American Journal of Primatology最新文献

{"title":"Male-biased stone tool use by wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator)","authors":"Zoë Goldsborough,&nbsp;Margaret C. Crofoot,&nbsp;Brendan J. Barrett","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23594","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23594","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tool-using primates often show sex differences in both the frequency and efficiency of tool use. In species with sex-biased dispersal, such within-group variation likely shapes patterns of cultural transmission of tool-use traditions between groups. On the Panamanian islands of Jicarón and Coiba, a population of white-faced capuchins (<i>Cebus capucinus imitator</i>)—some of which engage in habitual stone tool use—provide an opportunity to test hypotheses about why such sex-biases arise. On Jicarón, we have only observed males engaging in stone tool use, whereas on Coiba, both sexes are known to use tools. Using 5 years of camera trap data, we provide evidence that this variation likely reflects a sex difference in tool use rather than a sampling artifact, and then test hypotheses about the factors driving this pattern. Differences in physical ability or risk-aversion, and competition over access to anvils do not account for the sex-differences in tool-use we observe. Our data show that adult females are physically capable of stone tool use: adult females on Coiba and juveniles on Jicarón smaller than adult females regularly engage in tool use. Females also have ample opportunity to use tools: the sexes are equally terrestrial, and competition over anvils is low. Finally, females rarely scrounge on left-over food items either during or after tool-using events, suggesting they are not being provisioned by males. Although it remains unclear why adult white-faced capuchin females on Jicarón do not use stone-tools, our results illustrate that such sex biases in socially learned behaviors can arise even in the absence of obvious physical, environmental, and social constraints. This suggests that a much more nuanced understanding of the differences in social structure, diet, and dispersal patterns are needed to explain why sex-biases in tool use arise in some populations but not in others.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.23594","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139401428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salivary alpha-amylase stress reactivity in advanced-aged marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): Impacts of cognitive function and oral health status","authors":"Max Sarmet,&nbsp;Sachiko Takehara,&nbsp;Priscila S. de Campos,&nbsp;Kensuke Kagiyama,&nbsp;Luana S. Borges,&nbsp;Yasuhiro Kumei,&nbsp;Jorge L. L. Zeredo","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23596","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23596","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) is an enzyme found in saliva and is considered a noninvasive biomarker for sympathetic nervous system activity. While a wide range of sAA activity in response to stress has been reported in nonhuman primates, the effects of stress on sAA activity in common marmosets are still unknown. We tested the hypothesis that advanced age and cognitive function may have an impact on stress-related sAA reactivity in marmosets. Thirteen marmosets (nine males and five females) had saliva samples collected during a stressful condition (manual restraint stress) at two different time points, with a 60-min interval. On the next day, the animals underwent the object recognition test (ORT, a type of cognitive test), and then oral examinations. The animals were categorized into two age groups: old (10–13 years), and very old (15–22 years). Irrespective of age, sAA levels showed a significant difference between T1 (mean 2.07 ± 0.86 U/mL) and T2 samples (mean 1.03 ± 0.67 U/mL), with higher values observed at T1 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). The intra-assay coefficients of variation (CV) for low and high sAA concentrations were 10.79% and 8.17%, respectively, while the interassay CVs for low and high sAA concentrations were 6.39% and 4.38%, respectively. Oral health issues were common but did not significantly impact sAA levels. The ORT indicated that the animals could recognize an object placed in the cage 6 h after familiarization. In conclusion, all marmosets showed a higher sAA concentration in the first saliva sample as compared to the second saliva sample collected 1 h later, indicating adaptation to stress. No significant differences in sAA levels were observed between sexes, ORT performance, or oral health. Our results indicate that autonomic responsivity and cognitive (memory) functions were preserved even in very old marmosets.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139401429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socioecological factors influencing intraspecific variation in ranging dynamics of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Ndoki Forest","authors":"Kathryn Judson,&nbsp;Crickette Sanz,&nbsp;Thierry Fabrice Ebombi,&nbsp;Jean Marie Massamba,&nbsp;Prospère Teberd,&nbsp;Gaston Abea,&nbsp;Gaeton Mbebouti,&nbsp;Jancy Kelly Boungou Matoumona,&nbsp;Esther Godiline Nkoussou,&nbsp;Alice Zambarda,&nbsp;Sean Brogan,&nbsp;Colleen Stephens,&nbsp;David Morgan","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23586","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23586","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ranging dynamics are physical and behavioral representations of how different socioecological factors affect an organism's spatial decisions and space use strategies. Western lowland gorillas (<i>Gorilla gorilla gorilla</i>) are a model species to investigate