Is Primate Cone Ratio Variation Functional and Adaptive?

IF 2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY
Rachel A. Munds, Amanda D. Melin, James P. Higham
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Abstract

Variation in animal perception provides excellent opportunities for studying adaptation. Unusually, primates exhibit a great deal of inter- and intra-specific visual system variation. Here, we discuss what is known about the retinal cone mosaic, and the sources of variation in primate cone types and their relative expression. We focus on catarrhines (African and Asian monkeys and apes and humans), which have evolved uniform trichromacy, exhibiting short- (S), medium- (M), and long-wave (L) cones. Catarrhines generally exhibit high inter-specific consistency in the peak sensitivities of their L and M sensitive cones. One under-explored component of variation is the relative expression of those cones, that is, the L:M ratio. Across catarrhines, the mean L:M ratio is 1:1, with some limited intraspecific variation. Intriguingly, humans show two big differences compared to other catarrhines. Firstly, their mean L:M ratio is shifted to 2:1. Secondly, they show vast (75-fold) intraspecific L:M ratio variation. We discuss evidence as to whether this difference in the mean ratio, and this high intraspecific variation, are likely to have functional consequences, concluding that indeed this variation likely impacts color perception. We finish by suggesting possible explanations for the higher mean ratio of L:M cones in humans, highlighting similarities with other aspects of our color vision that differ from other catarrhines. We hope that the suggestions and questions we raise will inspire future research on primate cone ratios.

Abstract Image

灵长类视锥比变异是功能性的和适应性的吗?
动物感知的变化为研究适应提供了极好的机会。不同寻常的是,灵长类动物表现出大量的特定间和特定内的视觉系统变异。在这里,我们讨论了什么是已知的视网膜锥镶嵌,变异的来源在灵长类视锥类型和他们的相对表达。我们关注的是卡塔鼻猴(非洲和亚洲的猴子、猿和人类),它们已经进化出了统一的三色视觉,表现出短(S)、中(M)和长波(L)视锥细胞。卡他鼻虫在L和M敏感锥的峰值灵敏度上普遍表现出高度的种间一致性。一个未被探索的变异成分是这些锥体的相对表达,即L:M比。在整个卡他林中,平均L:M比为1:1,有一些有限的种内变异。有趣的是,与其他动物相比,人类表现出两大差异。首先,他们的平均L:M比率被移至2:1。其次,它们显示出巨大的(75倍)种内L:M比率变化。我们讨论了这种平均比率的差异以及这种高种内差异是否可能产生功能后果的证据,并得出结论,这种差异确实可能影响颜色感知。最后,我们提出了人类L:M视锥细胞平均比率较高的可能解释,强调了我们色觉与其他视锥细胞不同的其他方面的相似性。我们希望我们提出的建议和问题将启发未来灵长类动物锥体比率的研究。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
4.50
自引率
8.30%
发文量
103
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: The objective of the American Journal of Primatology is to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas and findings among primatologists and to convey our increasing understanding of this order of animals to specialists and interested readers alike. Primatology is an unusual science in that its practitioners work in a wide variety of departments and institutions, live in countries throughout the world, and carry out a vast range of research procedures. Whether we are anthropologists, psychologists, biologists, or medical researchers, whether we live in Japan, Kenya, Brazil, or the United States, whether we conduct naturalistic observations in the field or experiments in the lab, we are united in our goal of better understanding primates. Our studies of nonhuman primates are of interest to scientists in many other disciplines ranging from entomology to sociology.
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