Allergologia et immunopathologia最新文献

{"title":"Can fluoroquinolones be safely used in patients with immediate hypersensitivity reaction to penicillin?","authors":"Elif Açar, Murat Türk, Serpil Köylüce, Hatice Eylül Bozkurt Yılmaz, Serhat Şeker, Elif Aktaş Yapıcı, İnsu Yılmaz","doi":"10.15586/aei.v53i5.1443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v53i5.1443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate whether fluoroquinolone antibiotics, which are structurally distinct from penicillins, can be safely prescribed as alternatives for patients with a history of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to penicillin in the absence of multidrug allergy and without the need for provocation testing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients who presented to the Erciyes University Adult Immunology and Allergy Outpatient Clinic with a documented history of penicillin allergy between 2015 and 2024. Inclusion criteria for immediate hypersensitivity to penicillin included at least one of the following: (1) a history of at least two separate immediate HSRs to the same penicillin; or (2) positive results from penicillin G/V (Penicillin G and Penicillin V) serum-specific immunoglobulin E (SsIgE) and/or skin prick testing. Patients who met these criteria and subsequently underwent oral provocation testing with fluoroquinolone antibiotics were included in the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study included 76 patients (72% female, mean age: 45.63 ± 11.76 years), 47.4% of whom had comorbid allergic diseases. The diagnosis was primarily based on clinical history (80%), while the remainder were confirmed by SsIgE testing, skin tests, or drug provocation. A history of urticaria-angioedema was reported in 59.2% of the patients, while 40.8% had a history of anaphylaxis. Following oral provocation testing with fluoroquinolones, only two patients (2.6%) developed mild, self-limited urticaria or angioedema, without systemic involvement.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study demonstrates a low positive rate (2.6%) for fluoroquinolone oral provocation testing among patients with penicillin allergy. These findings suggest that fluoroquinolones may be a viable and safe alternative in patients with a confirmed penicillin hypersensitivity and no history of multidrug allergy, and may be considered without prior provocation testing in selected cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"53 5","pages":"94-99"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Peucedanum japonicum</i> Thunberg root extract inhibits atopic dermatitis-like skin symptoms.","authors":"Jang Hoon Kim, Kyung-Sook Han, Eun Seo Kang, Ji Hyeon Park, Byoung Ok Cho, Jae Ho Choi","doi":"10.15586/aei.v53i5.1399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v53i5.1399","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Peucedanum japonicum</i> Thunberg is a perennial herbaceous plant of the genus <i>Peucedanum</i> that belongs to the Apiaceae family and is effective in improving inflammation, gout, and dizziness. However, the skin pruritus improvement effect and mechanism of action of <i>Peucedanum japonicum</i> Thunberg root extract (PJRE) have not yet been reported. We investigated the effects of PJRE on the regulation of pruritus and inflammatory responses in compound 48/80 (C48/80)-treated mice, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/A23187-induced human skin mast cells, and LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages. PJRE administration significantly inhibited scratching behavior, skin inflammatory cells, and mast cell infiltration in mice increased by C48/80. PJRE treatment also reduced the PMA/A23187-activated secretion of histamine, inflammatory cytokines, and interleukins via NF-κB activation in HMC-1 cells. PJRE treatment reduced LPS-stimulated secretion of inflammatory cytokines and expression of iNOS and COX-2 through phosphorylation of NF-κB, Akt, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK in Raw 264.7 cells. PJRE treatment increases HO-1 expression in a concentration-dependent manner via NRF2 nuclear translocation. These results suggest that PJRE has therapeutic potential for alleviating atopic dermatitis-like skin symptoms, which is likely mediated by NF-κB as a transcription factor and Akt, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK as upstream signaling molecules.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"53 5","pages":"12-29"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteinase-3 as an autoantigen and the development of granulomatosis with polyangiitis.","authors":"José Leonardo Balmaceda, Luis Rodríguez, Oscar Correa-Jiménez, Alberto Alfaro-Murillo, Emiro Buendía, Marlon Múnera","doi":"10.15586/aei.v53i5.1250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v53i5.1250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human proteinase 3 (hPR3) is a lysosomal enzyme of the serine protease type. In autoimmune vasculitis, autoantibodies to hPR3 appear to have a role in the inception of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), where this protein is the main autoantigen. Indeed, patients with antibodies against hPR3 have more severe symptoms, relapses, and resistance to immunosuppressive therapies, supporting an important role for this autoantigen