American Journal of Primatology最新文献

{"title":"Maternal Decision-Making in Non-Mother Caregiving Negotiation for Infants in Black-and-White Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti)","authors":"Chun-Yan Cui,&nbsp;Jing Sun,&nbsp;Jian-Dong Lai,&nbsp;Qing-Lei Sun,&nbsp;Sang Ge,&nbsp;Liang-Wei Cui,&nbsp;Zhen-Hua Guan","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Allomaternal care, or caregiving by non-maternal individuals, is prevalent in primates, yet few studies have explored the role of maternal consent and decision-making during this process. This study introduces the concept of “non-mother caregiving negotiation”, highlighting the mother's primary role in deciding on non-maternal caregiving. This study focuses on a semi-provisioned breeding band of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (<i>Rhinopithecus bieti</i>) in the Xiangguqing area of the Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve. We investigated how non-maternal females employ signaling behaviors to express their desire to care for infants and how maternal consent is achieved. Our study found that non-maternal females use specific behaviors, such as grooming the mother, gently touching, kissing, grooming the infant, or softly pulling the infant closer, to signal their interest. Mothers respond consistently to these signals, but their decisions to allow caregiving largely depend on the infant age and the caregiving experience of non-maternal females. As infants grow older, mothers become more likely to permit caregiving, particularly from females with prior caregiving or birthing experience. During each caregiving event, infants were often transferred among multiple caregivers, with infants being passed an average of 2.2 times by 2.5 caregivers within the same caregiving event. Additionally, when infants are under the care of non-maternal females, mothers rest less and spend more time on feed, social, move and other activities, thus reducing their own caregiving costs while enabling non-maternal females to gain caregiving involvement. Consequently, non-mother caregiving negotiation emerges as a behavior shaped by communicative interactions between mothers and non-maternal females, offering new insights into caregiving dynamics in primates and illuminating caregiving behaviors in both primate and human societies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial DNA for Phylogeny Building: Assessing Individual and Grouped mtGenes as Proxies for the mtGenome in Platyrrhines","authors":"Natalie Finnegan,&nbsp;Marcela G. M. Lima,&nbsp;Jessica W. Lynch","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phylogenetic trees are analytic tools used in primate studies to elucidate evolutionary relationships. Because of its relative ease to sequence and rapid evolution compared to nuclear genomes, mitochondrial DNA is frequently used for phylogeny building. This project evaluated the effectiveness of using individual or grouped mitochondrial genes (mtGenes) as a proxy for the mitochondrial genome (mtGenome) in phylogeny building within two nested primate datasets, Cebidae and Platyrrhini, with differing divergence dates. mtGene utility rankings were determined based on congruence values to the mtGenome tree. mtGenes trees were also assessed on tree resolution and ability to sort nested clades. We found that most individual mtGenes, including ribosomal genes (12S and 16S), COX genes, most ND genes, and <span>d</span>-Loop are not appropriate for use as proxies for the mtGenome when tree building in either the Cebidae or Platyrrhini set. On average, grouped mtGenes outperformed individual mtGenes in both sets, and mtGene and grouped mtGene rankings varied between sets. Pairing CYB and COX3 together or pairing ND2 and CYB worked well in both the Cebidae set and the Platyrrhini set. We also found that nucleotide diversity is not a predictor of mtGene performance. Instead, it may be that unique mtGene or mtGene system evolutionary history impacts mtGene performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the Performances of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Two Self-Awareness Tasks","authors":"Lisa-Claire Vanhooland,&nbsp;Constanze Mager,&nbsp;Aurora Teuben,&nbsp;Thomas Bugnyar,&nbsp;Jorg J. M. Massen","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Self-awareness has most commonly been studied in nonhuman animals by implementing mirror self-recognition (MSR) tasks. The validity of such tasks as a stand-alone method has, however, been debated due to their high interindividual variation (including in species deemed self-aware like chimpanzees), their reliance on only one sensory modality, their discrete outcomes (i.e., pass/fail) and, in general, questionned regarding their ability to assess self-awareness. Therefore, a greater variety of methods that assess different aspects of the self, while simultaneously contributing to a more gradualist view of self-awareness, would be desirable. One such method is the body-as-obstacle task (BAO), testing for another dimension of body self-awareness. The ability to understand one's own body as an obstacle to the completion of a desired action emerges in young children at approximately the same age as mirror self-recognition, suggesting a shared mental representation. Whereas recently some studies showed body self-awareness in nonhuman animals, so far, outside of children no studies have compared how the performances