American Journal of Primatology最新文献

{"title":"Infant Carrying in Wild Black-Fronted Saddleback Tamarin Groups With Single and Two Breeding Females","authors":"Eckhard W. Heymann,&nbsp;Darja Slana","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the cooperatively breeding tamarins and marmosets, helpers aid in the transport of heavy twins (15%–20% of maternal body mass at birth). In the few tamarin species studied so far in the wild, the principal infant carriers are breeding adult males, nonbreeding adults and subadults with considerable variation among individuals in their contributions. While tamarin groups usually include only a single breeding female, but groups occasionally include two breeding females. It is not known if and how the number of breeding females affects individual contributions to infant carrying. We studied the mating system of five groups of black-fronted saddleback tamarins, <i>Leontocebus nigrifrons</i>, in northeastern Peru. Two of the five groups included two breeding females, providing the opportunity to compare patterns of infant carrying in groups with a single breeding female and with two breeding females. Overall, adult males and mothers were the principal carriers. In one group with two breeding females, all adult and subadult group members contributed substantially to infant carrying. In the other group the mother received little help and carried her offspring for &gt; 80% of time. In the former group, both females had copulated with both adult males, while in the latter group the female not receiving help had not copulated with the single adult male of the group. These contrasting patterns of infant carrying highlight the high variability within the cooperative breeding system of tamarins.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144712066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behind the Trend: An Examination of Primate Content on TikTok","authors":"Kelsie K. Strong,&nbsp;Lilith A. Frakes,&nbsp;Jessica A. Mayhew,&nbsp;Chelsea J. Thompson,&nbsp;Caroline P. Ratliff","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70063","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Social media platforms today are teeming with images of wildlife as pets, and studies have emerged investigating the role social media plays on the public's perception of primates and their desirability as pets. This study explores the presentation of nonhuman primates and video engagement, defined as user interactions through likes, comments, shares, and views, on the social media platform TikTok. We examined 1378 videos from 173 different TikTok content creators sharing primate videos. Most content depicted primates within a household (43.1%), indicating they are often shown in the context of being pets. This is cause for concern because the portrayal of primates in anthropogenic settings or in contact with humans makes them more desirable as pets to viewers. We also found significant differences in engagement rate based on the location of the video and the species of primate present. Households, zoos, sanctuaries, and wild settings received higher levels of user engagement than other captive or exploitative settings. Smaller primates, mostly platyrrhines, were also found to be more engaging than other species. When variables were clustered using a Multiple Correspondence Analysis, we compared the newly created dimensions against engagement rates using a correlation matrix. We found weak, but significant correlations, with themes representing higher human or anthropomorphic influence receiving better engagement. Because social media can be a source of powerful influence on viewers, rampant presentation of primates as pets or in anthropogenic settings is concerning from a conservation and welfare perspective. However, content from zoos, sanctuaries, and field researchers with imagery representing primates in accredited captivity or in their natural habitats could potentially discourage audiences from regarding primates as making appropriate pets. In turn, this could establish a pathway for TikTok to pivot from being a threat to becoming a tool in primate conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144712067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Aggression on Bystanders: Quadratic Post-Conflict Affiliation in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)","authors":"Giada Cordoni,&nbsp;Annarita Perri,&nbsp;Andrea Pierdomenico,&nbsp;Baptiste Mulot,&nbsp;Ivan Norscia","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In social animals, aggression is a group matter not involving only the opponents. Witnessing a conflict can induce tension and distress in bystanders (i.e., individuals not involved in either the conflict or post-conflict affiliation with the aggressor and aggressee). For this reason, bystanders can engage in post-conflict affiliative exchanges to reduce tension and distress, a phenomenon known as Quadratic Post-Conflict Affiliation (QPCA). This study investigated the occurrence of QPCA in a group of chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>, <i>N</i> = 15) housed at ZooParc de Beauval, France. Our findings confirmed the presence of QPCA in chimpanzees under study (group QPCA tendency: 5.60% ± 2.55 SE). QPCA was primarily directed towards males, who usually tended to be more influenced by the ongoing aggression and could potentially redirect further aggression towards bystanders. High-ranking bystanders were contacted more frequently than low-ranking ones, as the former can potentially provide immediate protection against other aggressors and offer greater tolerance. Additionally, bystanders were less frequently targeted by aggression when QPCA was present than when it was absent. Thus, QPCA may function as a protective mechanism against aggression by other group members by reducing the chance that bystanders become victims for redirected aggression (<i>Bystander Protection Hypothesis</i>). However, QPCA failed in reducing the levels of bystanders' anxiety-related behaviors. In conclusion, QPCA may be one of the behavioral strategies used by chimpanzees to navigate social challenges, maintain group cohesion, and mitigate aggression.