in the pathophysiology and severity of AAV. In this review, we describe what is known about the role of hPR3 in pathophysiology, diagnosis of AAV, and some perspectives on its treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"53 5","pages":"143-153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unmasking chronic granulomatous disease: A routine diagnostic workup in a Brazilian children's hospital.","authors":"Karina Mescouto de Melo, Anna C S Dias, Robéria P Mendonça, Cláudia F C Valente, Fabíola S Tavares, Agenor C M Santos Júnior, Laísa M Bomfim, Jeane S R Martins, Ricardo Camargo","doi":"10.15586/aei.v53i5.1338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v53i5.1338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a congenital immunodeficiency affecting phagocyte function, remains a challenge for patients in Latin America. It is well established that dihydrorhodamine (DHR) flow cytometry is the most commonly used screening assay; however, few pediatric immunology centers in Brazil perform this test. This study reports data from a routine diagnostic workup for CGD conducted at a Brazilian children's hospital. A three-year prospective study was performed, enrolling children with clinical features suggestive of immunodeficiency who were screened using DHR. Sanger sequencing of the <i>NCF1</i> (neutrophil cytosolic factor 1) and <i>CYBB</i> (cytochrome b-245, beta chain) genes was conducted in children with two consecutive abnormal DHR results. A total of 255 patients-62% males-with a median age of 3.2 years (range: 1 month-17.8 years) were evaluated. Six patients (2.4%) had abnormal DHR tests, and four of them (1.6%) received a definitive diagnosis of CGD. Most children presented with pneumonia and/or abscesses during the first year of life as the clinical manifestation of CGD. Two of the four diagnosed patients were receiving continuous antibiotics and two underwent transplantation. Pathogenic variants were identified in <i>NCF1</i> (three cases) and <i>CYBB</i> (one case). The hospital-based diagnostic workup for CGD identified approximately one new case per 60 tested patients, indicating a high frequency of the disease in the study population. This approach may represent a valuable strategy for identifying new pediatric CGD cases in resource-limited settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"53 5","pages":"87-93"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food label reading habits of mothers of children with IgE-mediated food allergy before and after training.","authors":"Mehmet Halil Celiksoy, Kubra Yilmaz, Ozge Turkyilmaz Ucar, Isılay Turan, Ilke Yildirim, Ahmet Sert, Kubra Yirgin","doi":"10.15586/aei.v53i5.1456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v53i5.1456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>One of the most important points in the treatment of food allergies is the avoidance of the culprit allergen. This study aimed to determine whether the training given by a dietitian to mothers of children with IgE-mediated food allergies increased the habit of reading food labels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mothers of children with IgE-mediated food allergies were trained on reading food labels by a dietitian. Then, the mothers' food label reading habits were measured with a questionnaire form at 3-month intervals before and after the training.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 56 children with IgE-mediated food allergies and their mothers. Thirty-four (60.7%) of the patients were males. The median age was 10 (min-max = 1-52) months. The most common food allergen was eggs, and this allergy was detected in 31 (55.3%) of the patients. The most common systemic involvement was skin, which was seen in all patients (100.0%). Fifty-six mothers of children with IgE-mediated food allergies participated in the study (Median age: 30 years, min-max = 20-45). There were statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-training groups in terms of the answers to the question \"What are the things that affect you the most when buying food?\" as \"Label information on food packaging,\" \"Do you look at the product label when purchasing food?\" as \"yes,\" \"If your answer is \"yes,\" \"Which food group do you look at?\" as \"milk and dairy products or eggs and products,\" and \"What do you pay attention to on food labels?\" as \"allergen information\" (P = 0.001,0.001, 0.001,0.001, and 0.001, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study concluded that providing training by a dietitian on how to read food labels to mothers of children with IgE-mediated food allergies increases mothers' awareness of reading the labels.