of individuals relate between these two tasks. Therefore, here we study both a MSR and a BAO task in chimpanzees and gorillas. We chose these species particularly because evidence for MSR in chimpanzees is well established, whereas results for gorillas have been mixed, which has been attributed to the study design of MSR tasks, and for which a BAO task might thus provide more conclusive evidence. We find that although only some chimpanzees showed evidence for mirror self-recognition, thus replicating previous findings on interspecies differences in MSR, chimpanzees and gorillas performed equally well in the BAO task. Yet, we further found no correlation between the individuals' performances in both tasks. We discuss the implications of these findings for the interpretation of the results of BAO tasks as a possible alternative paradigm for the study of self-awareness in non-human animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143565208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A History of Primatology in Canada and an Introduction to the Special Issue","authors":"Julie A. Teichroeb,&nbsp;Amanda D. Melin,&nbsp;Linda M. Fedigan","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Primatological research by anthropologists and evolutionary biologists based in Canada has expanded greatly since its inception ca. 60 years ago. The research foci of the founding primatologists were based on the study of social behaviors to understand human behavior. While Canadian anthropologists have remained interested in how study of our nonhuman primate relatives can inform our understanding of our own species, today the currently active generations of researchers are running labs and research groups focused on a broad range of questions and species and are using an expanded scope of methods to study everything from molecules to metapopulations. We envisioned that this issue of papers would highlight the innovative primate research being conducted by primatologists based in Canada and facilitate further collaboration among researchers, as well as providing a potentially useful introduction for students and postdocs interested in pursuing primatology in Canada. We begin with a historical description of how primatology started and developed in Canada, focusing on three founders of behavioral primatology in Canada - Frances Burton, Linda Fedigan, and Bernard Chapais. We then assess how the next generations have expanded the field significantly. We take a roughly geographical approach, from west to east, in describing the current research programs being done across Canada today and the broad range of topics being investigated. As part of this overview, we also introduce the 18 papers that are part of this special issue.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143533507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of Technical Variation in Chimpanzee Termite Fishing Behavior in Mbam and Djerem National Park, Cameroon","authors":"Tyler C. Andres-Bray,&nbsp;Ian Nichols,&nbsp;Tabitha Wilke,&nbsp;Macy Hafner,&nbsp;Abigail Jordan,&nbsp;Andrea Eysseric,&nbsp;Vivianna Borzym,&nbsp;Ekwoge E. Abwe,&nbsp;Bethan Morgan,&nbsp;Mary Katherine Gonder","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Chimpanzees exhibit considerable inter- and intra-community variation in cognitively complex tool use behaviors, often attributed to social, genetic, and environmental factors. Termite fishing is a well-documented chimpanzee tool-using behavior that has been the subject of comparative research exploring behavioral variation between chimpanzee communities. However, termite fishing in the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (<i>Pan troglodytes ellioti</i>) has been historically underrepresented due to a lack of habituated populations. In this study, we used remote-activated camera traps at several termite mounds for 3 years to study termite fishing near Ganga Research Station in central Cameroon. We aimed to (1) identify elemental variation in chimpanzee termite fishing techniques at Ganga, an understudied community of <i>P. t. ellioti</i>, and (2) compare termite fishing behaviors in the Ganga community among more well-studied chimpanzee communities. We found 46 different combinations of behavioral elements representing termite fishing techniques used by Ganga chimpanzees (<i>n</i> = 9) across five termite mounds. The average technique was between three and four elements long (<i>x̄</i> = 3.673), and many chimpanzees had unique personal repertoires. Chimpanzees at Ganga shared the most behavioral similarities with two communities of savanna chimpanzees, Dindefelo and Kayan, and the nearby rainforest community of La Belgique in southern Cameroon. This behavioral similarity between Ganga chimpanzees, who inhabit a complex forest/savanna matrix, and two distant savanna-dwelling communities suggests similar environmental contexts contribute to termite fishing similarity. These results add to comparative studies of termite fishing behavior and demonstrate the utility of quantitative ethnographic methodology in exploring chimpanzee behavioral variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143530496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CSViewer for Analysts: I. Building an Integrative Database and Knowledge Model for the Cayo Santiago Rhesus Macaque Colony and Its Derived Skeletal Collections","authors":"Martin Q. Zhao,&nbsp;Cooper T. Novak,&nbsp;Rui