American Journal of Primatology最新文献

{"title":"Should Zoo Food Be Chopped for Ruffed Lemurs? It's Not so Black and White.","authors":"Jenna Mae Davison, Amy Hammond, Georgia Abernethy-Palmer, James Edward Brereton","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Whole food diets in zoos have the potential to reduce microbial contamination and keeper preparation time, whilst also reducing food nutrient breakdown. Given these benefits, it is important to determine whether there is any value in chopping up food. Lemurs (Family Lemuridae) are common in zoos, with over 7500 individuals housed globally. Given their regular occurrence in collections, plus the high incidence of frugivory, lemurs are an excellent taxon to investigate food presentation effects on behavior. A study was undertaken at Beale Wildlife Park on a group of four black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) to investigate food presentation and preference. Animal behavior was recorded using instantaneous focal sampling at 60 s intervals to record state behaviors and continuous focal sampling to record event behaviors in 1-h sessions. Food preference was done by recording the first three food items consumed by individual lemurs. Overall, food manipulation was significantly increased during whole food presentation allowing the lemurs to display species-specific behaviors. Feeding and foraging were highest during very chopped food condition and inactivity was lowest in very chopped food presentation. When looking at aggressive interactions, there was an increase in stealing and locomotion with food during whole food presentation, whereas biting and startle were lower. Proving high-value food items chopped and low-value food items whole could reduce aggression while reduce aggression seen over high-value food items. For food preference, sweet potato was consistently in the top three food items for all lemurs, with beetroot being the second most-picked food item. This suggests that these individuals have a strong preference for food items high in carbohydrates. Keeper preparation time was significantly reduced during whole food preparation. Further research assessing a wider range of zoo-housed species would be beneficial to assess the effects of food presentation on behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142581624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Variance in Male Reproductive Skew Based on Long-Term Data in Free-Ranging Rhesus Macaques.","authors":"Anja Widdig, Lisa Engel, Angelina Ruiz-Lambides, Constance Dubuc, Brigitte M Weiß","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23687","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23687","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The unequal share in male reproduction (male reproductive skew) has been reported across primate species. To explain the distribution of male reproduction within groups various skew models have been applied to primates, however the \"dynamic tug-of-war\" model first accounted for the specifics of primate sociality. This model assumes that an increase in the number of competing males, a high degree of female cycle synchrony and their interaction will result in a lower degree of male reproductive skew. Here, we first tested the predictors of this model in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) using long-term demographic and genetic data (up to 9 groups over 22 seasons) of the Cayo Santiago population (Puerto Rico). We also tested an extended version including group size and sex ratio and their interaction with female cycle synchrony. Finally, we investigated which male attributes determine the probability to become a top sire (highest paternity share per group and season). Confirming studies, male rhesus macaques exhibited low to medium degrees of reproductive skew based on the multinomial index, M. Unlike predicted, reproductive skew was higher in groups with more males. The extended analysis suggested that reproductive skew increased with group size in more male-biased groups, but decreased with group size in female-biased groups indicating that the numbers of male and female group members matter. We detected no effect of female cycle synchrony on the variance of reproductive skew. Finally, only maternal rank predicted the probability to become a top sire as long as males resided in their natal group. Together, our results did not support predictions by the dynamic skew model in rhesus macaques, but strengthen studies suggesting that other factors in addition to male-male competition predict male reproductive output in rhesus macaques. Future skew studies should consider female choice and alternative male mating strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heritability in the Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) Vertebral Column.","authors":"Catalina I Villamil, Jeziel J Negrón, Emily R Middleton","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The vertebral column plays a central role in primate locomotion and positional behavior. Understanding its evolution, therefore, has the potential to clarify evolutionary processes that have occurred in the primate lineage as well as the specific behaviors of extinct primates. However, to understand primate vertebral anatomy, it is important to determine how much of this anatomy is heritable and how much develops as a response to environmental factors during life. We estimated heritability for vertebral counts as well as typical cervical, thoracic, and lumbar elements from 210 individuals from the pedigreed Cayo Santiago Macaca mulatta skeletal collection. We found moderate heritability of vertebral counts (h² = 0.216-0.326), but with strong heritability of the type of variation (e.g., a tendency to meristic or homeotic change) in the