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral Processing Behaviors of Golden Monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis kandti) From Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda","authors":"Salima Niyigena,&nbsp;Alexandre Gategeko,&nbsp;Adelphine Bizimana,&nbsp;Beth A. Kaplin,&nbsp;Aloysie Manishimwe,&nbsp;Noah T. Dunham","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Primate foraging behaviors are influenced by a variety of factors including the physical and mechanical properties of food items. Golden monkeys (<i>Cercopithecus mitis kandti</i>) inhabiting Volcanoes National Park (VNP), Rwanda, rely heavily on mechanically challenging bamboo shoots and bamboo leaves for the bulk of their diet. We examined the oral processing behaviors of golden monkeys and predicted that bamboo shoots would be characterized by more incising and post-canine crushing behaviors needed to remove tough outer casings and process culms while leaves would require more mastications compared to other food items. We also predicted that juveniles would utilize more incisions and post-canine crushing behaviors to process bamboo shoots and more mastications to process leaves due to the reduced foraging efficiency characteristic of juveniles. We opportunistically filmed habituated groups of golden monkeys foraging during November–December 2022 and January–March 2024 (<i>n</i> = 328 videos). Oral processing behaviors (including incision, canine puncture, post-canine crushing, and mastication scaled to ingestive action) were scored from video footage using Behavioral Observation Research Interactive Software (BORIS). We found that bamboo shoots required more post-canine crushing behaviors compared to other food categories and that non-bamboo leaves required more mastications than bamboo leaves and shoots, respectively. Juveniles did not use more oral processing behaviors per ingestive action, although the inability to control for the size or amount of food ingested may obfuscate these results. Our findings show that golden monkeys adjust their oral processing behaviors to different food items and the routine use of post-canine crushing behaviors may help explain the pronounced tooth wear characteristic of golden monkeys in VNP.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the Distribution of Fitness Effects in Aye-Ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis), Accounting for Population History as Well as Mutation and Recombination Rate Heterogeneity","authors":"Vivak Soni,&nbsp;Cyril J. Versoza,&nbsp;Susanne P. Pfeifer,&nbsp;Jeffrey D. Jensen","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) characterizes the range of selection coefficients from which new mutations are sampled, and thus holds a fundamentally important role in evolutionary genomics. To date, DFE inference in primates has been largely restricted to haplorrhines, with limited data availability leaving the other suborder of primates, strepsirrhines, largely under-explored. To advance our understanding of the population genetics of this important taxonomic group, we here map exonic divergence in aye-ayes (<i>Daubentonia madagascariensis</i>)—the only extant member of the Daubentoniidae family of the Strepsirrhini suborder. We further infer the DFE in this highly-endangered species, utilizing a recently published high-quality annotated reference genome, a well-supported model of demographic history, as well as both direct and indirect estimates of underlying mutation and recombination rates. The inferred distribution is generally characterized by a greater proportion of deleterious mutations relative to humans, providing evidence of a larger long-term effective population size. In addition however, both immune-related and sensory-related genes were found to be amongst the most rapidly evolving in the aye-aye genome.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144525025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CSViewer for Analysts: II. Analytic Tools and Visualization of Founder Lineages, Social Groups, and Reproduction Dynamics of the Cayo Santiago Rhesus Macaque Colony","authors":"Martin Q. Zhao,&nbsp;Rui Gong,&nbsp;Mehakpreet Kaur,&nbsp;Soumik Kundu,&nbsp;George Francis,&nbsp;Terry B. Kensler,&nbsp;Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg,&nbsp;Elizabeth Maldonado,&nbsp;Luci A. P. Kohn,&nbsp;Qian Wang","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Cayo Santiago (CS) rhesus macaque colony has raised a total of over 11,000 animals in a free-ranging setting very close to the natural environment. The well-kept individual and family records, as well as social group management data, have been a valuable source for anthropological research. However, the various sources of data have been stored in separation, and there was no straightforward way for researchers to access them directly. Since 2019, an ongoing effort supported through an NSF collaborative grant has been collecting morphology and imagery data from the CS-derived skeleton collection. One specific aim is to build an integrative database to combine newly collected osteology data (bone measurement) and existing genealogy and demographic information. A second aim is to develop a software application (codenamed as CSViewer for Analysts) to provide user-friendly interfaces for the research community to access and analyze the data. In this paper, we present a set of results generated by using standard data science tools and techniques, which help construct a holistic view of the CS rhesus colony along multiple dimensions. The matrilineal family lineage and pedigree can be visualized using various tree forms, as well as patrilineal lineages traced back to the mid-1970s. Social group evolution charts are generated and add new features to the original records. Reproduction patterns are studied in the context of group interaction and animal transfer logs. Cross-referencing between genealogy and osteology data can also be accomplished. Most of these charts are supported in the CSViewer app with convenient tooltip features to show details as needed. Selection based on attributes like founder line, sex, and