the drivers of spatial dynamics based on both the natural variation in socioecological factors within the species and compared with their mountain gorilla counterparts. In this study, we evaluate the influences of resource seasonality and social dynamics on variation in home range size, utilization, and intergroup overlap among multiple gorilla groups over an 8-year study period in the northern Republic of Congo. This study shows that western lowland gorillas can have small home ranges comparable to mountain gorillas, rather than universally larger home ranges as previously supposed, and that home ranges are stable through time. The largest source of variation in space use was the degree of intergroup home range overlap. The study groups did not demonstrate intraspecific variation in range size nor changes in intergroup overlap with respect to seasonality of fruit resources, but all groups demonstrated expansion of monthly range and core area with group size, matching predictions of intragroup feeding competition. These findings highlight the potential impact of intergroup relationships on space use and prompt further research on the role of social dynamics in ranging strategies. In this study, we reveal a greater degree of variability and flexibility in gorilla ranging behavior than previously realized which is relevant to improving comparative studies and informing conservation strategies on behalf of these endangered primates.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139048176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of landscape attributes on the occurrence of the endangered golden-headed lion tamarin in southern Bahia, Brazil","authors":"Joanison Vicente dos Santos Teixeira,&nbsp;Fernando César Gonçalves Bonfim,&nbsp;Maurício Humberto Vancine,&nbsp;Milton C. Ribeiro,&nbsp;Leonardo de C. Oliveira","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23588","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23588","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The golden-headed lion tamarin (<i>Leontopithecus chrysomelas</i>) is an endangered primate that occurs exclusively in the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia, Brazil. Its geographic range has been severely reduced by deforestation and its populations are restricted to a human-modified landscape consisting primarily of Atlantic forest fragments and shade cacao (<i>Theobroma cacao</i>) agroforestry, locally known as <i>cabrucas</i>. In the last 30 years, there has been a 42% reduction in the geographic range and a 60% reduction in the population size of <i>L. chrysomelas</i>, with only 8% of its habitat represented by protected areas. Thus, we investigated the occurrence of <i>L. chrysomelas</i> in forest fragments and <i>cabrucas</i> based on interviews and using playback census, and evaluated the influence of landscape attributes on its occurrence. The occurrence was measured using a Generalized Linear Model using a set of 12 predictor variables, including fragment size and elevation. <i>L. chrysomelas</i> inhabited 186 (38%) of the 495 forest fragments and <i>cabrucas</i>. Most inhabited habitat patches (<i>n</i> = 169, 91%) are in the eastern portion (ca. 70 km wide region from the Atlantic coast to inland) of its geographic range. The remaining (<i>n</i> = 17, 9%) are in the western portion of the distribution, between 70 and 150 km from the Atlantic coast. Our models indicate a higher occurrence of <i>L. chrysomelas</i> in the eastern portion of its geographic range, where the landscape exhibits lower land cover diversity, greater functional connectivity, lower altitudes (&lt;400 m), and is primarily composed of forest fragments and <i>cabrucas</i> with a higher core percentage. In contrast, we observed a lower occurrence of <i>L. chrysomelas</i> in the western portion, where the landscape is more diverse and heterogeneous due to anthropogenic activities, such as agriculture and livestock. We urge the establishment of ecological corridors via reforestation of degraded areas in the western portion of the range. This increase in habitat availability and suitability in the west together with the protection of the forests and <i>cabrucas</i> in the east would increase our chances of saving <i>L. chrysomelas</i> from extinction.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139032033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-related changes in hematological biomarkers in common marmosets","authors":"Alexana J. Hickmott,&nbsp;Lidia Cervantes,&nbsp;Juan Pablo Arroyo,&nbsp;Kathy Brasky,&nbsp;Michael Bene,&nbsp;Adam B. Salmon,&nbsp;Kimberley A. Phillips,&nbsp;Corinna N. Ross","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23589","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23589","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Researchers and veterinarians often use hematology and clinical chemistry to evaluate animal health. These biomarkers are relatively easy to obtain, and understanding how they change across healthy aging is critical to clinical care and diagnostics for these animals. We aimed to evaluate how clinical biomarkers from a chemistry profile and complete blood count (CBC) change with age in common marmosets (<i>Callithrix jacchus</i>). We assessed blood samples collected during routine physical exams at the Southwest National Primate Research Center and the University of Texas Health San Antonio marmoset colonies from November 2020–November 2021. We found that chemistry and CBC profiles varied based on facility, sex, and age. Significant changes in albumin, phosphorus/creatinine ratio, albumin/globulin ratio, amylase, creatinine, lymphocyte percent, hematocrit, granulocytes percent, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, red cell distribution width, and platelet distribution width were all