable feedback. These two behavioral by-products are female homosexual mounts and object play, and their putative functional counterparts are female-to-male mounts and tool use, respectively. We provide empirical evidence from the structural analysis of behavior to support our contentions that some non-conceptive sex cultures may neutrally drift from behavioral adaptations to by-products and that some object play cultures may exaptively afford tool use. Our approach dovetails with, and expands upon, a pluralistic perspective on evolutionary theory.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148454396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral and Gut Microbiomes Reveal Potential Physiological Constraints on Release Readiness in Rehabilitating Javan slow lorises","authors":"Abdullah Langgeng,&nbsp;Marie Sigaud,&nbsp;Wendi Prameswari,&nbsp;Nur Purba Priambada,&nbsp;Puji Rianti,&nbsp;Richard Moore,&nbsp;Karmele Llano Sanchez,&nbsp;Wanyi Lee,&nbsp;Andrew J. J. MacIntosh,&nbsp;Ikki Matsuda","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70184","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70184","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Illegal wildlife trade and habitat degradation displace thousands of animals annually in Southeast Asia, with many confiscated primates housed in rehabilitation centers that increasingly function as long-term holding environments. In slow lorises, dental clipping associated with the pet trade may generate persistent disruption along the oral–gut axis, potentially undermining physiological readiness for release in ways not captured by conventional screening. Here, we evaluated whether microbiome structure provides an integrative marker of release readiness in rehabilitating Javan slow lorises (<i>Nycticebus javanicus</i>). From June to October 2024, we collected fecal (<i>n</i> = 26) and saliva (<i>n</i> = 18) samples from 19 adults housed at YIARI, including 10 release candidates and 9 non-candidates classified primarily based on tooth loss, medical history, and release suitability. Bacterial communities were characterized using 16S rRNA (V3–V4) amplicon sequencing, with alpha and beta diversity, taxonomic enrichment (LEfSe), and predicted functional profiles (PICRUSt2) assessed. Microbiome composition was strongly compartmentalized by body site, with higher alpha diversity in the gut. Release candidacy was associated with modest gut compositional differences, whereas oral microbiomes showed pronounced divergence between candidates and non-candidates. Non-candidates were enriched in dysbiosis-associated taxa and degradation-oriented functional pathways, while candidates showed enrichment of biosynthetic and central energy metabolism pathways. Gut microbiome structure was stable across pre-release and soft-release phases. These findings indicate that oral and gut microbiomes represent distinct physiological niches and that persistent oral microbiome restructuring may retain signatures of cumulative rehabilitation history. Microbiome-informed approaches may provide complementary insights into physiological variation relevant to rehabilitation and release decisions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148429766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Food Geometry and Toughness Influence Ingestive Patterns in Lemurs","authors":"Mariana Dutra Fogaça,&nbsp;Nina Flowers,&nbsp;Haja Fabrice Razafindrabe Maminiaina,&nbsp;Jean Claude Razafimampiandra,&nbsp;Nayuta Yamashita","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70188","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70188","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigate the extent to which food toughness, geometry, and/or lemur species determine biting locations during feeding. We quantified biting locations in two sympatric species, <i>Lemur catta</i> and <i>Propithecus verreauxi</i>, in Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. Using video of seven lemur groups, we assigned biting locations to anterior, intermediate, or posterior positions. Food toughness (average and maximum) was measured using a portable field tester. Foods were categorized into four shape (flat, not-flat) and size (small, large) categories. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to test these predictors with food placement as the response. Toughness and food geometry significantly influenced biting positions, though not necessarily as predicted. <i>P. verreauxi</i> favored anterior placements for small, non-flat foods, whereas <i>L. catta</i> favored intermediate, and both used posterior with increasing food toughness. <i>P. verreauxi</i> has a robust masticatory system and can process “moderate” tough food anteriorly (initially defaulting to this position). However, they process food posteriorly as the food increases in toughness. <i>L. catta</i> more evenly distributes bites among the ingestion locations. These two lemur species differ in initial feeding behaviors that are likely related to underlying differences in masticatory morphology.