Gong,&nbsp;Mehakpreet Kaur,&nbsp;Debbie Guatelli-Steinberg,&nbsp;Terry B. Kensler,&nbsp;George Francis,&nbsp;Elizabeth Maldonado,&nbsp;Luci A. P. Kohn,&nbsp;Qian Wang","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Cayo Santiago rhesus colony and its derived skeletal collections provide abundant data made available since its founding in 1938. A project supported by an NSF collaborative grant has been committed to building a database that integrates the genetic and age-related information of the colony, together with social group interactions and environmental effects, aiming to provide a knowledge model to researchers with insights from this powerful non-human data repository for analyzing human conditions including growth, development, adaption, resilience, aging, and disease in a contextualized manner. This paper introduces CSViewer for Analysts, a computer application that provides user-friendly tools for researchers to access the integrated database and to generate a variety of visuals encompassing matrilineal or patrilineal family lines, social groups, time spans, phenotypic measurements, and photos recently collected through this project. Adopting Java-based technologies and third-party libraries for data analytics and visualization, CSViewer can help its users select meaningful datasets using various criteria, conduct data analytics and visualization tasks, and manage their “project artifacts” (such as selected datasets, models, and charts, etc.). Version 1.0 of the CSViewer app has been tested by collaborators and in a workshop by a limited number of researchers and science educators since 2023. Based on users' feedback, additional features have been implemented in version 1.1.0, and more features are planned for subsequent subversions with bundles for researchers to download and explore.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143527724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental and Sex-Based Variation in Nest Building Among Wild Immature Chimpanzees","authors":"Tara Khayer,&nbsp;Kelly J. Desruelle,&nbsp;Cassandra Curteanu,&nbsp;Daniel W. Sellen,&nbsp;David P. Watts,&nbsp;Iulia Bădescu","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>All great apes build nests. Nests in trees or on the ground provide apes with a safe and comfortable place to sleep and rest at night and during the day. Nest building is a necessary skill and form of tool use that individuals learn and practice early in life, but little is known about its development and about the factors affecting the expression of nest building in infancy. We studied the development of daytime nest building of 72 wild immature chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii</i>) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. We evaluated the effects of age, sex, and maternal parity on the likelihood of infant nest building (presence or absence), as well as on the rates (frequency/hour) and durations (time from start to finish of each nest) with which infants built nests. Compared to the youngest infants (≤ 1 year), older infants were more likely to build nests, and built them at higher rates, consistent with hypotheses that nest building requires learning in early infancy and a threshold of physical development to manipulate tree branches. Female infants were more likely to build nests and built them more often than male infants, corroborating other developmental markers suggesting females attain functional independence at younger ages than males in some chimpanzee populations. Among infants who were seen to build nests at least once, rates and durations were similar, regardless of age, sex, or maternal parity, which indicated that there was little interindividual variation in nest building development once infants started practicing. The observed patterns of prior and subsequent behaviors to nest building suggested that infants &gt; 4 years old built nests more functionally, for resting, than younger infants. This study underscores the value of nest building as a developmental measure in wild great apes. Studying factors that affect the expression of nest building in infancy allows for a better understanding of the ontogeny and evolution of learning and tool use in hominids.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying Facial Gestures Using Deep Learning in a New World Monkey","authors":"Filippo Carugati,&nbsp;Dayanna Curagi Gorio,&nbsp;Chiara De Gregorio,&nbsp;Daria Valente,&nbsp;Valeria Ferrario,&nbsp;Brice Lefaux,&nbsp;Olivier Friard,&nbsp;Marco Gamba","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Facial gestures are a crucial component of primate multimodal communication. However, current methodologies for extracting facial data from video recordings are labor-intensive and prone to human subjectivity. Although automatic tools for this task are still in their infancy, deep learning techniques are revolutionizing animal behavior research. This study explores the distinctiveness of facial gestures in cotton-top tamarins, quantified using markerless pose estimation algorithms. From footage of captive individuals, we extracted and manually labeled frames to develop a model that can recognize a custom set of landmarks positioned on the face of the target species. The trained model predicted landmark positions and subsequently transformed them into distance matrices representing landmarks' spatial distributions within each frame. We employed three