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"53 5","pages":"126-134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current lifestyle and risk for asthma: Sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and ETS.","authors":"Valbona Gashi, Ylli Ahmetaj, Luljeta Ahmetaj, Miranda Selmonaj Rama, Mirsije Shahini","doi":"10.15586/aei.v53i4.1364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v53i4.1364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The increasing prevalence of asthma necessitates consideration of modifiable asthma risk factors, such as sedentary lifestyle, overweight/obesity, and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between asthma symptoms and the risk factors in young adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study, as part of the Global Asthma Network (GAN) Phase I project, used standardized questionnaires based on ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) Phase I and Phase III questionnaires. In Gjilan, Kosovo, self-reported data from 1200 school children aged 13-14 years were collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overweight (BMI [body mass index] > 25 kg/m²) had a statistically significant association with asthma symptoms (p < 0.05), particularly with disturbed sleep due to wheezing (OR [odds ratio] = 3.93 [95% CI [confidence interval]: 1.27-12.12]) and the reported wheezing by females during or after exercise. Sedentary lifestyle (≥ 3 hours/day on a computer/television) was found to be associated with wheezing (OR = 1.89 [95% CI: 1.34-2.66]) and the diagnosis of asthma. ETS exposure was significantly associated with wheezing during or after exercise (OR = 1.67 [95% CI: 1.15-2.42]) and coughing at night (OR = 1.67 [95% CI: 1.19-2.33]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings support the importance of sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and ETS exposure as asthma risk factors in young adolescents experiencing asthma symptoms. Future public health interventions should take these modifiable risk factors into account, especially in urban locations, in order to alleviate asthma morbidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"53 4","pages":"169-177"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144666853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network pharmacology and molecular docking reveal that honeysuckle blood components mitigate smoke inhalation-induced lung injury via NF-κB pathway.","authors":"Hai Zou, Xiaoru Chang, Yang Wu, Xiaozhou Mou, Haojun Fan, Qi Lv","doi":"10.15586/aei.v53i4.1342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v53i4.1342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The active components of honeysuckle alleviate smoke inhalation-induced lung injury by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the intervention mechanism of honeysuckle blood components in smoke inhalation-induced lung injury using network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. The targets of honeysuckle blood-entering components were identified through the Swiss Target Prediction and Similarity Ensemble Approach databases. The target genes associated with smoke inhalation-induced lung injury were retrieved from the GeneCards and CTD databases. Cytoscape 3.7.1 software was employed to construct the blood component-target network of honeysuckle. GO biological process enrichment analysis of target genes related to inhalation-induced lung injury in Flos Lonicerae was performed using the DAVID tool. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of anti-aspiration lung injury target genes in Flos Lonicera was conducted using the KOBAS 3.0 tool. The top six core targets with the highest PPIs in the network were selected for molecular docking verification. AutoDock was used to perform molecular docking with the blood-entering components of honeysuckle to verify their binding capabilities. A total of 95 targets of the blood components of honeysuckle and 960 targets related to smoke inhalation-induced lung injury were identified through network pharmacological analysis. Fifteen common targets of the blood components of honeysuckle were identified: CTSD, KLF5, TTR, HIF1A, CAPN1, GRIN1, ADAM10, ERAP1, NFE2L2, LGALS3, TLR4, GRB2, NF-κB1, RPS6KA1, and PTPN11. Network PPI analysis indicated that NF-κB1 was among the core targets. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that the components of Lonicerae lonicerae in the blood exerted therapeutic effects by regulating biological processes such as inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Molecular docking results showed that the blood components of honeysuckle exhibited strong binding affinities to IL-1β, NF-κB, and other core targets. This study revealed the potential mechanism of action of honeysuckle blood-entering components against smoke inhalation-induced lung injury through the NF-κB signaling pathway, NF-κB1, and other core targets, using network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for further research on the application of honeysuckle in treating smoke inhalation-induced lung injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"53 4","pages":"39-50"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144666831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Component-resolved diagnostics in pediatric wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis: A case report.","authors":"Manabu Miyamoto, Nobuyuki Maruyama, Shigemi Yoshihara","doi":"10.15586/aei.v53i4.1316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v53i4.1316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA) is a subtype of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated wheat allergy characterized by symptoms from wheat intake followed by physical exercise. Although omega-5 gliadin-specific IgE (sIgE) is widely used for diagnosing WDEIA, its sensitivity is lower in children than in adults. This report describes a 13-year-old male with suspected wheat allergy who