vertebral count (h² = 0.599), suggesting a possible explanation for high variability in vertebral numbers among the hominoids in particular. The moderate heritability of vertebral count also suggests that vertebral count is an unsuitable metric for estimating the ancestral state for some taxa. We found strong heritability in the morphology of cervical and upper lumbar zygapophyseal facets (h² = 0.548-0.550) and the thoracic spinous processes (h² = 0.609-0.761), including high heritability of the spinous process angle in the upper thoracic and upper lumbar elements (h² = 0.649-0.752). We suggest these are related to maintaining stability in the cervical and lumbar regions, and reducing motion in the thoracic region, respectively. We propose that spinous processes may contain greater phylogenetic information, whereas transverse processes may contain greater information of function 'in life'. We also found important size effects, suggesting that size is the most heritable component of overall form and largely responsible for intertrait differences. This suggests that it is inappropriate to indiscriminately remove size effects from morphological comparisons.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142455980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body Mass Gain in Wild Brown Capuchins (Sapajus apella) in Relation to Fruit Production and Social Dominance","authors":"Nelson F. Galvis, Daniela Rodríguez, Pablo R. Stevenson","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23683","url":null,"abstract":"In ecological contexts natural selection might favor individuals with a larger body mass to monopolize resources; however, there is wide variation in body mass within populations and potential factors. In this study, we evaluated whether fruit production limits body mass in one group of <jats:italic>Sapajus apella</jats:italic>, its effects on behavior, and whether there is a relationship between social status and body mass. We recorded activity patterns using focal follows (20 min), body mass (using a modified Ohaus scale), and community wide fruit production estimates (from 60 fruit traps). Body mass remained relatively stable during periods of food scarcity, but in periods of abundance most individuals gained weight, as indicated by their relative growth rates (RGR). Subordinate subadults showed the highest RGR, as expected by their age. In periods of high fruit production activities as traveling, grooming, and playing were more frequent than during fruit scarcity, suggesting energy maximization and potential energetic constraints. We found differences in behavior within the group, as the alpha male was observed feeding more frequently (and for longer periods of time), was more aggressive (e.g., feeding trees), and received more grooming than other individuals. In addition, the alpha male was 60% heavier than the group's average body mass. Our study supports the hypothesis that body weight gain is related to fruit abundance and that body size is associated with social dominance; however, large individuals (both males and females) seem to incur in high metabolic or reproductive costs, as they do not gain much weight as smaller individuals.","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142258824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in Craniodental Pathologies Among Cercopithecoid Primates","authors":"Claire A. Kirchhoff,&nbsp;Siobhán B. Cooke,&nbsp;Jessica C. Gomez,&nbsp;D. Rex Mitchell,&nbsp;Tyler Stein,&nbsp;Claire E. Terhune","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23681","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23681","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pathologies of the skull and teeth are well documented for many human populations, but there are fewer studies of other primates. We contrast lesion prevalence and patterning among cercopithecoid primates and map variation onto socioecological variables. We compare craniodental lesions in six species: <i>Nasalis larvatus</i> (<i>n</i> = 54), <i>Colobus polykomos</i> (<i>n</i> = 64), <i>Cercopithecus mitis</i> (<i>n</i> = 65), <i>Macaca fascicularis</i> (<i>n</i> = 109), <i>Theropithecus gelada</i> (<i>n</i> = 13), and <i>Papio anubis</i> (<i>n</i> = 76). One of us (C.A.K.) evaluated each adult skull for multiple lesion types using standard criteria. We also tested for a relationship between lesion prevalence and cranial suture fusion (age proxy). We used nonparametric tests for sex and species differences as well as pathology co-occurrence in SPSS. Socioecological data come from previous studies. Sex differences in lesion prevalence were only detected in <i>P. anubis</i>. Within taxa, some lesion types co-occurred. In <i>Macaca</i>, the presence of caries was associated with several other lesion types. Pulp cavity exposure co-occurred with TMJ osteoarthritis in multiple taxa. Among taxa, male <i>P. anubis</i> had higher lesion prevalences, particularly related to the anterior dentition and facial trauma. Because we did not detect a relationship between suture fusion and lesion prevalence, we propose that craniodental lesions may also be influenced by socioecological variables such as group composition and ratio of fruit to leaves in the diet. Our findings suggest that pain from pulp cavity exposure and related dental infections may alter chewing biomechanics and contribute to onset of TMJ osteoarthritis in nonhuman primates, as seen in humans. Further, we suggest that higher lesion prevalence in male baboons is likely related to male–male competition. Skeletal lesion analysis provides useful insight into primate socioecology, particularly for rare or difficult-to-observe phenomena, and provides additional biological context for our own species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bot fly