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148429758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Data From Great Ape Zoo Populations Confirm a High Prevalence of Overweight Individuals","authors":"João Pedro Meireles,&nbsp;Sarah Byrne,&nbsp;Paul W. Dierkes,&nbsp;Miriam Göbel,&nbsp;Max Hahn-Klimroth,&nbsp;Arun Idoe,&nbsp;Dennis W. H. Müller,&nbsp;Zjef Pereboom,&nbsp;Jana Pluháčková,&nbsp;Sandra Reichler,&nbsp;Claudia Rudolf von Rohr,&nbsp;Simone Schehka,&nbsp;Jeroen M. G. Stevens,&nbsp;Jonas Verspeek,&nbsp;Marcus Clauss","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70185","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70185","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Great apes in zoos have a history of receiving diets resembling those of humans in industrialized societies, with ensuing obesity and comorbidities. We analyzed adult zoo body mass (BM) data of 1290 chimpanzees, 141 bonobos, 231 Bornean orangutans, 186 Sumatran orangutans, and 719 Western gorillas in comparison to BM of free-ranging conspecifics. Females and males considered overweight or obese were 62% and 45% in chimpanzees, 14% and 3% in bonobos, 88% and 81% in Bornean and 74% and 72% in Sumatran orangutans, and 67% and 12% in Western gorillas. The higher degree of overweight in females might also be linked to a lack of reproductive activity. Historical improvements, if at all, were evident in gorillas. We hypothesize that the main cause of obesity is the use of diet items that are low in fiber, high in easily digestible carbohydrates, and therefore highly palatable (such as cultivated fruit and pelleted or extruded compound feeds high in starch), instead of the recommended use of higher-fiber items. As zoo animals do not choose diets for themselves but are provided with the items they can choose from, it is the responsibility of zoos to provide primates with diet items that can safely be used in a group setting without the incentive of overeating and the risk of monopolization by dominant individuals, that is, most plausibly, high-fiber diets. For the optimal welfare of such long-living taxa, the focus under human care should shift from sheer longevity to health span, for which the prevention of obesity is key.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148429720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forms, Patterns, and Predictors of Body Contact Between Mothers and Infants in Ngogo Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)","authors":"Florence Landry,&nbsp;Mathieu Gaudrault,&nbsp;Cassandra Curteanu,&nbsp;Kelly Desruelle,&nbsp;Iulia Bădescu","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70178","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Physical contact between mothers and infants is a cornerstone of infant care in primates, providing protection, thermoregulation, and transportation. While previous studies have focused primarily on ventro-ventral and dorso-ventral contact, the diversity of body contact forms and their developmental trajectories remains underexplored. We examined how infant age, sex, maternal parity, and group size influence mother–infant body contact in 37 chimpanzee (<i>Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii</i>) pairs at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. We categorized contact into ventro-ventral, ventro-dorsal, lap, low ventral, flank, and sitting beside the mother. Ventro-ventral contact dominated early life and declined steadily with age, while ventro-dorsal and sitting beside the mother contact increased with locomotor competence and independence. Notably, ventro-ventral contact declined well before weaning, indicating that changes in contact form are partly decoupled from nursing trajectories. Lap and low ventral contact were most frequent in infants under 6 months, highlighting their importance for early support and nursing access, while sitting beside the mother emerged as a key intermediate position that may support proximity, exploration, and mother–infant attachment. Infant sex and maternal parity shaped developmental pathways of specific body contact use, and group size influenced both overall contact and ventro-dorsal contact rates, suggesting sensitivity of mother–infant interactions to social context. Together, these findings demonstrate that shifts among multiple forms of body contact reflect interacting developmental, maternal, and social processes, underscoring the importance of considering diverse contact forms to understand infant care and developmental transitions in primates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148403442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study of Aging and Cortical Folding in Chimpanzees and Olive Baboons","authors":"William D. Hopkins,&nbsp;Angela Achorn,&nbsp;Michele M. Mulholland,&nbsp;Elizabeth Magden,&nbsp;Steven J. Schapiro,&nbsp;Courtney L. Fults,&nbsp;Jean-Francois Mangin,&nbsp;Adrien Meguerditchian","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70190","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70190","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In light of the evidence that nonhuman primates naturally develop Alzheimer's disease neuropathologies, there is a renewed interest in research on the comparative biology of aging, including neurological changes across the age groups in species with diverse lifespans. In this paper, we examined age-related differences in two measures of cortical