reported with advancing age. Aged individuals also demonstrated evidence for changes in liver, kidney, and immune system function compared with younger individuals. Our results suggest there may be regular changes associated with healthy aging in marmosets that are outside of the range typically considered as normal values for healthy young individuals, indicating the potential need for redefined healthy ranges for clinical biomarkers in aged animals. Identifying animals that exhibit values outside of this defined healthy aging reference will allow more accurate diagnostics and treatments for aging colonies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139032032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ability to inhibit impulses is related to social behavior in long-tailed macaques","authors":"Anne M. Overduin-de Vries,&nbsp;Marjolijn M. Vermande,&nbsp;David J. Hessen,&nbsp;Elisabeth H. M. Sterck","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23587","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23587","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Performance in cognitive tasks has been linked to differences in species' social organization, yet to understand its function its relationship to within-species variation in behavior should also be explored. One important cognitive capacity, the ability to inhibit impulses, is typically better in egalitarian than despotic primate species and in primate species with strong fission-fusion dynamics. A different line of research indicates that a high ability to inhibit impulses is related to less aggressive behavior and more socio-positive behavior. However, within species the relationship between performance on cognitive inhibition tasks and variation in social behavior remains to be explored. Here we investigate how performance in a typical inhibition task in cognitive research is related to aggressive and socio-positive behavior in despotic long-tailed macaques. Twenty individuals living in two naturalistic mixed-sex groups were tested with the Plexiglass Hole Task. Aggressive behavior and three types of socio-positive behavior (neutral/friendly approaches, socio-positive signaling, and grooming others) among group members were measured. Individuals differed in their ability to inhibit impulses. Individuals that were not good at inhibiting impulses showed higher rates of aggressive behavior, but also more socio-positive signals, whereas inhibition was not related to neutral/friendly approaches and grooming. These results confirm the positive link between impulsiveness and aggression. In addition, the results indicate that some social-positive behavior may be enhanced when inhibition is limited. In this species, benefits potentially derived from aggression and socio-positive signals match a low ability to inhibit impulses, suggesting that a low ability to inhibit impulses may actually be advantageous. To understand differences between species in cognitive skills, understanding the benefits of variation in a cognitive capacity within a species is crucial.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.23587","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139032034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is the long-tailed macaque at risk of extinction?","authors":"Ray Hilborn,&nbsp;David R. Smith","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23590","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23590","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We review the evidence that long-tailed macaques are at risk of extinction and find that papers supporting this argument present no data supporting a hypothesized decline in abundance. These papers contain numerous misrepresentations of the published literature. Long-tailed macaques thrive in human-altered habitats, are listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature as an invasive species of concern, and have shown the ability to increase by 7%–10% per year from low numbers, making the probability of extinction very low.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.23590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138827760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive physiology with emphasis on endometrial cycles of woolly and uakari monkeys—A literature review","authors":"Thyago Habner de Souza Pereira,&nbsp;Pedro Mayor,&nbsp;Janaina Serra Azul Monteiro Evangelista,&nbsp;Ana Kelen Felipe Lima,&nbsp;Rafael dos Santos de Andrade,&nbsp;Frederico Ozanan Barros Monteiro","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23585","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23585","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ability of a species to withstand human impact depends on its life history characteristics, including social, ranging, and reproductive activity. The genera <i>Lagothrix</i> and <i>Cacajao</i> are more susceptible to anthropic action than small-sized primates due to their slower life histories, more restricted geographical ranges, and lower population densities. This narrative literature review aimed to gather scientific information available from the last 60 years on the reproductive biology of females of the genera <i>Lagothrix</i> and <i>Cacajao</i>. Most studies on the genus <i>Lagothrix</i>, mainly focused on <i>L. lagothricha</i> and <i>L. l. poeppigii</i>, present important advances on reproductive strategies, reproductive productivity, functional morphology and physiology, including seasonality, sexual cycle, gestation and fetal development in captive and free-living populations. Contrary, there is much less known about the reproductive biology of the genus <i>Cacajao</i>, with studies on free-living <i>C. calvus</i> and <i>C. melanocephalus</i> highlighting reproductive behavior, and basic description of the sexual cycle, gestation, and lactation. Unfortunately, the morphology of the female genital organs is only described in <i>C. calvus</i>, and there is still scarce information about the menstrual activity and the placenta. This literature review encourages primatologists, morphophysiologists, reproductive specialists, and ecologists to conduct comprehensive studies of these species to better understand the gaps in knowledge about reproduction, their relationship with their environment, including climatic and social variables. Understanding the integrative reproductive biology of these species will be a clue for improving the assessment of the resilience capacity of free-living populations and, consequently, establishing more appropriate management programs, and for the development of ex situ management techniques for the conservation of the species.