parasitism in mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata): General patterns and climate influences","authors":"Ricardo J. Ortíz-Zárate,&nbsp;Ariadna Rangel-Negrín,&nbsp;Alejandro Coyohua-Fuentes,&nbsp;Sergio Ibáñez-Bernal,&nbsp;Jurgi Cristóbal-Azkarate,&nbsp;Pedro A. D. Dias","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23680","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23680","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Parasitism is a strong selective pressure, and its study is crucial for predicting the persistence of host species. Mantled howler monkeys are infected by the larvae of the bot fly <i>Cuterebra baeri</i>. This parasitosis produces myiasis and may have negative impacts on host health, although systematic information on the dynamics of this host-parasite relationship is very limited. Currently, all available information on infection patterns of <i>C. baeri</i> comes from a single mantled howler monkey population (Barro Colorado Island, Panama). Therefore, in this study we describe temporal variation in infection patterns for a newly mantled howler monkey population and analyze the relationship between climate and infection likelihood. We assessed the presence of <i>C. baeri</i> nodules in 17 adult individuals in Los Tuxtlas for 10 months through direct observation and compiled data on ambient temperature and rainfall. Most subjects had nodules during the study and there were no differences between sexes in the number of nodules. Nodules were usually located in the neck. Prevalence and abundance of nodules peaked thrice during the study (February, April, and September), a pattern that was very similar to that of parasitism intensity (February, April, and August). Incidence closely tracked these peaks, increasing before and decreasing after them. The likelihood of nodule appearance increased when both mean and minimum temperature decreased in the 24–21 prior days to nodule appearance. It also increased with decreased rainfall in the 5–2 prior days to nodule appearance. Although only three of the eight analyzed climate variables had a significant effect on parasitosis, these results suggest that climate may affect pupal development and the access of larvae to hosts. Besides contributing data on <i>C. baeri</i> parasitism for a new mantled howler monkey population, our study provides novel information on the influence of environmental factors on the dynamics of host-parasite systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142078891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in the acoustic structure of terrestrial alarm calls in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus).","authors":"Colin Dubreuil, Hugh Notman, Louise Barrett, Peter Henzi, Mary Susan McDonald Pavelka","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The alarm calls of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) have been the subject of considerable focus by researchers, owing primarily to the purported referential qualities of different alarm call types. With this focus on reference, acoustic variation among calls elicited by the same range of predators has typically been overlooked. Specifically, at least one type of alarm call-the terrestrial alarm-was described over 50 years ago as being acoustically distinct between males and females-a description that has largely eluded more systematic scrutiny. Here, we provide a quantitative acoustic analysis and comparison of terrestrial alarm calls produced by adult male and female vervet monkeys. We use a random forest model to determine which acoustic variables best distinguish between the calls of males and females, and use an unsupervised clustering technique to objectively determine whether alarms produced by each sex fall into discrete types. We found that the calls of males and females differed most in frequency-based parameters, with male alarms containing more energy at lower frequencies relative to females. Calls produced by males were also of longer duration, and consisted of longer individual call elements relative to female calls. While calls generally fell into clusters associated with either male or female alarms, we found that some fell into atypical clusters given the caller's sex, and that the clusters themselves showed evidence of intergradation. We discuss these results in terms of potential differences in the function of, and motivation for, calling by males and females. We emphasize the need for a more holistic approach to the classification of vocal signals that considers contextual, functional, and structural variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142003415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing primate surveillance with image recognition techniques from unmanned aerial vehicles.","authors":"Gang He, Xiao Zhang, Jie Wang, Pengfei Xu, Xiduo Hou, Wei Dong, Yinghu Lei, Xuelin Jin, Weifeng Wang, Wenyong Tian, Yan Huang, Desheng Li, Tianyu Qin, Jing Wang, Ruliang Pan, Baoguo Li, Songtao Guo","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for surveys on thermostatic animals has gained prominence due to their ability to provide practical and precise dynamic censuses, contributing to developing and refining conservation strategies. However, the practical application of UAVs for animal monitoring necessitates the automation of image interpretation to enhance their effectiveness. Based on our past experiences, we present the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) as a case study to illustrate the effective use of thermal cameras mounted on UAVs for monitoring monkey populations in Qinling, a region characterized by magnificent biodiversity. We used the local contrast method for a small infrared target detection algorithm to collect the total population size. Through