experienced anaphylaxis following wheat ingestion and exercise. ImmunoCAP results revealed positive sIgE for wheat and gluten but negative results for omega-5 gliadin. An open-label oral food challenge combined with exercise confirmed the diagnosis of WDEIA. Notably, alpha/beta gliadin sIgE was detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the patient's serum, suggesting that alpha/beta gliadin can serve as an alternative marker in pediatric cases where omega-5 gliadin sIgE is undetectable. This suggests that omega-5 gliadin sIgE alone may not be appropriate for diagnosing WDEIA in children. Instead, utilizing a combination of other wheat protein components may enhance both sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"53 4","pages":"138-140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144666852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CXCL16 deficiency alleviates ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in mice.","authors":"Meihua Kong, Qian He","doi":"10.15586/aei.v53i4.1376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v53i4.1376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Research has indicated that individuals with allergic rhinitis exhibit elevated levels of CXCL16 expression in their serum. This study aims to illustrate the role of CXCL16 and its associated mechanisms in mice suffering from allergic rhinitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An allergic rhinitis model was established by injecting ovalbumin (OVA) into mice, and the expression of CXCL16 mRNA and protein in nasal mucosal tissue was measured. The frequency of nose rubbing and sneezing in each group of mice was recorded. Serum levels of IgE and IgG1 were also assessed. Th2 cell-related factors in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (NALF) were analyzed. Histological staining was used to examine pathological changes in the nasal and lung tissues. The expression levels of p-p65, p65, p-IκBα, and IκBα proteins in nasal tissues were evaluated using western blot.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CXCL16 expression was elevated in OVA-induced allergic rhinitis mice. CXCL16 knockout reduced the frequency of nose wiping and sneezing in OVA-induced mice and suppressed the levels of IgE and IgG1. Furthermore, CXCL16 knockout led to a decrease in both the number of inflammatory cells and the levels of inflammatory factors in NALF. Histological staining revealed that CXCL16 knockout alleviated pathological tissue changes and goblet cell hyperplasia. Additionally, CXCL16 knockout suppressed the expression of p-p65/p65 and p-IκBα in nasal tissues, while increasing the expression of IκBα.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CXCL16 deficiency alleviates allergic rhinitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"53 4","pages":"93-100"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144666854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IgE-mediated allergy to egg protein.","authors":"Laura Valdesoiro-Navarrete, Monica Piquer Gibert, Natalia Molini Menchon, Celia Pinto-Fernández, Carlos García-Magán, Ángela Claver-Monzón, Felipe Thorndike-Piedra, Cristina Blasco Valero, Sara Pereiro Fernández, Ana Prieto-Del-Prado, Gloria Ortega-Bernal, Antonio Martorell Aragonés","doi":"10.15586/aei.v53i4.1447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v53i4.1447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Egg allergy is one of the most common food allergies in the pediatric population. It significantly impacts the quality of life of patients and their families. Egg allergy is an adverse reaction mediated by an immune mechanism. There are different mechanisms involved. This review refers to immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated egg allergy. The prevalence of egg sensitization and allergy is higher in children with cow's milk allergy and in those with atopic dermatitis. The prognosis for egg allergy in young children is generally good, although in some cases it tends to persist at adult age. The main allergens in egg white are ovomucoid and ovalbumin. Diagnosis is based on the suggestive clinical history and the study of specific positive egg allergy. Oral food challenge test is the gold standard test to confirm diagnosis. Egg allergy, like other food allergies, is primarily managed with the avoidance diet and symptomatic treatment in case of an allergic reaction. The current approach emphasizes minimizing restrictive diets, if possible. Therefore, obtaining an accurate diagnosis through component-resolved diagnostics is essential, and whenever necessary, confirming tolerance through oral challenge tests. Food immunotherapy can be potentially curative and can be regarded as a therapeutic option for IgE-mediated egg allergy. It increases the amount of food tolerated and reduces the risk of a life-threatening anaphylactic reaction. There are different approaches: orally, sublingually, subcutaneous, or via epicutaneous. Among these, oral immunotherapy is the most extensively studied and widely used approach in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":7536,"journal":{"name":"Allergologia et immunopathologia","volume":"53 4","pages":"157-168"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144666827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}