competitive machine learning classifiers to assess the ability to automatically discriminate facial configurations that cooccur with vocal emissions and are associated with different behavioral contexts. Initial analysis showed correct classification rates exceeding 80%, suggesting that voiced facial configurations are highly distinctive from unvoiced ones. Our findings also demonstrated varying context specificity of facial gestures, with the highest classification accuracy observed during yawning, social activity, and resting. This study highlights the potential of markerless pose estimation for advancing the study of primate multimodal communication, even in challenging species such as cotton-top tamarins. The ability to automatically distinguish facial gestures in different behavioral contexts represents a critical step in developing automated tools for extracting behavioral cues from raw video data.</p>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ajp.70013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological and Social Pressures Influence Diel Activity Patterns in Wild Tibetan Macaques","authors":"Pei-pei Yang,&nbsp;Wen-bo Li,&nbsp;Margaret C. Crofoot,&nbsp;Pritish Chakravarty,&nbsp;Xi Wang,&nbsp;Tong Zhang,&nbsp;Jin-hua Li","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The nighttime behavior of diurnal species is a “black box.” Although diurnal animals spend approximately half their lives in the dark, research has, for too long, relied on the simplifying assumption that what we can't observe isn't important. Advances in our ability to monitor nighttime behavior reveal that this is incorrect; essential biological and behavioral processes play out in the dark which are critical for understanding a species' ecology and evolution. We conducted our study from November 2021 to January 2022, using noninvasive 4G solar-powered night-vision cameras to quantitatively assess the impact of environmental and social factors on the diel activity patterns of wild Tibetan macaques at Mt. Huangshan, China. We find that Tibetan macaques maintain high levels of sleep throughout the night, as is typical for diurnal animals. However, non-sleep activity still accounted for 18.28% ± 0.45% of the total nighttime period, with activity occurring throughout the night. Notably, there was a peak in activity at midnight, including resting, movement, and social. Low temperatures significantly reduced daytime activity levels, while increasing nighttime activity, indicating that extreme temperatures have divergent impacts on activity levels during the day versus the night. Additionally, social activities were more frequent among females during the day, whereas males were more socially active at night. The distinct patterns of social activities during the day and night highlight the crucial role of social factors in nocturnal activities. The night-vision cameras have proven to be an effective research tool, allowing for a deeper understanding of primate behavior patterns and social structures. This provides new avenues for future research into the drivers of nighttime behavioral patterns across species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Color Biases and Preferences in Zoo-Housed Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), and Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata)","authors":"Jesse G. Leinwand,&nbsp;Priyanka Joshi,&nbsp;Gillian Vale","doi":"10.1002/ajp.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Colors are an important signal for many primate species and have the potential to influence behavior and cognition. Primates may consciously or unconsciously prioritize their attention toward certain color stimuli to quickly identify consequential events, conspecifics, or resources. On the other hand, primates' color preferences can be modulated by memory, experiences, and affective responses. Few studies have explored the multifaceted nature of attention to colors in primate species that vary in their socioecologies and phenotypes, both of which may influence their responses to specific colors. The colors that rapidly capture primates' attention, and those they prefer, thus remain poorly understood. In a series of touchscreen experiments, we investigated responses to 9 perceptually distinct colored squares by 7 chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>), 11 gorillas (<i>Gorilla gorilla gorilla</i>), and 10 Japanese macaques (<i>Macaca fuscata</i>). We controlled for contextual cues known to influence color responses and assessed attentional biases using a dot probe task (Experiment 1) and preferences using a two-item forced-choice task (Experiments 2 and 3). In Experiment 1, we found that chimpanzees and gorillas showed the strongest attentional bias toward black, whereas the Japanese macaques showed the strongest bias toward red. These attentional biases suggest a potential relationship between species coloration and their attention to colors. In Experiments 2 and 3, all three species preferentially selected red, with Japanese macaques showing the strongest preference, supporting earlier findings that highlighted red as a particularly salient color to primates. Future research is needed to investigate the role of prior experience on primates' responses to colors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7662,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"87 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}