the experimental group, we determined the average optimal grayscale threshold, while the validation group confirmed that this threshold enables automatic detection and counting of target animals in similar datasets. The precision rate obtained from the experiments ranged from 85.14% to 97.60%. Our findings reveal a negative correlation between the minimum average distance between thermal spots and the count of detected individuals, indicating higher interference in images with closer thermal spots. We propose a formula for adjusting primate population estimates based on detection rates obtained from UAV surveys. Our results demonstrate the practical application of UAV-based thermal imagery and automated detection algorithms for primate monitoring, albeit with consideration of environmental factors and the need for data preprocessing. This study contributes to advancing the application of UAV technology in wildlife monitoring, with implications for conservation management and research.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salivary cortisol captures endocrine response to an acute stressor in captive female tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella)","authors":"Andrew N. DeSana,&nbsp;Z. Morgan Benowitz-Fredericks,&nbsp;Aiko Amano,&nbsp;Regina P. Gazes","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23677","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23677","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Measuring glucocorticoids such as cortisol is a useful tool for exploring relationships among behavior, physiology, and well-being in primates. As cortisol circulates in blood, it moves into biological matrices such as hair, urine, feces, and saliva. Saliva sampling is a simple, noninvasive method to measure cortisol that can be easily implemented by training animals to voluntarily provide samples. The temporal lag between elevation of cortisol in the blood and elevation of cortisol in saliva likely varies by species and must be characterized to identify appropriate sampling regimens. In the present study we characterized the time course of cortisol changes in saliva following an acute psychological stressor in captive tufted capuchin monkeys (<i>Sapajus apella)</i>. We trained eight free-moving female tufted capuchin monkeys to voluntarily produce clean saliva samples. We exposed them to the acute stressor of a veterinary catch net and observed behavior pre and post exposure. We collected salivary samples immediately pre exposure (0 min) and 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 min after exposure. Salivary cortisol was quantified using a Salimetrics kit. Behavioral and cortisol measures were compared within individuals to a control condition in which no stressor was presented. Capuchins showed a clear behavioral response to the stressor by demonstrating increased freezing and pacing, decreased feed foraging, nonsocial play, and scratching, and decreased willingness to provide saliva samples after stressor presentation. After stressor presentation, average salivary cortisol began to increase at 30 min and continued to increase through the 120 min sample period. There was individual variation in absolute cortisol levels, the timing of the cortisol increase, and the timing of the peak. Our results suggest that no single time-point can be reliably used to evaluate salivary cortisol response to an acute stressor across individuals, and instead we recommend the collection of a prolonged time series.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beware! Different methods lead to divergent results on yawn contagion modulation in bonobos","authors":"Sara De Vittoris,&nbsp;Marta Caselli,&nbsp;Elisa Demuru,&nbsp;Lisa Gillespie,&nbsp;Ivan Norscia","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23671","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23671","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Contagious yawning (CY)—linked to physiological synchronization and possibly emotional contagion—occurs when one individual's yawn induces yawning in others. CY was investigated over different time windows (minutes from the triggering stimulus) via naturalistic or experimental studies (using real and video yawns, respectively) with contrasting results, especially in bonobos. We verified whether in bonobos result divergences may derive from different methods. We gathered yawning data on 13 bonobos at Twycross Zoo (UK) via a naturalistic (all-occurrences observations) and experimental approach (by showing yawn/control video stimuli). Based on literature, we used 1- and 3-min windows to detect CY. Due to fission-fusion management, individuals could form permanent or non-permanent associations (more/less familiar subjects under naturalistic setting). Video yawn stimuli may come from group mates/stranger models (more/less familiar subjects under the experimental setting). Stimulus type and time window affected CY modulating factors but not CY detection. Familiarity and age effect on CY showed opposite trends in 3-min trials and 1-min observations. CY was highest in oldest, non-permanently (rather than permanently) associated subjects in the naturalistic setting, but in the youngest subjects and with ingroup (rather than outgroup) models in trials. The age effect differences on CY might be due to decontextualized yawns and immature subject curiosity toward videos. The reversed familiarity effect suggests CY's context-dependent function in promoting social synchronization with socially distant group mates, as failing to coordinate as a group may lead to social disruption. Complementary methods are needed to fully understand motor replication phenomena.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.23671","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}