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.23585","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138796613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal care in wild toque macaques (Macaca sinica) involves prolonged lactation and interbirth intervals as adaptations to reduce maternal depletion and infant mortality in harsh environments","authors":"Wolfgang Dittus,&nbsp;Anne Baker","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23584","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23584","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Weaning age in primates has been challenging to measure and new methods, involving molecular biomarkers in feces, tissue, or teeth have contributed to a solution. Here, we used a direct approach by briefly anesthetizing 442 female toque macaques (<i>Macaca sinica</i>) of Sri Lanka (over a 17-year period) and manually testing their mammary tissue for the presence or absence of milk. Milk tests were related to known offspring ages and maternal care behaviors and indicated that older infants suckled milk well past the weaning age of 7 months that is often reported for food-provisioned primates. Mothers strongly rejected their infants' nursing attempts in two phases, the first at 7 months as an honest signal “giving notice” promoting a shift to greater independence from milk to solid food, and when “shutting down” at final weaning after 12–18 months. The shift to supplementary lactation coincided also with the cessation of mothers carrying their infants and a resumption of cycling. All infants up to 7.2 months suckled milk, 91% of them did up to 18 months, this continued for 42% of infants beyond 18 months, and normally none received milk after 22 months. Lactation extended into 2.2% of cycling and 10.7% of pregnant females (up to 50% of gestation). The interbirth interval was prolonged by factors predicted to draw on female metabolic energy reserves and included the duration of lactation, growth among primiparas, and dietary limitations. The last also increased menarche. Females offset the metabolic costs of lactation with increased foraging and catabolism, but infants died when lactation costs seemingly compromised maternal condition. The prolonged lactation and slowed reproduction are considered adaptations to promote infant survival and growth in an environment where the natural food supply limits population growth and competition for food and water impacts the mortality of the youngest the most.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.23584","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138680259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and assessment of a stair ascension challenge as a measure of aging and physical function in nonhuman primates","authors":"Shannon R. Scarberry,&nbsp;Hannah Prutchi,&nbsp;Brett M. Frye,&nbsp;Justin Herr,&nbsp;Christie Scott,&nbsp;Chrissy M. Long,&nbsp;Matthew J. Jorgensen,&nbsp;Carol A. Shively,&nbsp;Kylie Kavanagh","doi":"10.1002/ajp.23582","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ajp.23582","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are valuable models for studying healthspan, including frailty development. Frailty metrics in people centers on functional measures, including usual gait speed which can be predictive of all-cause mortality. This concept that physical competencies are able to prognosticate an individual's health trajectory over chronologic aging is well-accepted and has led to refinements in how physical function is evaluated, and include measures of strength and power along with walking speed. NHP studies of aging require evaluation of physical function, which can be difficult in field and research settings. We compared stair climb velocity to usual walking speed in 28 peri-geriatric to geriatric NHPs, as incorporating a climbing obstacle integrates multiple components of physical function: isolated leg and back strength, proprioception, balance, and range of motion. We find that stair climbing speed was reliable between observers, and whether timing was in-person take from video capture. The stair climb rates were 50% more associated with chronological age than walking speed (<i>R</i> = −0.68 vs. −0.45) and only stair climbing speeds were retained as predictive of age when walking speed and bodyweight were included in multivariate models (overall <i>R</i>² = 0.44; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001). When comparing young (10−16 years) versus geriatric (16−29 years) stair climbing speed was significantly different (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), while walking speeds only tended to be slower (<i>p</i> = 0.12) suggesting that the additional challenge of a stair climb better unmasks subclinical frailty development that usual walking speed.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.23582","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138481769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}