folding, mean depth and fold opening, in a sample of chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>) and olive baboons <i>(Papio anubis</i>). We found significant species differences in the slope and pattern of age-related changes in cortical folding. As predicted, chimpanzees showed negative linear associations between age and mean depth and positive linear associations between age and fold opening, as we see in humans. However, contrary to our hypotheses, baboons showed positive quadratic associations between age and mean depth and negative quadratic associations between age and fold opening. Additionally, within the baboons but not the chimpanzees, significant sex differences were found in age-related differences in cortical folding. Here, male baboons showed significant linear associations between age, sulci depth, and fold opening, much like male and female chimpanzees. However, for female baboons, slopes of age-related differences in fold opening were flat or showed slight quadratic associations. It is possible that variation in primate social systems and/or reproductive aging may influence sex and species differences in brain aging. Longitudinal studies on primate brain aging, as well as comparative research with additional taxa, could shed light on the causes and implications of these differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148403283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population Demographic History of Taihangshan Macaques (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis) in the Wulongkou Area, Jiyuan, China","authors":"Longhui Hu,&nbsp;Yuwei Wang,&nbsp;Haotian Xu,&nbsp;Jundong Tian,&nbsp;Jiqi Lu","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70191","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70191","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Studying the demographic history of wildlife populations provides fundamental information for conservation and sustainable development. The rhesus macaque (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>) is the most widely naturally distributed nonhuman primate species; however, local populations can face extirpation due to human disturbance. This study investigated the demographic history of free-ranging Taihangshan macaques (<i>M. mulatta tcheliensis</i>) in the Wulongkou area, Jiyuan City, China, a site developed for tourism in the early 1980s and representative of wildlife-based tourism in China. The key findings demonstrated that the Taihangshan macaque population in the southern Wulongkou area has experienced significant fluctuations over the past three decades. The mean group size tended to return to its historical average size. Natality was relatively stable from 2012 to 2022 and then increased, and newborn mortality increased from 2012 to 2019 and then decreased since 2020. Many males remained in their natal group or dispersed to neighboring groups within the same area. These findings suggested that the Taihangshan macaque population may be constrained by environmental factors rather than food availability, as food has been regularly provisioned since the onset of tourism. We emphasize the need for future studies to identify the key challenges and to incorporate population genetic analysis to better evaluate the future viability of the Taihangshan macaque populations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148403432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of Urinary Neopterin Concentration in Primates: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis","authors":"Verónica Torres-Solórzano,&nbsp;Ariadna Rangel-Negrín,&nbsp;Pedro A. D. Dias","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70189","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70189","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ecoimmunological research in primates increasingly uses urinary neopterin as a noninvasive biomarker of cell-mediated immune activation, but primary studies often disagree on the magnitude and sometimes direction of neopterin-predictor associations, and modest sample sizes limit single-study inferences. We synthesized this literature through a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis, extracting 83 effect sizes from 13 studies encompassing eight species and 12 populations. Effects were modeled as partial correlations using a three-level random-effects structure with effect sizes nested within studies and species as a crossed random effect, and assigned to six predictor categories (environment, individual characteristics, health, behavior, storage, and individual-by-environment), four individual predictor labels (age, sex, seasonality, infection), and two study designs (naturalistic vs. structured). The overall pooled effect was small but statistically significant. All heterogeneity resided at the effect-size level; the between-study and between-species variance components were estimated at zero. Predictor category moderated the association: environmental predictors yielded the largest effect, followed by individual characteristics, while health, behavior, and storage effects did not differ from zero. The age-specific estimate was consistent in direction across 10 studies, supporting urinary neopterin's value for