American Journal of Primatology最新文献

{"title":"Energetic Priorities Across the Stages of Development: Effects of Age, Sex, and Seasonal Reproduction on Activity Budgets in Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)","authors":"Catherine A. Byun,&nbsp;Meredith C. Lutz,&nbsp;Rebecca J. Lewis","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The immature period is an essential time of physical and behavioral development in which individuals prepare to navigate their environment as adults. Activity budgets provide valuable insight into the tradeoffs individuals make based on their energetic priorities. We hypothesized that energetic priorities differ across the stages of development based on the distinct social and ecological needs of that stage. We analyzed 31,113.5 h of focal instantaneous sampling data from 2007 to 2024 on 73 Verreaux's sifaka (<i>Propithecus verreauxi</i>) living in Kirindy Mitea National Park, Madagascar to investigate the effects of age class, sex, and seasonality on activity budgets. Juveniles and subadults devoted significantly more time to social activity than adults. Subadults fed less than other age classes, and we detected no differences in resting among age classes. Among all age classes, males devoted more time to social activity than females, and all age classes displayed sex differences in additional activities. All age-sex classes exhibited similar seasonal patterns in activity budgets. Our results indicate that social activity may be especially important in the developmental period to gain experience and establish social relationships before adulthood. Sex differences in social activity appear to emerge earlier than adulthood as a predisposition for the reproductive roles of adulthood. Overall, we found that energetic priorities differ between stages of development, and evidence is mixed regarding whether these differences are primarily due to the onset of reproduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monkey Memoirs: \u0000 Wild Life in an Amazon Wilderness By R. Defler Thomas, Vaupés, Colombia: Huacu Press, 2025. List price $40.00. (Paperback). ISBN: 979-8-30-678374-1","authors":"Marilyn A. Norconk","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144323538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fruit Availability and Maternal Energy Expenditure Associated With Infant Independence in an Arboreal Primate (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii)","authors":"Samantha M. Stead,&nbsp;Edward Mujjuzi,&nbsp;Julie A. Teichroeb","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A range of ecological and social factors have been shown to affect early-life behaviour in mammals. Primate infants are altricial and thus unable to move independently at birth. As a result, infants in some species are continuously held or carried (handled) by their mother or another caregiver (allomother). Variation in the amount of time infants move independently can provide insight into the costs and benefits associated with this developmental milestone. In this study, we sought to investigate what environmental conditions are associated with independence in an arboreal primate, the Rwenzori Angolan colobus (<i>Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii</i>). We followed 29 infants from birth until 4 months, collecting data on whether the infant was handled or independent. We report the age-sex make up of infant handlers and show that fruit availability was positively associated with infant independence, and maternal movement frequency was negatively associated with infant independence. We suggest that greater maternal energy balance during early infancy allows mothers to divert more energy to infants, promoting their independent movement. Further research should assess the maternal physiology underlying these trends and whether earlier independent movement has long-term fitness effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Directed Behaviors Prior to Approaching Conspecifics in Wild Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana)","authors":"Qi-Xin Zhang,&nbsp;Xi Wang,&nbsp;Yong Zhu,&nbsp;Paul A. Garber,&nbsp;Dong-Po Xia,&nbsp;Jin-Hua Li","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70051","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Self-directed behaviors (SDBs) are commonly used as reliable indicators of anxiety, frustration, and stress in nonhuman primates. These behaviors are typically observed in stressful situations, such as being in close proximity to dominants or during post-conflict. However, there is limited evidence on whether individuals increased their SDBs before engaging in potentially risky behaviors. In this study, we used a focal sampling method to record and analyze SDB rates in wild Tibetan macaques (<i>Macaca thibetana</i>) before approaching another group member (as a proxy for potentially risky behavior). Specifically, we examined the 5-min period (selected from focal samplings) before approaching a conspecific to address two main questions: (1) how rank and kinship affect SDB rates before approaching behavior, and (2) when individuals exhibit the highest anxiety, as indicated by peak SDB rates. Our results show that: (1) both males and females exhibited higher rates of SDBs before approaching a higher- than a lower-ranking group member of the same sex; (2) females showed no difference in SDB rates before approaching a female kin (sister or mother/daughter) compared to approaching a non-kin; (3) lower-ranking males exhibited higher SDB rates when approaching a receptive female, but not when approaching a non-receptive female; (4) females showed the highest SDB rates in the last minute (minute 5) before approaching a higher-ranking female. These findings suggest that Tibetan macaques increase their SDBs before engaging in potentially risky behaviors, providing an insight into the psychological state of an individual who is about to engage in a social interaction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144273362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Importance of Plant Galls to the Diet and Nutrition of a Frugivorous Primate, Varecia variegata","authors":"Rindra H. Nantenaina,&nbsp;Mitchell T. Irwin,&nbsp;N. Nancia Raoelinjanakolona,&nbsp;Verohanitra M. Rafidison,&nbsp;Vonjison Rakotoarimanana,&nbsp;Walter S. de Araújo,&nbsp;Onja H. Razafindratsima","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Frugivorous primates may consume unusual food items, such as plant galls, to