birth season can be applied to tailor charts to a research project so that researchers can zoom into a data set that can best support their analytics goals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energetic Priorities Across the Stages of Development: Effects of Age, Sex, and Seasonal Reproduction on Activity Budgets in Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)","authors":"Catherine A. Byun,&nbsp;Meredith C. Lutz,&nbsp;Rebecca J. Lewis","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The immature period is an essential time of physical and behavioral development in which individuals prepare to navigate their environment as adults. Activity budgets provide valuable insight into the tradeoffs individuals make based on their energetic priorities. We hypothesized that energetic priorities differ across the stages of development based on the distinct social and ecological needs of that stage. We analyzed 31,113.5 h of focal instantaneous sampling data from 2007 to 2024 on 73 Verreaux's sifaka (<i>Propithecus verreauxi</i>) living in Kirindy Mitea National Park, Madagascar to investigate the effects of age class, sex, and seasonality on activity budgets. Juveniles and subadults devoted significantly more time to social activity than adults. Subadults fed less than other age classes, and we detected no differences in resting among age classes. Among all age classes, males devoted more time to social activity than females, and all age classes displayed sex differences in additional activities. All age-sex classes exhibited similar seasonal patterns in activity budgets. Our results indicate that social activity may be especially important in the developmental period to gain experience and establish social relationships before adulthood. Sex differences in social activity appear to emerge earlier than adulthood as a predisposition for the reproductive roles of adulthood. Overall, we found that energetic priorities differ between stages of development, and evidence is mixed regarding whether these differences are primarily due to the onset of reproduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monkey Memoirs: \u0000 Wild Life in an Amazon Wilderness By R. Defler Thomas, Vaupés, Colombia: Huacu Press, 2025. List price $40.00. (Paperback). ISBN: 979-8-30-678374-1","authors":"Marilyn A. Norconk","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144323538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fruit Availability and Maternal Energy Expenditure Associated With Infant Independence in an Arboreal Primate (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii)","authors":"Samantha M. Stead,&nbsp;Edward Mujjuzi,&nbsp;Julie A. Teichroeb","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A range of ecological and social factors have been shown to affect early-life behaviour in mammals. Primate infants are altricial and thus unable to move independently at birth. As a result, infants in some species are continuously held or carried (handled) by their mother or another caregiver (allomother). Variation in the amount of time infants move independently can provide insight into the costs and benefits associated with this developmental milestone. In this study, we sought to investigate what environmental conditions are associated with independence in an arboreal primate, the Rwenzori Angolan colobus (<i>Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii</i>). We followed 29 infants from birth until 4 months, collecting data on whether the infant was handled or independent. We report the age-sex make up of infant handlers and show that fruit availability was positively associated with infant independence, and maternal movement frequency was negatively associated with infant independence. We suggest that greater maternal energy balance during early infancy allows mothers to divert more energy to infants, promoting their independent movement. Further research should assess the maternal physiology underlying these trends and whether earlier independent movement has long-term fitness effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Directed Behaviors Prior to Approaching Conspecifics in Wild Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana)","authors":"Qi-Xin Zhang,&nbsp;Xi Wang,&nbsp;Yong Zhu,&nbsp;Paul A. Garber,&nbsp;Dong-Po Xia,&nbsp;Jin-Hua Li","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70051","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Self-directed behaviors (SDBs) are commonly used as reliable indicators of anxiety, frustration, and stress in nonhuman primates. These behaviors are typically observed in stressful situations, such as being in close proximity to dominants or during post-conflict. However, there is limited evidence on whether individuals increased their SDBs before engaging in potentially risky behaviors. In this study, we used a focal sampling method to record and analyze SDB rates in wild Tibetan macaques (<i>Macaca thibetana</i>) before approaching another group member (as a proxy for potentially risky behavior). Specifically, we examined the 5-min period (selected from focal samplings) before approaching a conspecific to address two main questions: (1) how rank and kinship affect SDB rates before approaching behavior, and (2) when individuals exhibit the highest anxiety, as indicated by peak SDB rates. Our results show that: (1) both males and females exhibited higher rates of SDBs before approaching a higher- than a lower-ranking group member of the same sex; (2) females showed no difference in SDB rates before approaching a female kin (sister or mother/daughter) compared to approaching a non-kin; (3) lower-ranking males exhibited higher SDB rates when approaching a receptive female, but not when approaching a non-receptive female; (4) females showed the highest SDB rates in the last minute (minute 5) before approaching a higher-ranking female. These findings suggest that Tibetan macaques increase their SDBs before engaging in potentially risky behaviors, providing an insight into the psychological state of an individual who is about to engage in a social interaction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}