studying immunosenescence. Naturalistic and structured designs returned similar estimates. A collapsed-population sensitivity analysis confirmed that no single population drove the results, and no evidence of publication bias was detected. Ecological context is the primary aggregate-level predictor of urinary neopterin variation, and neopterin-predictor relationships are consistent across primate species, supporting its utility as a standardized comparative biomarker for primate ecoimmunology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148389752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Vegetation Structure on Lemur Recolonization of Post-Fire Habitats in Northwestern Madagascar","authors":"Naina Ratsimba Rabemananjara,&nbsp;Misa Rasolozaka,&nbsp;Marie Odile Ravolanirina,&nbsp;Rogula Marivola,&nbsp;Seheno Harilala Randriamiarantsoa,&nbsp;Romule Rakotondravony,&nbsp;Hanta Razafindraibe,&nbsp;Dominik Schüßler,&nbsp;Ute Radespiel","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70186","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.70186","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Habitat quality is a key determinant of wildlife distribution. Fire degrades forests by increasing canopy openness and eliminating even large trees, providing shelter and necessary resources for many species. In Madagascar, fires are prominent, yet the mechanisms linking fire disturbance to lemur habitat occupation remain poorly understood. We conducted a study inside Ankarafantsika National Park during the dry seasons of 2022 and 2023, collecting data along paired burnt–unburnt transects in 18 sites containing burnt partitions with a 1–35-year fire age. Using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, we assessed the effects of forest humidity, temperature, vegetation structure, and woody species richness on lemur occurrence, and evaluated the impact of fire parameters on significant abiotic and vegetation parameters. Lemur responses varied by body size and ecological specialization. <i>Eulemur fulvus</i> most likely occurred in humid habitats with high floristic diversity. Floristic diversity also explained best the presence of <i>Avahi occidentalis</i> and <i>Cheirogaleus medius</i>, while <i>Lepilemur edwardsi</i> was rather connected to dense multi-layered canopies. Small-bodied <i>Microcebus</i> species displayed structural and floristic tolerance. Woody species richness declined in the burnt forest and was highest in the unburnt forest. Fires impacted vegetation structure, increasing openness and understory density, while old burnt and unburnt forests maintained complex vertical layering. Woody species richness emerged as the strongest predictor of lemur species richness. These results indicate that fire primarily affects lemurs through floristic and structural pathways, emphasizing the need to preserve intact forest refugia to sustain lemur diversity under increasing fire pressure in dry forest landscapes of Madagascar.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148389790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validating a Mixed Qualitative Behavioral Assessment for Adult Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) II: Significant Event Monitoring","authors":"Kylen N. Gartland,&nbsp;Emily Bovee,&nbsp;Angelica N. Reed,&nbsp;Grace Fuller","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70183","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Gorilla Behavioral Assessment Tool (GBAT) is the first of a new class of research and welfare tools termed mixed qualitative behavioral assessments or M-QBAs. An M-QBA is a unique tool that integrates the affective welfare indicators of classic QBAs with the behavioral and physiological indicators of typical welfare assessments to create a more comprehensive whole animal tool. Previous validation efforts for the GBAT during baseline conditions (Part I) have established high inter-rater agreement across raters, subjects, and institutions as well as strong or preliminary construct validity for seven of the 12 tested items. Our second validation focused on a significant life event, specifically an inter-institutional transfer of two groups (<i>n</i> = 6) of western lowland gorillas (<i>Gorilla gorilla gorilla</i>) between the Cincinnati Zoo &amp; Botanical Garden and the Detroit Zoo. Both teams collected behavioral data and fecal samples in addition to daily completion of the GBAT. We used Gwet's AC₂ to establish near-perfect inter-rater reliability and Spearman's correlations and generalized linear mixed models to assess construct validity. We validated all 12 of the tested items, including the 7 items previously validated in Part I. Across both validation efforts, we have demonstrated high, consistent inter-rater reliability, including application both for adult males and a small sample (<i>n</i> = 2) of adult females. We have also established significant or preliminary construct validity for all tested items. Ultimately, we present the GBAT as a welfare and research tool with promising validation results as a model for future M-QBAs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"88 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148358210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}