meet their nutritional requirements; yet, the contributions of these dietary components to their diet, nutrition requirements, and energy intakes are still unclear. We documented the importance of plant galls in these aspects for black-and-white ruffed lemurs (<i>Varecia variegata</i>) in a Malagasy rainforest. Using daily observation data of lemur foraging and nutritional analyses of their consumed items, we measured (1) the proportion of galls in their diet, (2) the rate at which they acquire nutrients and energy from galls compared to other food items, and (3) the changes in their diet patterns and acquisition of nutrients and energy with the consumption of galls. We also investigated whether they are more likely to consume fruits on trees with galls and characterized whether galls have similar characteristics as fruits. We found that plant galls constituted 12.96% of the lemur feeding occurrences; and on some days, lemur diets comprised galls only. Also, the lemurs acquired from galls higher protein than any other food items and higher sugar, fiber, and energy than leaves, but lower lipid than fruits and similar nutrients and energy as from flowers. The addition of galls in their diet significantly reduced their consumption of ripe fruits on a daily basis and increased the acquisition of protein, sugar, fiber, and energy. Also, lemurs were more likely to consume fruits on trees with galls than expected, likely due to similarities in color and nutrient components between galls and fruits in this system. These findings enhance our understanding of the nutritional needs and food selection behavior of primate frugivores. Such knowledge has implications for developing strategies to maintain primate populations in their natural environments and potentially to ensure the welfare of captive animals in ex-situ conservation settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144237313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Spatially-Explicit Behavioral Data and Drone-Based Lidar Mapping Reveals Divergent Microhabitats in Sympatric Tamarins","authors":"R. Gustav Steinhardt,&nbsp;Eben N. Broadbent,&nbsp;Angélica M. Almeyda Zambrano,&nbsp;Mrinalini Watsa,&nbsp;Gideon Erkenswick","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tamarins (<i>Saguinus</i> spp., <i>Leontocebus</i> spp.) have been characterized as tolerating or even preferring secondary growth and anthropogenically disturbed areas, and as performing critical seed dispersal in these areas. To test the hypothesis that tamarins prefer secondary growth, we segregated animal presence records by behavior and then used niche modeling to quantify the suitability of various microhabitats for emperor tamarins (<i>Saguinus imperator</i>) and saddleback tamarins (<i>Leontocebus weddelli</i>) over a 315 ha area in the southeastern Peruvian Amazon. Our analysis combines fine-scale maps of key environmental parameters derived from drone-borne lidar data with a behaviorally-sensitive niche modeling of animal movement data measured in the field. This combination allows us to define critical and non-critical areas and gain a new and detailed understanding of microhabitat choice. In saddleback tamarins, we find higher-than-expected use of primary forest for foraging activity. In emperor tamarins, conversely, we find a significant preference for secondary forest in sleeping and unexpectedly high presence in anthropogenically disturbed areas. More broadly, we show that behavioral data lends important nuance to niche modeling methods and that, in combination with fine-scale environmental data, this kind of modeling reveals forms of niche segregation not visible when studying presence alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cortisol and Catecholamine Concentrations Are Affected by Repeated Relocations of Adult Female Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)","authors":"John P. Capitanio,&nbsp;Daniel J. Tancredi,&nbsp;Jasmin Zarrabi,&nbsp;Catherine VandeVoort,&nbsp;Cheryl K. Walker","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In captive primate facilities, relocations—moves, within the facility, from one cage to another—can be common events. On the one hand, relocations are generally regarded as relatively benign events, as past studies have generally shown only transient elevations in cortisol concentrations following relocation. On the other hand, the frequency of relocations has been associated with adverse health and behavioral outcomes. As part of a larger project examining the effects of stress on follicular development, we relocated adult female rhesus monkeys on a weekly basis for several months in each of 3 years, and measured concentrations of urinary cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, as well as hair cortisol. Results for urinary cortisol and epinephrine were similar: significant elevations immediately following initiation of relocations during Years 1 and 3, and reductions in concentrations by the end of the relocation sequences in Year 1. No changes were seen for these two measures in Year 2. In contrast, elevated norepinephrine concentrations were found for all 3 years. Significant elevations in hair cortisol concentrations were found for Years 2 and 3, and suggested persisting and cumulative effects of relocations on the hypothalamic−pituitary−adrenal axis. Together, these results suggest that relocations may not be the benign events suggested by earlier studies. Given that all organs of the body are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (the principal source of norepinephrine in blood and urine) and that cells of the body have glucocorticoid and catecholamine receptors, our results suggest possible mechanisms by which repeated relocations may result in adverse health outcomes. Repeated relocations may be a valuable model for experimentally generating moderate stress; however, we encourage colony managers and scientists to minimize such events to enhance the welfare of the animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144171825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiologic Consequences of Housing Adult Male Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Heterosexual Pairs: A Pilot Study Using Implanted Biotelemetry","authors":"Rosemary Santos,&nbsp;Dong-Binh Tran,&nbsp;Dingzhou Li,&nbsp;Peter Harris,&nbsp;Jan Bernal,&nbsp;Steven Kreuser,&nbsp;Erin Ricciardi,&nbsp;Siri Skowronek,&nbsp;Kiran Palyada,&nbsp;John P. Capitanio","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Facilities may forgo attempting to socially house adult males due to fear of animal injury, study disruptions, and confounding data results. To leverage the potential advantages of male–female pairs, and to understand the impact on measures typically used in safety pharmacology studies, we measured activity as well as physiologic parameters in vasectomized male-female pairs: heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. Seven singly housed males that were previously implanted with telemetry were vasectomized and paired with females. Data were collected before and after pairing at specific timepoints in the first study. A second study employed four nonvasectomized, singly housed males to determine if the physiologic effects observed in the first study could be due simply to the increased cage size due to pairing. Results indicated that pair-housing with a female resulted immediately in a significant increase in blood pressure, body temperature, and heart rate. Over the course of a week of being paired, the males showed a significant decline in blood pressure; body temperature remained elevated, though at a lower level than during the immediate response. The second study suggested that increased cage size alone could not account for the immediate results in Experiment 1, inasmuch as no effects were found on our measures. Although the sample sizes for the studies were small, we discuss how our results are similar to, and differ from, previous studies, as well as the clinical significance and welfare implications. This information may be useful in designing long-term studies using sexually mature males while providing stable social support to animals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144171824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inertia and Rapid Divergence in the Evolution of Yawning: A Comparison Between Two Closely Related but Socially Different Monkeys","authors":"Luca Pedruzzi,&nbsp;Veronica Maglieri,&nbsp;Paolo Oliveri,&nbsp;Martina Francesconi,&nbsp;Rea Riccobono,&nbsp;Filippo Bigozzi,&nbsp;Alban Lemasson,&nbsp;Elisabetta Palagi","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Complex communication systems appear to evolve alongside social complexity. Comparing closely related species with similar social structures but distinct sociobiology offers valuable insights into the evolution of communicative variability. Here, we explore yawning (morphology, sensory modalities, contexts, contagious effect), a highly conserved behavioral trait, in two zoo-housed groups of geladas (<i>Theropithecus gelada</i>, <i>n</i>_subjects = 67, <i>n</i>_yawns = 1422) and hamadryas baboons (<i>Papio hamadryas</i>, <i>n</i>_subjects = 28, <i>n</i>_yawns = 602). The species are optimal candidates as they both form multilevel groups but differ in intra-group dynamics, cohesion, and cross-sex bonding. Although both species displayed distinct yawn morphologies, hamadryas yawned less frequently than geladas, mainly in non-social contexts and without vocalization. In contrast, geladas yawned more often during affiliative interactions, highlighting a more social dimension to their yawns. When focusing on silent yawns, hamadryas showed a male-biased yawning frequency, whereas geladas exhibited similar rates between sexes, suggesting a more prominent female role in their yawning patterns. We found that yawning is contagious not only in geladas, as previously known, but also in hamadryas baboons. However, geladas were more responsive to others' yawns, possibly due to their greater communicative complexity or to the need to maintain cohesion in larger groups. In geladas, both sexes exhibited similar levels of yawn contagion, whereas in hamadryas it was predominantly male-driven, reflecting the central role of males in hamadryas social dynamics. Our study suggests both evolutionary inertia and divergence in Papionine yawning evolution. The findings confirm the derived nature of gelada yawn vocalizations and highlight the link between multimodal communication and social complexity. Moreover, geladas exhibit more nuanced, context-dependent yawning, likely shaped by their intricate sociobiology. In contrast, hamadryas display a more male-dominated yawning pattern, reflecting their distinct social dynamics. To fully understand the ecological significance of this ancient behavior, further cross-species research on yawning and its contagious effect in wild populations is essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144171821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyadic Grooming Patterns and Network in a Free-Ranging Group of Japanese Macaques at Awajishima","authors":"Yu Kaigaishi,&nbsp;Masayuki Nakamichi,&nbsp;Kazunori Yamada","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grooming is the most common affiliative behavior in many primate species. While traditionally viewed as an exclusively dyadic interaction, polyadic grooming involving more than two individuals also occurs. Few studies have explored the characteristics or functions of polyadic grooming in comparison with dyadic grooming. However, some studies suggest that polyadic grooming may have distinct characteristics and could be associated with social tolerance. We analyzed polyadic grooming patterns and its network structure in a free-ranging group of Japanese macaques at Awajishima, Japan. This group exhibited higher social tolerance than typical Japanese macaque groups. We found that polyadic grooming was common in this group, with higher frequency than other Japanese macaque groups as well as other primate species except chimpanzees. We also found that polyadic grooming typically occurred with multiple groomers sharing a single groomee, a pattern commonly observed across most primate species. Social network analyses showed that the polyadic grooming network was centralized around high-ranking males, reflecting the frequent grooming from multiple females to a single adult male. In addition, the network of polyadic grooming was less dense and more cliquish than that of dyadic grooming. This potentially suggested that polyadic grooming was more strongly kin-biased than dyadic grooming. Our results support the prediction that polyadic grooming may be associated with higher levels of social tolerance. Moreover, polyadic grooming may function to access valuable social partners more efficiently than dyadic grooming.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144171823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}